UNIT–1

Introduction
#Concept of Internet:- As the name suggests, the Internet is a global network of networks. It
connects millions of users worldwide via many computer networks. The TCP/IP communications
protocol is a simple standard common addressing system and basic communications protocol,
which helps in this communication.

The Internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the world. It
includes several high-bandwidth data lines. These lines are connected to major Internet hubs that
distribute data to other locations, such as web servers. The Internet provides
different online services. Some examples include:
 Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser

 Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online

 Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and
videos

 Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over the
Internet

In the early days of the Internet, most people connected to the Internet using a home computer
and a dial-up modem.

Definition of Internet:- A global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication
protocols.

#History of Internet:- The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone
several technological & Infrastructural changes as discussed below:

1. The Internet was first started by the US Army at the Pentagon in the US Department of
Defense. A Networking Project named ARPANet means (Advance Research project Agency)

was launched in the year 1969. (सबसे पहले इंटरनेट की शुरुआत अमेरिका सेना द्धारा पेंटागन अमेरिका के

रक्षा विभाग में की गई थी। साल 1969 में ARPANet मतलब (Advance Research project Agency) नाम

का Networking Project लॉन्च किया गया था।)

2. Which was used during the war to send confidential information without any difficulty and
to secure the communication system. At the same time, after seeing the benefits of this,
researchers, scientists, military people and contractors started using it. After this, its
popularity gradually increased. And today this network has taken over the whole world.

(जिसका इस्तेमाल युद्द के समय बिना किसी मुश्किलों के गोपनीय सूचना भेजने और संचार व्यवस्था को सुरक्षित

रखने के लिए किया गया था। वहीं थोड़े समय बाद इससे मिलने वाले लाभों को देख शोधकर्ता, वैज्ञानिक, मिलिट्री
 के लोग और कॉन्ट्रेक्टर्स इसका इस्तेमाल करने लगे। इसके बाद धीरे -धीरे इसकी लोकप्रियता बढ़ती चली गई। और

आज इस नेटवर्क ने पूरी दुनिया को अपनी गिरफ्त में ले लिया है।)

3. The Internet was first introduced in 1970 by two men named 'Vinton Gray Cerf' and 'Bob

Kanh'. Therefore, they are also called the father of the Internet. (सबसे पहले ‘Vinton Gray

Cerf‘ और ‘Bob Kanh‘ नाम के दो शख्स के द्दारा साल 1970 में इंटरनेट की शुरुआत की गई थी। इसलिए इन्हें

इंटरनेट का जनक भी कहा जाता है।)

4. Retomalinson sent the first email in 1972. (रेटॉमलिसंन ने साल 1972 में पहला ईमेल भेजा।)

5. In 1979, the Internet was first used as a new technology in the British Post Office. It was

only after this that there was a rapid development in computer technology. (ब्रिटिश डाकघर में

पहली बार इंटरनेट का इस्तेमाल साल 1979 में नई प्रौद्योगिकी के रुप में किया गया। इसके बाद ही कं प्यूटर

तकनीकी में तेजी से विकास हुआ।)

6. The National Science Foundation created a network (NSFNet) in the year 1980 by adding
some high-speed computers, which later laid the foundation for the Internet. At the same
year, Bill Gates company Microsoft also decided to install its operating system on IBM's

computer. (नेशनल साइंस फाउं डेशन ने कु छ हाई स्पीड कं म्यूटरों को जोड़कर साल 1980 में एक नेटवर्क

(NSFNet) तैयार किया, जिसने बाद में इंटरनेट (Internet) की नींव रखी। वहीं इसी साल बिल गेट्स की कं पनी

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ने भी अपना ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम आईबीएम के कं प्यूटर पर लगाने का सौदा तय किया।)

7. More than 1000 personal computers were added to this network in the year 1984, after
which it gradually developed rapidly and today it has taken the form of the largest network

in the world. (साल 1984 में इस नेटवर्क से 1000 से ज्यादा निजी कं प्यूटर जुड गए, इसके बाद धीरे-धीरे

इसका तेजी से विकास हुआ और आज इसके दुनिया के सबसे बड़े नेटवर्क का रूप धारण कर लिया है।)

8. Internet was opened to the general public in the year 1989, due to which people started to

be used for communication and research on a large scale.(आम जनता के लिए साल 1989 में

