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Shift Reegisters

A shift register is a collection of flip flops that can store data and shift the data by one place either left or right with each clock pulse. There are several types of shift registers including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out registers.

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50 views11 pages

Shift Reegisters

A shift register is a collection of flip flops that can store data and shift the data by one place either left or right with each clock pulse. There are several types of shift registers including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out registers.

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pmclasses28
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Register

 The filp flops are essential component in clocked sequential circuits.


 Circuits that include filp flops are usually classified by the function they perform.
 Two such circuits are registers and counters.
 An n-bit register consists of a group of n flip flops capable of storing n bits of binary information.
 So, Register is a collection of flip flops.
 A flip flop is used to store single bit digital data. For storing a large number of bits, the storage
capacity is increased by grouping more than one flip flops.
 It is used to perform simple data storage, movement, manipulation and processing operations (e.g.
load, increment, shift, add, etc.)
 The computer processes data by performing operations on registers, e.g. ADD A, B where A and B
are the registers.
 A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both direction is called a shift register.
 All flip-flops receive common clock pulses, which activate the shift from one stage to the next.
Shift Register

 The simplest possible shift register is one that uses only flip-flops, as shown in Fig.
 Each clock pulse shifts the contents of the register one bit position to the right.
 The serial input determines what goes into the leftmost flip-flop during the shift.
 The serial output is taken from the output of the rightmost flip-flop.
 Following are the four types of shift registers based on applying inputs and accessing of outputs.
 Serial In − Serial Out shift register
 Serial In − Parallel Out shift register
 Parallel In − Serial Out shift register
 Parallel In − Parallel Out shift register
Serial In − Serial Out (SISO) shift register

 The shift register, which allows serial input and produces serial output is known as Serial In – Serial
Out (SISO) shift register.
 This block diagram consists of three D flip-flops, which are cascaded. That means, output of one D flip-flop
is connected as the input of next D flip-flop.
 All these flip-flops are synchronous with each other since, the same clock signal is applied to each one.
 In this shift register, we can send the bits serially from the input of left most D flip-flop. Hence, this input is
also called as serial input.
 For every positive edge triggering of clock signal, the data shifts from one stage to the next. So, we can
receive the bits serially from the output of right most D flip-flop. Hence, this output is also called as serial
output.
101
Serial In − Parallel Out (SIPO) shift register

 The shift register, which allows serial input and produces parallel output is known as Serial In –
Parallel Out (SIPO) shift register.
 In this shift register, we can send the bits serially from the input of left most D flip-flop. Hence,
this input is also called as serial input.
 For every positive edge triggering of clock signal, the data shifts from one stage to the next.
 In this case, we can access the outputs of each D flip-flop in parallel. So, we will get parallel
outputs from this shift register.

101
Parallel In − Serial Out (PISO) shift register

 In the "Parallel In Serial Out" register, the data is entered in a parallel way, and the outcome
comes serially.
 The shift mode and the load mode are the two modes in which the "PISO" circuit works.
Parallel In − Parallel Out (PIPO) shift register

 In "Parallel In Parallel Out", the inputs and the outputs come in a parallel way in the register.
 The inputs B0, B1, B2, and B3, are directly passed to the data inputs D0, D1, D2, and D3 of the
respective flip flop.
 The bits of the binary input is loaded to the flip flops when the negative clock edge is applied. The
clock pulse is required for loading all the bits. At the output side, the loaded bits appear.
Input
Bidirectional Shift Register

 Below is the diagram of 4-bit "bidirectional" shift register where DR is the "serial right shift data
input", DL is the "left shift data input", and M is the "mode select input".
(L/R)
M
Universal Shift Register

 A shift-right control to enable the shift operation and the serial input and output lines associated with the shift right.
 A shift-left control to enable the shift operation and the serial input and output lines associated with the shift left.
 A parallel-load control to enable a parallel transfer and the n input lines associated with the parallel transfer.
 If the Shift register has the capability of
Serial In − Serial Out
Serial In − Parallel Out
Parallel In − Serial Out
Parallel In − Parallel Out
and act as Bidirectional shift register is referred as a universal shift register.
 Shift registers are often used to interface digital system situated remotely from each other. If the distance is far, it
will be expensive to use n lines to transmit the n bits in parallel.
 Transmitter performs a parallel-to-serial conversion of data and the receiver does a serial-to-parallel conversion.
R/L

SH/LOAD
Universal Shift Register using MUX

Serial
input for
shift-left
Typical ICs for Shift register

 Commonly available SISO IC is 74HC595, which is 8-bit.


 Commonly available SIPO IC’s include the standard 8-bit 74LS164, 74LS594.
 Commonly available PISO IC is 74HC166, which is 8-bit.
 Commonly available PIPO IC’s include the standard 8-bit M54HC195, M74HC195.
 Today, there are many high speed bi-directional or “universal” type Shift
Registers available such as the TTL 74LS194, 74LS195 or the CMOS 4035 which are
available as 4-bit multi-function devices that can be used in either serial-to-serial, left
shifting, right shifting, serial-to-parallel, parallel-to-serial, or as a parallel-to-parallel
multifunction data register, hence their name “Universal”.
 The 74HC299 is an 8-bit Universal Shift register.
 The 74S299 is an 8-bit Universal Shift and Storage Register.

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