Scribd
Upload
27 views11 pages

Unit - I (Quantum Mechanics)

The document discusses the Davisson-Germer experiment which was the first experimental proof of the wave nature of electrons. It describes the setup of the experiment which involved firing electrons at a nickel crystal target and observing the diffraction pattern produced. This confirmed that electrons behave as waves as their calculated wavelength matched what was expected from De Broglie's hypothesis.

Uploaded by

ssstuddarraju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views11 pages

Unit - I (Quantum Mechanics)

The document discusses the Davisson-Germer experiment which was the first experimental proof of the wave nature of electrons. It describes the setup of the experiment which involved firing electrons at a nickel crystal target and observing the diffraction pattern produced. This confirmed that electrons behave as waves as their calculated wavelength matched what was expected from De Broglie's hypothesis.

Uploaded by

ssstuddarraju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

12-09-2023

UNIT-I: Principles of Quantum Mechanics


 Introduction, blackbody radiation – Stefan-
Boltzmann’s law, Wein’s and Rayleigh-Jean’s law
(qualitative) - Planck’s radiation law - photoelectric
effect.
 De-Broglie hypothesis - matter waves - Davisson and
Germer experiment –Heisenberg uncertainty principle
– time independent Schrodinger wave equation - Born
interpretation of the wave function - particle in a 1-D
potential well.

1
12-09-2023

2
12-09-2023

3
12-09-2023

Statement: The total radiant heat power emitted from a surface is


proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

Formulated in 1879 by Austrian physicist Josef Stefan as a result of his


experimental studies, the same law was derived in 1884 by Austrian
physicist Ludwig Boltzmann from thermodynamic considerations.

E α T4 E = σT4

where sigma (σ) represents the constant of proportionality, called the


Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
This constant has the value 5.67 × 10−8 watt per metre2 per K4.

The law applies only to blackbody’s theoretical surfaces that


absorb all incident heat radiation.

4
12-09-2023

5
12-09-2023

6
12-09-2023

7
12-09-2023

8
12-09-2023

 In 1927, Davisson and Germer for the first time proved the wave
nature of electrons. The basis of their experiment was that since the
wave length of an electron is of the order of X-rays, a beam of
electrons must show diffraction effects from a crystal, like X-rays.

 Based on the concept of wave nature of matter fast moving


electrons behave like waves.
 Hence accelerated electron beam can be used for diffraction
studies in crystals.

to galvanometer

F C
φ

LTB

HTB

9
12-09-2023

 The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of three


parts; they are electron gun, target set up and circular scale
arrangement. The whole experiment is kept in vacuum.
 The job of electron gun is to produce a fine beam of electrons to a
required velocity. It consists of filament (F), low tension battery
(LTB), high tension battery (HTB) and pin holes provided in the
cylinder (C).
 When tungsten filament F is heated by a low tension battery then
electrons are produced.
 These electrons are accelerated to a required velocity by applying
sufficient potential on metal cylinder by high tension battery.
 The accelerated electrons are collimated into a fine beam of pencil
as they pass through a system of pinholes provided in the cylinder
C.

 The target set up helps to get diffraction pattern. It is nothing but a


Nickel crystal. The fast moving beam of electrons from electron gun
is made to incident on the nickel target. The incident electrons are
reflected in all possible directions by the atomic planes of the crystal.

 In the circular scale arrangement, an electron collector is fixed to a


circular scale which can collect the electrons and can move along the
circular scale. The electron collector is connected to a sensitive
galvanometer to measure the intensity of electron beam entering the
collector.

10
12-09-2023

 The electrons are scattered in all directions showing that they are
acting like waves. If the electrons were just particles, they would
have been simply reflected straight back.
 The intensity of scattered electron beam depends upon the angle ‘θ’
and accelerating potential ‘V’. It was observed that high intensity of
scattered electron beam always occurred at an angle φ = 50o for 54 V
accelerating voltage. Hence φ is the angle between the incident and
scattered beam of electrons with respect to top surface of the crystal.

 The atomic rows of nickel crystal act like the rulings of a diffraction
grating. Under the above conditions (V = 54 volt, φ = 50o ), the
crystal is producing the first order Bragg reflection at an angle 65
degrees (since, 90-25 = 65). This is called angle of diffraction which
is the angle between the incident beam and the crystal plane. The
inter planar spacing (d) of nickel crystal is 0.91 angstroms, which is
measured by the X-ray diffraction method.

2d sin   n
2 × 0.91 × sinθ = nλ
λ = 1.65 × 10-10 m (n =1, θ = 65o)
λ = 1.65 Å
The de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron,
when a potential difference of 54 V is applied

 The wavelengths of the electron beam calculated from Bragg’s law and de
Broglie equation are in very good agreement. Hence the wave nature of the
particle is proved experimentally.
 The drawback of this experiment is that weather the diffraction pattern
formed is due to electrons or electromagnetic radiation generated by fast
moving electrons is not known.
 G.P. Thomson experiment is clarified that the diffraction pattern formed is
due to electrons and not due to electromagnetic radiation generated by fast
moving electrons

11

You might also like