इंटरनेट खोल दिया गया, जिससे इस्तेमाल बड़े स्तर पर लोगों द्धारा कम्यूनिके शन और रिसर्च के लिए किया जाना

लगा।)

9. The discovery of the World Wide Web gave the Internet a new direction in the year 1990.

After this, the area continued to grow more rapidly. (वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब की खोज से इंटरनेट को साल

1990 में एक नई दिशा दी गई। इसके बाद इस क्षेत्र में और अधिक तेजी से विकास होता चला गया।)

10. The National Research and Education Network (NREN) was established in the year 1991
with the objective of developing a high-speed network for the exchange of information

related to education and research. (शिक्षा एवं रिसर्च से संबंधित सूचनाओं के आदान-प्रदान के लिए हाई

स्पीड नेटवर्क को विकसित करने के मकसद से साल 1991 ‘नेशनल रिसर्च एंड एजुके शन नेटवर्क ’ (NREN) की

स्थापना की गई।)
 11. Subsequently, in 1993, the discovery of the first Graphic Web Browser and Mosaic

Software (MOSAIC) software gave impetus to the development of the Internet. (इसके बाद

साल 1993 में पहले ग्रोफिक वेब ब्राउजर और मोजाइक सॉफ्टवेयर ( MOSAIC) सॉफ्टवेयर की खोज ने इंटरनेट

के विकास को गति प्रदान की।)

#Protocols of Internet:- A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to
communicate with each other.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):- TCP is a Trasaction Control Protocol and offers end-to-
end packet delivery. It acts as back bone for connection. It exhibits the following following key
features:

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) corresponds to the Transport Layer of OSI Model.
2. TCP is a reliable and connection oriented protocol.
3. TCP offers:
a. Stream Data Transfer.
b. Reliability.
c. Efficient Flow Control.
d. Full-duplex operation.
e. Multiplexing.
4. TCP offers connection oriented end-to-end packet delivery.

#What is World Wide Web:- The World Wide Web was invented by a British scientist, Tim
Berners-Lee in 1989. He was working at CERN at that time. Originally, it was developed by him to
fulfill the need of automated information sharing between scientists across the world, so that they
could easily share the data and results of their experiments and studies with each other.

An information system on the internet which allows documents to be connected to other

documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one
document to another.

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored in
web servers and connected to local computers through the internet. These websites contain text
pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of these sites from any
part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc.
The WWW, along with internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and media to your device.

The building blocks of the Web are web pages which are formatted in HTML and connected by links
called "hypertext" or hyperlinks and accessed by HTTP. These links are electronic connections that
link related pieces of information so that users can access the desired information quickly.

#URL:- A web page is given an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A
particular collection of web pages that belong to a specific URL is called a website,
e.g., www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc. So, the World Wide Web is like a huge electronic
book whose pages are stored on multiple servers across the world.

So, the web provides a communication platform for users to retrieve and exchange information
over the internet. Unlike a book, where we move from one page to another in a sequence, on
World Wide Web we follow a web of hypertext links to visit a web page and from that web page to
move to other web pages. You need a browser, which is installed on your computer, to access the
Web.

Difference between World Wide Web and Internet:-

Some people use the terms 'internet' and 'World Wide Web' interchangeably. They think they are
the same thing, but it is not so. Internet is entirely different from WWW. It is a worldwide network
of devices like computers, laptops, tablets, etc. It enables users to send emails to other users and
chat with them online. For example, when you send an email or chatting with someone online, you
are using the internet.

But, when you have opened a website like google.com for information, you are using the World
Wide Web; a network of servers over the internet. You request a webpage from your computer
using a browser, and the server renders that page to your browser. Your computer is called a
client who runs a program (web browser), and asks the other computer (server) for the
information it needs.

#Web Server and Web Browser:

#HTML(HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE):- In the late 1980's , a physicist, Tim Berners-Lee
who was a contractor at CERN, proposed a system for CERN researchers. In 1989, he wrote a
memo proposing an internet based hypertext system.

Tim Berners-Lee is known as the father of HTML. The first available description of HTML was a
document called "HTML Tags" proposed by Tim in late 1991. The latest version of HTML is HTML5.

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. The major points of HTML are
given below:

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages

 HTML describes the structure of a Web page

 HTML consists of a series of elements

 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content

 HTML is used to create web pages and web applications.

