Edexcel GCE

Core Mathematics C3

Differentiation

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil

Advice to Candidates
You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers
without working may gain no credit.
1. (i) Differentiate with respect to x

(a) x2 cos 3x,

(3)
ln( x 2 + 1)
(b) .
x2 + 1
(4)

(ii) A curve C has the equation

1
y = √(4x+1), x>– 4 , y > 0.

The point P on the curve has x-coordinate 2. Find an equation of the tangent to C at P in the
form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.
(6)

dy
2. (a) Find the value of at the point where x = 2 on the curve with equation
dx
y = x2 √(5x – 1).
(6)
sin 2 x
(b) Differentiate with respect to x.
x2
(4)

3. (a) Differentiate with respect to x,

(i) e3x(sin x + 2 cos x),

(3)
(ii) x3 ln (5x + 2).
(3)
3x 2 + 6 x − 7
Given that y = , x ≠ –1,
( x + 1) 2

dy 20
(b) show that = .
dx ( x + 1) 3
(5)
d2 y d2 y 15
(c) Hence find and the real values of x for which =– .
dx 2
dx 2 4
(3)

2
4. A curve C has equation
π
y = e2x tan x, x ≠ (2n + 1) .
2

(a) Show that the turning points on C occur where tan x = −1.
(6)
(b) Find an equation of the tangent to C at the point where x = 0.
(2)

5. A curve C has equation y = x2ex.

dy
(a) Find , using the product rule for differentiation.
dx
(3)
(b) Hence find the coordinates of the turning points of C.
(3)
d2 y
(c) Find .
dx 2
(2)
(d) Determine the nature of each turning point of the curve C.
(2)

6. The curve C has equation x = 2 sin y.

 π 
(a) Show that the point P  √ 2,  lies on C.
 4
(1)
dy 1
(b) Show that = at P.
dx √2
(4)
(c) Find an equation of the normal to C at P. Give your answer in the form y = mx + c, where m
and c are exact constants.
(4)
x
7. (i) The curve C has equation y = .
9 + x2

Use calculus to find the coordinates of the turning points of C.

(6)
dy
at x = 12 ln 3.
3
(ii) Given that y = (1 + e 2x ) 2 , find the value of dx
(5)

3
8. Differentiate, with respect to x,

(a) e3x + ln 2x,

(3)
3
(b) (5 + x 2 ) 2 .
(3)

9. The point P lies on the curve with equation y = ln . The x-coordinate of P is 3.

Find an equation of the normal to the curve at the point P in the form y = ax + b, where a and b
are constants.
(5)

10. (a) Differentiate with respect to x

(i) x2e3x + 2,
(4)
cos ( 2 x 3 )
(ii) .
3x
(4)

dy
(b) Given that x = 4 sin (2y + 6), find in terms of x.
dx
(5)
11. (a) Differentiate with respect to x

(i) 3 sin2 x + sec 2x,

(3)
(ii) {x + ln (2x)}3.
(3)

5 x 2 − 10 x + 9
Given that y = , x ≠ 1,
( x − 1) 2

dy 8
(b) show that =– .
dx ( x − 1) 3
(6)

4
12. The function f is defined by

2 x− 8
f(x) = 1 – + , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ −4, x ≠ 2.
( x + 4) ( x − 2)( x + 4)

x− 3
(a) Show that f (x) = .
x− 2

(5)
The function g is defined by

ex − 3
g(x) = x , x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ ln 2.
e − 2

ex
(b) Differentiate g(x) to show that g′(x) = .
(e x − 2) 2
(3)
(c) Find the exact values of x for which g′(x) = 1
(4)

2x + 2 x+1
13. f(x) = – .
x − 2x − 3
2
x− 3

(a) Express f(x) as a single fraction in its simplest form.

(4)
2
(b) Hence show that f ′(x) = ( x − 3) 2 .
(3)

2x + 3 9 + 2x 1
14. f(x) = – , x> 2 .
x+ 2 2 x + 3x − 2
2

4x − 6
(a) Show that f (x) = .
2x − 1
(7)
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find f ′(x) in its simplest form.
(3)

5
 Edexcel GCE
Core Mathematics C4

Parametric
Equations

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil

Advice to Candidates
You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers
without working may gain no credit.
1.

