SMP SAINS MIFTAHUL HUDA

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Date :

Learning Outcome :
 The students can express relations and functions using various representations.
 The students can found the value of the functions.
 The students can solve the contextual problems about relations and functions.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A. THE MEANING OF RELATION AND FUNCTION

Relation and function both are closely related to each other, these are the two differebt words that
having different meanings mathematically.
1. The Meaning of Relations
Four kids named Ria, Rian, Reni and Revi select their favourite genres of music shown to them. It
turns out that,
Ria and Rian favor Pop
Rian and Reni favor Country A favor B
Rian, Reni and Revi favor Jazz
If A = {Ria, Rian, Reni, Revi} and B = {Pop, Ria • • Pop
Rian •
Country, Jazz), a relation among the elements • Country
Rani •
of the set A and elements of the set B can be Revi
• Jazz
built. This relations can be visualized as in •
figure beside.

A relation from a set A to a set B is a rule for pairing the elements of the
set A with the elements of the set B.

2. The Meaning of Function

A function is a relationship between inputs (domain) where each inputs is related to exactly one
output (codomain). The general representation of a function is y = f(x).
Example :
Determine whether or not the following arrow diagrams express mappings?
(i) (ii) (iii)
A B A B A B

• u • u • u
a • a • a •
• v • v • v
b • b • b •
• w • w • w
c • c • c •
• x • x • x

Answer :
1. Figure (i) does not express a mapping (function) since there exsist an element of A, namely
b, which is paired with more than one element of B.
2. Figure (ii) does express a mapping (function) since every element of A is paired with
exactly one element of B.
3. Figure (iii) does not express a mapping (function) since there exists an element of A,
namely b, which is paired with no element of B.
3. Expressing Relations
a. Cartesian Diagrams
The relation among the elements of two sets A and B can be expressed by a Cartesian
Diagram in which the elements of the set A acting as the first set lie on the horizontal axis
and the elements of the set B acting as the second set lie on the vertical axis. Every pair

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made of an element of the first set and an element of the second set which are related is
denoted by a dot ( • ).
Example :
The following table is an example of a relation expressed by an arrow diagram compared to a
Cartesian diagram.
Arrow Diagram Cartesian Diagram

jazz ● ● ●
Ria • • Pop
Rian •
• Country
country ● ●
Rani •
Revi
• Jazz pop ● ●
•
Ria Rian Rani Revi

a. Arrow Diagrams A likes to play B

From the figure beside, shows the relation
“likes to play” from the set A to the set B. Tias •
Which elements of the set A that relates to • Volleyball
Jamal •
which element(s) of the set B is represented by •
Farid • Basketball
arrows. This is where the naming arrow
diagram stems from. Dika • • Tennis
Note :
If the set A and B are identical, then the relation from A to B is called the relation from A to
A or the relation on A.
Example :
Build three types of relation from the set P = {2, 3, 5} to the set Q = {2, 4, 6} and express
them using arrow diagrams!
Answer :
1. P is less than Q 2. P is greather than Q 3. P is a factor of Q