 Technically, HTML is a Markup language rather than a programming language.

Example:-

Example Explained

 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document.

 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page.

 The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page.

 The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's
title bar or in the page's tab).
 The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible
contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
 The <h1> element defines a large heading.

 The <p> element defines a paragraph.

Features of HTML:-

 It is a very easy and simple language. It can be easily understood and modified.

 It is very easy to make an effective presentation with HTML because it has a lot of
formatting tags.
 It is a markup language, so it provides a flexible way to design web pages along with the
text.
 It facilitates programmers to add a link on the web pages, so it enhances the interest of
browsing of the user.
 It is platform-independent because it can be displayed on any platform like Windows,
Linux, and Macintosh, etc.
 It facilitates the programmer to add Graphics, Videos, and Sound to the web pages
which makes it more attractive and interactive.
 HTML is a case-insensitive language, which means we can use tags either in lower-case or
upper-case.

#HTTP (HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL):-

HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. WWW is about communication between
web clients and servers. Communication between client computers and web servers is done by
sending HTTP Requests and receiving HTTP Responses. HTTP protocol allows clients and servers to
interact and exchange information in a uniform and reliable manner.

HTTP Request / Response:-Communication between clients and servers is done

by requests and responses:

1. A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web.

2. A web server receives the request.
3. The server runs an application to process the request.
4. The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the browser.
5. The client (the browser) receives the response.
Basic Features of HTTP:-

There are three basic features that make HTTP a simple but powerful protocol:

 HTTP is connectionless: The HTTP client, i.e., a browser initiates an HTTP request and
after a request is made, the client waits for the response. The server processes the
request and sends a response back after which client disconnect the connection. So client
and server knows about each other during current request and response only. Further
requests are made on new connection like client and server are new to each other.
 HTTP is media independent: It specifies that any type of media content can be sent by
HTTP as long as both the server and the client can handle the data content.
 HTTP is stateless: As mentioned above, HTTP is connectionless and it is a direct result of
HTTP being a stateless protocol. The server and client are aware of each other only during
a current request. Afterwards, both of them forget about each other. Due to this nature of
the protocol, neither the client nor the browser can retain information between different
requests across the web pages.

#SMTP (SENT MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL):-

 SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is used for sending the emails
efficiently and reliably over the internet.

 Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from one user to
another.
 SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail where as POP (post office protocol)
or IMAP (internet message access protocol) are used to retrieve those mails at the
receiver’s side.
  It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different computers, and it also

supports:

1. It can send a single message to one or more recipients.

2. Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.

Working-

 SMTP server is always on a listening mode.

 Client initiates a TCP connection with the SMTP server.

 SMTP server listens for a connection and initiates a connection on that port.

 The connection is established.

 Client informs the SMTP server that it would like to send a mail.

 Assuming the server is OK, client sends the mail to its mail server.

 Client’s mail server use DNS to get the IP Address of receiver’s mail server.

 Then, SMTP transfers the mail from sender’s mail server to the receiver’s mail server.

While sending the mail, SMTP is used two times-

1. Between the sender and the sender’s mail server

2. Between the sender’s mail server and the receiver’s mail server

Characteristics of SMTP-

 SMTP is a push protocol.

 SMTP uses TCP at the transport layer.

 SMTP uses port number 25.

 SMTP uses persistent TCP connections, so it can send multiple emails at once.

 SMTP is a connection oriented protocol.

 SMTP is a stateless protocol.

# FTP(FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL):- Program files, multimedia files, text files, documents,
etc. can be transferred from one device to another, using FTP. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a
widely used network protocol for transferring files between computers over a TCP/IP-based
network, such as the internet.

How file transfer happens with FTP:- File Transfer Protocol works in a client-server model
where an FTP server and FTP client perform the file transfer operation. An FTP server is configured
in the network, and a specific file storage location (folder/system) is identified to become the
shared storage, which will host the files you want to share. The end-users will access this file
server via FTP to start copying the files to their local folder/system.

FTP requires a TCP/IP network to function, and it relies on the use of one or more FTP clients. In
other words, the FTP client sends out connections to the FTP server. Upon listening to the request
from the client to either upload or download a file, the FTP server performs the file transfer
operation.

Objectives of FTP

 It provides the sharing of files.

 It is used to encourage the use of remote computers.
 It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.