Figure 3

The curve C shown in Figure 3 has parametric equations

x = t 3 – 8t, y = t2

where t is a parameter. Given that the point A has parameter t = –1,

(a) find the coordinates of A.

(1)

The line l is the tangent to C at A.

(b) Show that an equation for l is 2x – 5y – 9 = 0.

(5)

The line l also intersects the curve at the point B.

(c) Find the coordinates of B.

(6)

[January 2009]

2
2.

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows a sketch of the curve with parametric equations

x = 2 cos 2t, y = 6 sin t, 0≤t≤ .

(a) Find the gradient of the curve at the point where t = .

(4)
(b) Find a cartesian equation of the curve in the form

y = f(x), –k ≤ x ≤ k,

stating the value of the constant k.

(4)
(c) Write down the range of f(x).
(2)

[June 2009]

3
3. (a) Using the identity cos 2θ = 1 – 2 sin2 θ , find

(2)

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows part of the curve C with parametric equations

x = tan θ, y = 2 sin 2θ, 0≤θ< .

The finite shaded region S shown in Figure 4 is bounded by C, the line x = and the x-axis.
This shaded region is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis to form a solid of revolution.

(b) Show that the volume of the solid of revolution formed is given by the integral

k ,

where k is a constant.
(5)
(c) Hence find the exact value for this volume, giving your answer in the form pπ 2 + qπ√3,
where p and q are constants.
(3)

[June 2009]

4
4.

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows the curve C with parametric equations

x = 8 cos t, y = 4 sin 2t, 0≤t≤ .

The point P lies on C and has coordinates (4, 2√3).

(a) Find the value of t at the point P.

(2)

The line l is a normal to C at P.

(b) Show that an equation for l is y = –x√3 + 6√3.

(6)

The finite region R is enclosed by the curve C, the x-axis and the line x = 4, as shown shaded in
Figure 3.

(c) Show that the area of R is given by the integral .

(4)
(d) Use this integral to find the area of R, giving your answer in the form a + b√3, where a and b
are constants to be determined.
(4)

[June 2008]

5
5.

Figure 3

The curve C has parametric equations

x = ln (t + 2), y= , t > −1.

The finite region R between the curve C and the x-axis, bounded by the lines with equations
x = ln 2 and x = ln 4, is shown shaded in Figure 3.

(a) Show that the area of R is given by the integral

.
(4)
(b) Hence find an exact value for this area.
(6)
(c) Find a cartesian equation of the curve C, in the form y = f(x).
(4)
(d) State the domain of values for x for this curve.
(1)

[January 2008]

6
6. A curve has parametric equations

x = tan2 t, y = sin t, 0<t< .

(a) Find an expression for in terms of t. You need not simplify your answer.
(3)

(b) Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where t = .

Give your answer in the form y = ax + b , where a and b are constants to be determined.
(5)
(c) Find a cartesian equation of the curve in the form y2 = f(x).
(4)

[June 2007]

7
7. A curve has parametric equations

x = 7 cos t – cos 7t, y = 7 sin t – sin 7t, <t< .

(a) Find an expression for in terms of t. You need not simplify your answer.
(3)

(b) Find an equation of the normal to the curve at the point where t = .

Give your answer in its simplest exact form.

(6)

[January 2007]

8
8. Figure 2

0.5

–1 –0.5 O 0.5 1 x

The curve shown in Figure 2 has parametric equations

 π  π π
x = sin t, y = sin  t + , − <t< .
 6 2 2

π
(a) Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where t = .
6
(6)
(b) Show that a cartesian equation of the curve is

√3 1
y= x+ √(1 – x2), –1 < x < 1.
2 2
(3)

[June 2006]

9
9. Figure 2
y

O x

The curve shown in Figure 2 has parametric equations

x = t – 2 sin t, y = 1 – 2 cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

(a) Show that the curve crosses the x-axis where t = and t = .
(2)

The finite region R is enclosed by the curve and the x-axis, as shown shaded in Figure 2.