2 • 2 • 2 •
• 2 • 2 • 2
3 • 3 • 3 •
• 4 • 4 • 4
b. Sets of Ordered Pairs
K favor L The relation expressed by an arrow diagram in the
figure beside can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs,
Mila i.e., {(Mila, Science},(Azri, Science), (Azri, Math), (Azri,
•
• English), (Rani, Math), (Rani, English) and (Risa,
Science
Azri
• Math English)}.
•
• The ordered pairs (Mila, Math) and (Mila,
Rani
English
English) are not elements of the set of ordered pairs in the
relation from K to L since Mila likes neither Math nor
A relation among the elements of two sets K and L can be expressed as an ordered
pair (x, y) in which x ϵ K and y ϵ L is paired.
∈
B. FUNCTIONS FORMULAS
1. Formulating Functions and Find a range
A function which follows a certain rule with a name such as f, g, h or any other lowercase Latin
Letters. The notation f : x → y is read : function f maps x to y. Here, y is called the image (map) of
x under f.
Example :
1. Determine the function formula for each of the
following functions!
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a. Function f : x → 4x + 1
b. Function f : x → 2x2 – 1
2. A function whose formula is y = f(x) = 2x – 1 has {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3} as its domain. Determine its
range and the resulting set of ordered pairs!
Answer :
1. a. f : x → 4x + 1, is formulated as f(x) = 4x + 1
b. f : x → 2x2 – 1, is formulated as f(x) = 2x2 – 1
2. y = f(x) = 2x – 1 For x = 2, we have
y = 2x – 1 y = 2(2) – 1
For x = −1, we have y = 4−1 = 3
y = 2(−1) – 1 For x = 3, we have
y = −2−1 = −3 y = 2(3) – 1
For x = 0, we have y = 6−1 = 5
y = 2(0) – 1 The range is {−3, −1, 1, 3, 5}
y = 0−1 = −1 The set of ordered pairs is {(−1, −3), (0, −1),
For x = 1, we have (1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}
y = 2(1) – 1
y = 2−1 = 1
2. Graph of Function
Example :
Draw the graph function of f : x → 3x – 5 with the domain P = {x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, x ∈ }!
Answer :
Known : f : x → 3x – 5
P = {x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, x ∈ } = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
With the substitusion, we can get : The graph of the function :
f (x) = 3x – 5
f (0) = 3.0 – 5 = – 5
f (1) = 3.1 – 5 = – 2
f (2) = 3.2 – 5 = 1
f (3) = 3.3 – 5 = 4
f (4) = 3.4 – 5 = 7
f (5) = 3.5 – 5 = 10
Then, draw the table based on the range that we get.

3. Function values
We can find the function values by substitusion or change the value of x with the value of the
domain.
Example :
1. Known f(x) = 2x – 3, find the value of :
a. f(5)
b. f(−5)
Answer :
a. f(x) = 2x – 3 b. f(x) = 2x – 3
f(5) = 2(5) – 3 f(−5) = 2(−5) – 3
= 10 – 3 = −10 – 3
=7 = −13
2. Known f(x) = 2x – 3, and f(a) = 7, what is the value of a?
Answer :
f(x) = 2x – 3
f(a) = 7
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f(a) = 2a – 3 = 7
2a =7 + 3
2a = 10
a = 10 : 2
a=5
3. Known f(x) = ax + 3 and f(2) = 7, what is the value of a?
Answer :
f(x) = ax + 3
f(2) = 2a + 3 = 7
2a = 7 – 3
2a = 4
a=4:2
a=2
4. Known f(x) = 2x + a and f(2) = 8, what is the value of a?
Answer :
f(x) = 2x + a
f(2) = 2(2) + a = 8
4+a=8
a=8−4
a=4
5. Known f(x) = ax + b. If f(3) = 11 and f(1) = 7, what is the function formula and how many is the
f(5)?
Answer :
f(x) = ax + b To find the value of b =
f(3) = 3a + b = 11 f(1) = 1a + b = 7
f(1) =1a + b = 7 1(2) + b = 7
2a = 4 2+b=7
a=4:2 b=7–2
a=2 b=5
So, the function formula is f(x) = 2a + 5and the value of f(5) is :
f(5) = 2(5) + 5
= 10 + 5
= 15
C. APPLICATIONS OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Example :
There are four kids named Erwin, Anggi, Dinda and Adam. Erwin and Anggi are tall, while the other
two are short. Dinda has curly hair, while the other three have else shape of hair. Anggi, Dinda and
Adam have yellow skin, while Erwin has else tone of skin.
a. Build an arrow diagrams which relates every kid to his/her physical traits!
b. Which of the kid is tall and yellow-skinned?
c. Which of the kids have yellow skin and non-curly hair?
Answer :
a. A B
b. The kid who is tall and yellow-skinned is Anggi

c. The kid who have yellow skin and non-curly hair are
Erwin • • Tall Anggi and Adam
Anggi •
• Curly
Dinda •

Adam • • yellow

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