Software Engineering 2

Lecture 3
2023 2024

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 ‫مالحظة جميع المعلومات الواردة في ساليدات المخطط‬
‫‪BPMN‬‬
‫من المرجع‬

‫ومن الرابط‬

‫‪http://fundamentals-of-bpm.org/supplementary-material/lectures/‬‬

‫‪10/17/2023‬‬
Exercise 3.1
Model the following fragment of a business process for assessing loan
applications:
Once a loan application has been approved by the loan provider, an
acceptance pack is prepared and sent to the customer. The acceptance
pack includes a repayment schedule which the customer needs to
agree upon by sending the signed documents back to the loan provider.
The latter then verifies the repayment agreement: if the applicant
disagreed with the repayment schedule, the loan provider cancels the
application; if the applicant agreed, the loan provider approves the
application. In either case, the process completes with the loan
provider notifying the applicant of the application status.

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 Parallel Execution
• When two or more activities do not have any order dependencies on
each other they can be executed concurrently, or in parallel. The
parallel (AND) gateway is used to model this particular relation
• Example security check at an airport
Once the boarding pass has been received, passengers proceed to the
security check. Here they need to pass the personal security screening
and the luggage screening. Afterwards, they can proceed to the
departure level

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• The AND-split splits the token coming from activity“ Proceed to
security check” into two tokens. Each of these tokens independently
flows through one of the two branches
• a token is used to indicate the state of a given instance
• When multiple tokens of the same color are distributed across a
process model, e.g. as a result of executing an AND-split, they
collectively represent the state of an instance
• The AND-join of our example waits for a token to arrive from each of
the two incoming arcs, and once they are all available, it merges the
tokens back into one.
• This behavior of waiting for a number of tokens to arrive and then
merging the tokens into one is called synchronization

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Extend the order-to-cash example of Figure
3.1
• Extend the order-to-cash example of Figure 3.1 by assuming that a
purchase order is only confirmed if the product is in stock, otherwise
the process completes by rejecting the order. If the order is
confirmed, the shipment address is received and the requested
product is shipped while the invoice is emitted and the payment is
received. Afterwards, the order is archived and the process completes

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Solution

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• In a BPMN model we can have multiple end event, each capturing a
different outcome of the process
• a process instance completes only when each token flowing in the
model reaches an end event.
• we can have multiple start events in a BPMN model,

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Inclusive Decisions

• Can we model the above scenario using a combination of AND and

XOR gateways? The answer is yes

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Clearly this solution is not scalable
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The following solution is not correct. Why?

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Inclusive (OR) split gateway

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 Introduction to Dart
Second Part
‫جميع المعلومات الواردة في الساليدات من المرجع األول‬
Dart documentation

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Parameters
• A function can have any number of required positional parameters.
These can be followed either by named parameters or by optional
positional parameters (but not both).

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dart:math library
• To use this library in your code:
import 'dart:math';
• Random is a generator of bool, int or double values.

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dart:math library
• To use this library in your code:
import 'dart:math';
• Functions
• Max: Returns the larger of two numbers

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Conditional expression
• condition ? expr1 : expr2
• If condition is true, evaluates expr1 (and returns its value); otherwise,
evaluates and returns the value of expr2.

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dynamic

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• A value of type 'double' can't be assigned to a variable of type 'int'.

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readLineSync();
• First: import 'dart:io';

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list
var list = [1, 2, 3];
• Note: Dart infers that list has type List<int>. If you try to add non-integer
objects to this list, we have an error(see the following example).

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list
• You can add a comma after the last item in a Dart collection literal.
This trailing comma doesn’t affect the collection, but it can help prevent copy-
paste errors.

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list
• Lists use zero-based indexing, where 0 is the index of the first value
and list.length - 1 is the index of the last value. You can get a list’s
length using the .length property and access a list’s values using the
subscript operator ([]):

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• To create a list that’s a compile-time constant, add const before the
list literal

the following line cause an error

listOfNumbers[1]=179;

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set

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set
• To create a set that’s a compile-time constant, add const before the
set literal:

• The following line will cause an error

setOfCities.add("Damascus");

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class
• Dart is an object-oriented language
• Every object is an instance of a class

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Constructor
• You can create an object using a constructor.
• Constructor names can be either ClassName or ClassName.identifier.
• If you don’t declare a constructor, a default constructor is provided
for you. The default constructor has no arguments
• The this keyword refers to the current instance. Use this only when
there is a name conflict.

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Constructor
Declare a constructor by creating a function with the same name as its
class

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Initializing formal parameters
• The pattern of assigning a constructor argument to an instance
variable is so common, Dart has initializing formal parameters to
make it easy.

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Named constructors
• Use a named constructor to implement multiple constructors for a
class

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Named constructors
• Use a named constructor to implement multiple constructors for a
class

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Named constructors

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Named constructors

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Constant constructors
• If your class produces objects that never change, you can make these
objects compile-time constants. To do this, define a const constructor
and make sure that all instance variables are final.

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Extend a class
• Use extends to create a subclass, and super to refer to the superclass:

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Super parameters
• To avoid having to manually pass each parameter into the super
invocation of a constructor, you can use super-initializer parameters to
forward parameters to the specified or default superclass constructor.

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Overriding members
• Subclasses can override instance methods, getters, and setters. You
can use the @override annotation to indicate that you are
intentionally overriding a member:

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Getters and setters
• Getters and setters are special methods that provide read and write
access to an object’s properties. Recall that each instance variable has
an implicit getter, plus a setter if appropriate. You can create
additional properties by implementing getters and setters, using the
get and set keywords:

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• Unlike Java, Dart doesn’t have the keywords public, protected, and
private. If an identifier starts with an underscore (_), it’s private to its
library
• The import and library directives can help you create a modular and
shareable code base. Libraries not only provide APIs, but are a unit of
privacy: identifiers that start with an underscore (_) are visible only
inside the library. Every Dart file (plus its parts) is a library, even if it
doesn’t use a library directive.

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abstract

• Abstract classes cannot be constructed from any library, whether its

own or an outside library. Abstract classes often have abstract
methods.

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