(b) Show that the area R is given by the integral

(3)
(c) Use this integral to find the exact value of the shaded area.
(7)

[January 2006]

10
 Edexcel GCE
Core Mathematics C4

Differentiation

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil

Advice to Candidates
You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers
without working may gain no credit.
1. A curve C has the equation y2 – 3y = x3 + 8.

dy
(a) Find in terms of x and y.
dx
(4)
(b) Hence find the gradient of C at the point where y = 3.
(3)
[January 2009]
2.

Figure 2

A container is made in the shape of a hollow inverted right circular cone. The height of the
container is 24 cm and the radius is 16 cm, as shown in Figure 2. Water is flowing into the
container. When the height of water is h cm, the surface of the water has radius r cm and the
volume of water is V cm3.

4π h 3
(a) Show that V = .
27
(2)

[The volume V of a right circular cone with vertical height h and base radius r is given by the
1
formula V = π r 2h .]
3

Water flows into the container at a rate of 8 cm3 s–1.

(b) Find, in terms of π, the rate of change of h when h = 12.

(5)

[January 2009]

2
3. The curve C has the equation ye–2x = 2x + y2.

dy
(a) Find in terms of x and y.
dx
(5)

The point P on C has coordinates (0, 1).

(b) Find the equation of the normal to C at P, giving your answer in the form ax + by + c = 0,
where a, b and c are integers.
(4)
[June 2009]
4.

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows a right circular cylindrical metal rod which is expanding as it is heated. After
t seconds the radius of the rod is x cm and the length of the rod is 5x cm.

The cross-sectional area of the rod is increasing at the constant rate of 0.032 cm2 s–1.

dx
(a) Find when the radius of the rod is 2 cm, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
dt
(4)
(b) Find the rate of increase of the volume of the rod when x = 2.
(4)
[June 2008]
5. A curve has equation 3x2 – y2 + xy = 4. The points P and Q lie on the curve. The gradient of the
8
tangent to the curve is 3 at P and at Q.

(a) Use implicit differentiation to show that y – 2x = 0 at P and at Q.

(6)
(b) Find the coordinates of P and Q.
(3)
[June 2008]

3
6. A curve is described by the equation
x3 − 4y2 = 12xy.

(a) Find the coordinates of the two points on the curve where x = –8.
(3)
(b) Find the gradient of the curve at each of these points.
(6)
[January 2008]
7. A set of curves is given by the equation sin x + cos y = 0.5.

dy
(a) Use implicit differentiation to find an expression for .
dx
(2)
For –π < x < π and –π < y < π,

dy
(b) find the coordinates of the points where = 0.
dx
(5)
[January 2007]
dy
8. (a) Given that y = 2x, and using the result 2x = ex ln 2, or otherwise, show that = 2x ln 2.
dx
(2)
(b) Find the gradient of the curve with equation y = 2 ( x at the point with coordinates (2, 16).
2
)

(4)

[January 2007]
9. A curve C is described by the equation

3x2 – 2y2 + 2x – 3y + 5 = 0.

Find an equation of the normal to C at the point (0, 1), giving your answer in the form
ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.
(7)
[June 2006]
10. A curve C is described by the equation

3x2 + 4y2 – 2x + 6xy – 5 = 0.

Find an equation of the tangent to C at the point (1, –2), giving your answer in the form ax + by +
c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.
(7)
[January 2006]

4
 Edexcel GCE
Core Mathematics C4

Integration

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil

Advice to Candidates
You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers
without working may gain no credit.
1.

Figure 1

The curve shown in Figure 1 has equation e x√(sin x), 0 ≤ x ≤ π. The finite region R bounded by
the curve and the x-axis is shown shaded in Figure 1.

π π
(a) Copy and complete the table below with the values of y corresponding to x = and x =
4 2
, giving your answers to 5 decimal places.

π π 3π
x 0 π
4 2 4

y 0 8.87207 0
(2)
(b) Use the trapezium rule, with all the values in the completed table, to obtain an estimate for
the area of the region R. Give your answer to 4 decimal places.
(4)

[January 2008]

2
2.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows part of the curve with equation y = e 0.5 x . The finite region R, shown shaded in
2

Figure 1, is bounded by the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x = 2.