The above figure shows the basic model of the FTP. The FTP client has three components: the
user interface, control process, and data transfer process.

Advantages of FTP:

 Speed: One of the biggest advantages of FTP is speed. The FTP is one of the fastest
way to transfer the files from one computer to another computer.
 Efficient: It is more efficient as we do not need to complete all the operations to get
the entire file.
  Security: To access the FTP server, we need to login with the username and
password. Therefore, we can say that FTP is more secure.

POP-3(POST OFFICE PROTOCOL):- The POP protocol stands for Post Office Protocol. As we
know that SMTP is used as a message transfer agent. When the message is sent, then SMPT is
used to deliver the message from the client to the server and then to the recipient server. But the
message is sent from the recipient server to the actual server with the help of the Message Access
Agent. The Message Access Agent contains two types of protocols, i.e., POP3 and IMAP.

POP3, sometimes referred to as just "POP," is a simple, standardized method of delivering e-mail
messages. A POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them into the appropriate user folders.
When a user connects to the mail server to retrieve his mail, the messages are downloaded from
mail server to the user's hard disk.

The POP3 is a simple protocol and having very limited functionalities. In the case of the POP3
protocol, the POP3 client is installed on the recipient system while the POP3 server is installed on
the recipient's mail server.

How is mail transmitted:-

Advantages of POP3 protocol:- The following are the advantages of a POP3 protocol.

 It allows the users to read the email offline. It requires an internet connection only at the
time of downloading emails from the server. Once the mails are downloaded from the
server, then all the downloaded mails reside on our PC or hard disk of our computer, which
can be accessed without the internet. Therefore, we can say that the POP3 protocol does
not require permanent internet connectivity.
 It provides easy and fast access to the emails as they are already stored on our PC.
 There is no limit on the size of the email which we receive or send.
 It requires less server storage space as all the mails are stored on the local machine.
 There is maximum size on the mailbox, but it is limited by the size of the hard disk.
 It is a simple protocol so it is one of the most popular protocols used today.
  It is easy to configure and use.

# MIME(MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSION):- Multipurpose Internet Mail

Extension (MIME) is a standard which was proposed by Bell Communications in 1991 in order
to expand limited capabilities of email. MIME is a kind of add on or a supplementary
protocol which allows non-ASCII data to be sent through SMTP. It allows the users to exchange
different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs as well.

OR

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that helps extend the limited
capabilities of email by allowing insertion of images, sounds and text in a message. It was
proposed by Bell Communications in 1991, and the specification was originally defined in June
1992

Features of MIME –
1. It is able to send multiple attachments with a single message.
2. Unlimited message length.
3. Binary attachments (executables, images, audio, or video files).
4. MIME provided support for varying content types and multi-part messages.

#IMAP (INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL):- IMAP stands for Internet Message
Access Protocol. It is an application layer protocol which is used to receive the emails from the
mail server. It is the most commonly used protocols like POP3 for retrieving the emails.
It also follows the client/server model. On one side, we have an IMAP client, which is a process
running on a computer. On the other side, we have an IMAP server, which is also a process
running on another computer. Both computers are connected through a network.

Features of IMAP :
 It is capable of managing multiple mailboxes and organizing them into various categories.

 Provides adding of message flags to keep track of which messages are being seen.

 It is capable of deciding whether to retrieve email from a mail server before downloading.

 It makes it easy to download media when multiple files are attached .

Working of IMAP :- IMAP follows Client-server Architecture and is the most commonly used
email protocol. It is a combination of client and server process running on other computers that
are connected through a network. This protocol resides over the TCP/IP protocol for
communication. Once the communication is set up the server listens on port 143 by default
which is non-encrypted. For the secure encrypted communication port, 993 is used.

Architecture of IMAP.

Advantages :
 It offers synchronization across all the maintained sessions by the user.

 It provides security over POP3 protocol as the email only exists on the IMAP server.
 Users have remote access to all the contents.

 It offers easy migration between the devices as it is synchronized by a centralized server.

 There is no need to physically allocate any storage to save contents.

Disadvantages :
 IMAP is complex to maintain.

 Emails of the user are only available when there is an internet connection.

 It is slower to load messages.

 Some emails don’t support IMAP which makes it difficult to manage.

 Many browser-based solutions are unavailable due to not support of IMAP.