(a) Copy and complete the table with the values of y corresponding to x = 0.8 and x = 1.6.

x 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

y e0 e0.08 e0.72 e2
(1)
(b) Use the trapezium rule with all the values in the table to find an approximate value for the
area of R, giving your answer to 4 significant figures.
(3)

[June 2008]

3
 π π
3. (a) Given that y = sec x, complete the table with the values of y corresponding to x = , and
16 8
π
.
4

π π 3π π
x 0
16 8 16 4

y 1 1.20269

(2)
(b) Use the trapezium rule, with all the values for y in the completed table, to obtain an estimate
π

⌠ 4
for  sec x dx . Show all the steps of your working and give your answer to 4 decimal
⌡0
places.
(3)
π

⌠ 4
The exact value of  sec x dx is ln (1 + √2).
⌡0
(c) Calculate the % error in using the estimate you obtained in part (b).
(2)

[January 2006]

4
4.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the finite region R bounded by the x-axis, the y-axis and the curve with equation
 x 3π
y = 3 cos  ,0≤x≤ .
 3 2

 x
The table shows corresponding values of x and y for y = 3 cos  .
 3

3π 3π 9π 3π
x 0
8 4 8 2

y 3 2.77164 2.12132 0

(a) Copy and complete the table above giving the missing value of y to 5 decimal places.
(1)
(b) Using the trapezium rule, with all the values of y from the completed table, find an
approximation for the area of R, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
(4)
(c) Use integration to find the exact area of R.
(3)

[June 2009]

5
5.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows part of the curve with equation y = √(tan x). The finite region R, which is bounded
π
by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = , is shown shaded in Figure 1.
4

(a) Given that y = √(tan x), copy and complete the table with the values of y corresponding to
π π 3π
x= , and , giving your answers to 5 decimal places.
16 8 16

π π 3π π
x 0
16 8 16 4

y 0 1

(3)
(b) Use the trapezium rule with all the values of y in the completed table to obtain an estimate
for the area of the shaded region R, giving your answer to 4 decimal places.
(4)

The region R is rotated through 2π radians around the x-axis to generate a solid of revolution.

(c) Use integration to find an exact value for the volume of the solid generated.
(4)

[June 2007]

6
6.

Figure 1
3
Figure 1 shows part of the curve y = . The region R is bounded by the curve, the x-
√ (1 + 4 x )
axis, and the lines x = 0 and x = 2, as shown shaded in Figure 1.

(a) Use integration to find the area of R.

(4)
The region R is rotated 360° about the x-axis.

(b) Use integration to find the exact value of the volume of the solid formed.
(5)
[January 2009]
7. Figure 3

O 2π x
x
The curve with equation y = 3 sin , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, is shown in Figure 1. The finite region
2
enclosed by the curve and the x-axis is shaded.
(a) Find, by integration, the area of the shaded region.
(3)
This region is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis.
(b) Find the volume of the solid generated.
(6)
[June 2006]

7
8. Figure 1
y
y = xex

O 1 3 x

Figure 1 shows the finite region R, which is bounded by the curve y = xex, the line x = 1, the line
x = 3 and the x-axis.

The region R is rotated through 360 degrees about the x-axis.

Use integration by parts to find an exact value for the volume of the solid generated.
(8)
[January 2006]
9.

1
The curve shown in Figure 2 has equation y = . The finite region bounded by the curve,
( 2 x + 1)
the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is shown shaded in Figure 2. This region is rotated
through 360° about the x-axis to generate a solid of revolution.

Find the volume of the solid generated. Express your answer as a single simplified fraction, in
terms of a and b.
(5)

[January 2008]

8
10. Figure 1
y

– 0 1 x
2

1
The curve with equation y = , x > – 12 , is shown in Figure 1.
3(1 + 2 x)

1 1
The region bounded by the lines x = – 4 , x = 2 , the x-axis and the curve is shown shaded in
Figure 1.

This region is rotated through 360 degrees about the x-axis.

(a) Use calculus to find the exact value of the volume of the solid generated.
(5)

Figure 2
A

B
Figure 2 shows a paperweight with axis of symmetry AB where AB = 3 cm. A is a point on the top
surface of the paperweight, and B is a point on the base of the paperweight. The paperweight is
geometrically similar to the solid in part (a).

(b) Find the volume of this paperweight.

(2)

[January 2007]

9
 ⌠ 2
11. (a) Find  tan x dx .
⌡
(2)
⌠ 1 ln x dx
(b) Use integration by parts to find  .
⌡ x3
(4)
(c) Use the substitution u = 1 + ex to show that
3x
⌠ e 1 2x
 x dx = e – ex + ln (1 + ex) + k,
⌡ 1 + e 2

where k is a constant.
(7)

[January 2009]
4 − 2x A B C
12. f(x) = = + + .
(2 x + 1)( x + 1)( x + 3) ( 2 x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)

(a) Find the values of the constants A, B and C.

(4)

⌠
(b) (i) Hence find  f ( x) dx .
⌡
(3)
2
⌠
(ii) Find  f ( x) dx in the form ln k, where k is a constant.
⌡0
(3)
[June 2009]

10
 ⌠
13. (a) Find  √ (5 − x) dx .
⌡
(2)

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows a sketch of the curve with equation

y = (x – 1)√(5 – x), 1≤x≤5

⌠
(b) (i) Using integration by parts, or otherwise, find  ( x − 1) √ (5 − x) dx .
⌡
(4)
5
⌠
(ii) Hence find  ( x − 1) √ (5 − x ) dx. .
⌡1
(2)
[June 2009]

⌠ x
14. (a) Use integration by parts to find  xe dx .
⌡
(3)

⌠ 2 x
(b) Hence find  x e dx .
⌡
(3)
[June 2008]

11
 ⌠  x
15. (i) Find  ln  dx .
⌡  2
(4)
π
⌠ 2 2
(ii) Find the exact value of  π sin x dx .
⌡
4

(5)
[January 2008]
16. Liquid is pouring into a large vertical circular cylinder at a constant rate of 1600 cm 3s–1 and is
leaking out of a hole in the base, at a rate proportional to the square root of the height of the
liquid already in the cylinder. The area of the circular cross section of the cylinder is 4000 cm2.

(a) Show that at time t seconds, the height h cm of liquid in the cylinder satisfies the differential
equation
dh
= 0.4 −k√h,
dt
where k is a positive constant.
(3)

When h = 25, water is leaking out of the hole at 400 cm3s–1.

(b) Show that k = 0.02.

(1)
(c) Separate the variables of the differential equation

dh
= 0.4 −0.02√h
dt

to show that the time taken to fill the cylinder from empty to a height of 100 cm is given by
100
⌠ 50
 dh .
⌡ 0 20 − √ h
(2)

Using the substitution h = (20 − x)2, or otherwise,

100
50
(d) find the exact value of ⌠ dh .
⌡ 0 20 − √ h
(6)
(e) Hence find the time taken to fill the cylinder from empty to a height of 100 cm, giving your
answer in minutes and seconds to the nearest second.
(1)

[January 2008]

12
17. Use the substitution u = 2x to find the exact value of
1
⌠ 2x
 ( 2 x + 1) 2 dx.
⌡0
(6)
[June 2007]

⌠
18. (a) Find  x cos 2 x dx .
⌡
(4)

⌠ 2
(b) Hence, using the identity cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1, deduce  x cos x dx .
⌡
(3)
[June 2007]
2(4 x 2 + 1) B C
19. ≡A+ + .
(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1) ( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x − 1)

(a) Find the values of the constants A, B and C.

(4)
2
⌠ 2(4 x 2 + 1)
(b) Hence show that the exact value of  dx is 2 + ln k, giving the value of the
⌡ 1 ( 2 x + 1)(2 x − 1)
constant k.
(6)
[June 2007]

13
 5
⌠
20. I =  e √ (3 x + 1) dx .
⌡0
(a) Given that y = e√(3x + 1), copy and complete the table with the values of y corresponding
to x = 2, 3 and 4.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

y e1 e2 e4
(2)
(b) Use the trapezium rule, with all the values of y in the completed table, to obtain an estimate
for the original integral I, giving your answer to 4 significant figures.
(3)
b
⌠ t
(c) Use the substitution t = √(3x + 1) to show that I may be expressed as  kte dt , giving the
⌡a
values of a, b and k.
(5)
(d) Use integration by parts to evaluate this integral, and hence find the value of I correct to
4 significant figures, showing all the steps in your working.
(5)
[June 2007]

21. Using the substitution u2 = 2x – 1, or otherwise, find the exact value of

5
⌠ 3x
 dx .
⌡ 1 √ ( 2 x − 1)
(8)

[January 2006]

14
22. Figure 3
y

O 1 x

Figure 3 shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = (x – 1) ln x, x > 0.

(a) Copy and complete the table with the values of y corresponding to x = 1.5 and x = 2.5.

x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y 0 ln 2 2 ln 3
(1)

3
⌠
Given that I =  ( x − 1) ln x dx ,
⌡1

(b) use the trapezium rule

(i) with values at y at x = 1, 2 and 3 to find an approximate value for I to 4 significant

figures,

(ii) with values at y at x = 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 to find another approximate value for I to
4 significant figures.
(5)

(c) Explain, with reference to Figure 3, why an increase in the number of values improves the
accuracy of the approximation.
(1)
3
⌠ 3
(d) Show, by integration, that the exact value of  ( x − 1) ln x dx is 2 ln 3.
⌡1
(6)
[June 2006]

15
 Edexcel GCE
Core Mathematics C4

Differential
Equations

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil

Advice to Candidates
You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers
without working may gain no credit.
 2
1. (a) Express 4 − y 2 in partial fractions.
(3)
(b) Hence obtain the solution of

dy
2 cot x = (4 – y2)
dx

π
for which y = 0 at x = , giving your answer in the form sec2 x = g( y).
3
(8)
[June 2008]
2. A population growth is modelled by the differential equation

dP
= kP,
dt

where P is the population, t is the time measured in days and k is a positive constant.

Given that the initial population is P0,

(a) solve the differential equation, giving P in terms of P0, k and t.

(4)

Given also that k = 2.5,

(b) find the time taken, to the nearest minute, for the population to reach 2P0.
(3)

In an improved model the differential equation is given as

dP
= λP cos λt,
dt
where P is the population, t is the time measured in days and λ is a positive constant.

Given, again, that the initial population is P0 and that time is measured in days,

(c) solve the second differential equation, giving P in terms of P0, λ and t.
(4)

Given also that λ = 2.5,

(d) find the time taken, to the nearest minute, for the population to reach 2P0 for the first time,
using the improved model.
(3)
[June 2007]

2
 2x − 1
3. (a) Express in partial fractions.
( x − 1)(2 x − 3)
(3)
(b) Given that x ≥ 2, find the general solution of the differential equation

dy
(2x – 3)(x – 1) = (2x – 1) y.
dx
(5)
(c) Hence find the particular solution of this differential equation that satisfies y = 10 at x = 2,
giving your answer in the form y = f(x).
(4)
[January 2007]
4.

At time t seconds the length of the side of a cube is x cm, the surface area of the cube is S cm2,
and the volume of the cube is V cm3.

The surface area of the cube is increasing at a constant rate of 8 cm2 s–1.

Show that

dx k
(a) = , where k is a constant to be found,
dt x
(4)
dV 1
(b) = 2V 3 .
dt
(4)

Given that V = 8 when t = 0,

(c) solve the differential equation in part (b), and find the value of t when V = 16√2.
(7)
[June 2006]
4
5. The volume of a spherical balloon of radius r cm is V cm3, where V = 3 π r 3.

dV
(a) Find .
dr
(1)

The volume of the balloon increases with time t seconds according to the formula

N23583A 3 Turn over

 dV 1000
= , t ≥ 0.
dt (2t + 1) 2

dr
(b) Using the chain rule, or otherwise, find an expression in terms of r and t for .
dt
(2)
dV 1000
(c) Given that V = 0 when t = 0, solve the differential equation = , to obtain V in
dt ( 2t + 1) 2
terms of t.
(4)
(d) Hence, at time t = 5,

(i) find the radius of the balloon, giving your answer to 3 significant figures,
(3)
(ii) show that the rate of increase of the radius of the balloon is approximately 2.90 × 10–
2
cm s–1.
(2)
[January 2006]

4
 Edexcel GCE
Core Mathematics C4

Vectors

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil

Advice to Candidates
You must ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly labelled.
You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear to the Examiner. Answers
without working may gain no credit.
1. With respect to a fixed origin O the lines l1 and l2 are given by the equations

 11  − 2  − 5  q
       
l1 : r =   + λ  1
2 l2 : r =  11 + μ  2
 17   − 4  p  2
       

where λ and μ are parameters and p and q are constants. Given that l1 and l2 are perpendicular,

(a) show that q = –3.

(2)
Given further that l1 and l2 intersect, find

(b) the value of p,

(6)
(c) the coordinates of the point of intersection.
(2)
 9
 
The point A lies on l1 and has position vector  3  . The point C lies on l2.
 13 
 
Given that a circle, with centre C, cuts the line l1 at the points A and B,

(d) find the position vector of B.

(3)
[January 2009]
2. Relative to a fixed origin O, the point A has position vector (8i + 13j – 2k), the point B has
position vector (10i + 14j – 4k), and the point C has position vector (9i + 9j + 6k).

The line l passes through the points A and B.

(a) Find a vector equation for the line l.

(3)
(b) Find CB .
(2)
(c) Find the size of the acute angle between the line segment CB and the line l, giving your
answer in degrees to 1 decimal place.
(3)
(d) Find the shortest distance from the point C to the line l.
(3)

The point X lies on l. Given that the vector CX is perpendicular to l,

(e) find the area of the triangle CXB, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
(3)
[June 2009]

2
3. With respect to a fixed origin O, the lines l1 and l2 are given by the equations

l1 : r = (–9i + 10k) + λ(2i + j – k)

l2 : r = (3i + j + 17k) + μ(3i – j + 5k)

where λ and μ are scalar parameters.

(a) Show that l1 and l2 meet and find the position vector of their point of intersection.
(6)
(b) Show that l1 and l2 are perpendicular to each other.
(2)
The point A has position vector 5i + 7j + 3k.

(c) Show that A lies on l1.

(1)
The point B is the image of A after reflection in the line l2.

(d) Find the position vector of B.

(3)

[June 2008]
4. The points A and B have position vectors 2i + 6j – k and 3i + 4j + k respectively.

The line l1 passes through the points A and B.

(a) Find the vector AB .

(2)
(b) Find a vector equation for the line l1 .
(2)

A second line l 2 passes through the origin and is parallel to the vector i + k. The line l1 meets
the line l 2 at the point C.

(c) Find the acute angle between l1 and l 2 .

(3)
(d) Find the position vector of the point C.
(4)

[January 2008]

3
  1  1
   
5. The line l1 has equation r =  0  + λ  1  .
 − 1  0
   

 1  2
   
The line l2 has equation r =  3  + µ  1 .
 6  − 1
   

(a) Show that l1 and l2 do not meet.

(4)

The point A is on l1 where λ = 1, and the point B is on l2 where µ = 2.

(b) Find the cosine of the acute angle between AB and l1.
(6)
[June 2007]

6. The point A has position vector a = 2i + 2j + k and the point B has position vector b = i + j – 4k,
relative to an origin O.

(a) Find the position vector of the point C, with position vector c, given by c = a + b.
(1)
(b) Show that OACB is a rectangle, and find its exact area.
(6)
The diagonals of the rectangle, AB and OC, meet at the point D.

(c) Write down the position vector of the point D.

(1)
(d) Find the size of the angle ADC.
(6)
[January 2007]

4
7. The point A, with coordinates (0, a, b) lies on the line l1, which has equation

r = 6i + 19j – k + λ(i + 4j – 2k).

(a) Find the values of a and b.
(3)
The point P lies on l1 and is such that OP is perpendicular to l1, where O is the origin.

(b) Find the position vector of point P.

(6)
Given that B has coordinates (5, 15, 1),

(c) show that the points A, P and B are collinear and find the ratio AP : PB.
(4)

[June 2006]
8. The line l1 has vector equation

r = 8i + 12j + 14k + λ(i + j – k),

where λ is a parameter.

The point A has coordinates (4, 8, a), where a is a constant. The point B has coordinates (b, 13,
13), where b is a constant. Points A and B lie on the line l1.

(a) Find the values of a and b.

(3)

Given that the point O is the origin, and that the point P lies on l1 such that OP is perpendicular to
l1,

(b) find the coordinates of P.

(5)
(b) Hence find the distance OP, giving your answer as a simplified surd.
(2)
[January 2006]