Software Engineering

2023 2024
Lecture 2

10 October 2023 1
 ‫ساليدات‬BPMN
‫من المرجع‬

‫ومن الرابط‬

http://fundamentals-of-bpm.org/supplementary-material/lectures/

10 October 2023 2
Modeling an order to-cash process in BPMN.
• This process starts whenever a purchase order has been received
from a customer.
• The first activity that is carried out is confirming the order.
• Next, the shipment address is received so that the product can be
shipped to the customer.
• Afterwards, the invoice is emitted and once the payment is received
the order is archived, thus completing the process

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The model of a simple order-to-cash process
Figure 3.1

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Start event, end event, tokens
• the start event indicates when instances of the process start
• The end event indicates when instances complete,
• For example, a new instance of the order-to-cash process is triggered
whenever a purchase order is received, and completes when the
order is fulfilled.
• we use the notion of token to identify the progress (or state) of that
instance. Tokens are created at the start event and flow throughout
the process model until they are destroyed in an end event

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 Tokens
• We depict tokens as colored dots on top of a process model. For
example Figure 3.2 shows the state of three instances of the order-to-
cash process: one instance has just started (black token on the start
event),an other is at the stage of shipping the product (red token on
activity “Ship product”), and the third one has received the payment
and is about to start archiving the order (green token in the sequence
flow between “Receive payment” and “Archive order”).

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 Exclusive Decisions
example
invoice checking process
As soon as an invoice is received from a customer, it needs to be
checked for mismatches. The check may result in any of the following
three options: (i) there are no mismatches, in which case the invoice is
posted; (ii) there are mismatches but these can be corrected, in which
case the invoice is resent to the customer; and (iii) there are
mismatches but these cannot be corrected, in which case the invoice is
blocked. Once one of these three activities is performed the invoice is
parked and the process completes

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An example of the use of XOR gateways

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 From a token perspective, an XOR-split routes the token coming from
its incoming branch towards one of its outgoing branches, i.e.only one
outgoing branch can be taken

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Repetition

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 ‫‪introduction to Dart‬‬

‫جميع المعلومات الواردة في الساليدات من المرجع األول •‬

‫‪• Dart documentation‬‬

‫‪10 October 2023‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

 main() function
• Every app requires the top-level main() function, where execution
starts.
• Functions that don’t explicitly return a value have the void return
type.
• To display text on the console, you can use the top-level print()
function:

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Single-line comments
A single-line comment begins with //.
Everything between // and the end of line is ignored by the Dart compiler.

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Multi-line comments
• A multi-line comment begins with /* and ends with */.

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Variables

• Variables store references. The variable called courseName contains a

reference to a String object with a value of “Software Engineering 2”.
• The type of the courseName variable is inferred to be String,
• Another option is to explicitly declare the type that would be inferred:

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Built-in types
• Numbers (int, double)
• Strings (String)
• Booleans (bool)
• Lists (List, also known as arrays)
• Sets (Set)
• Maps (Map)

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Strings

• You can use either single or double quotes to create a string:

• To create a multi-line string, use a triple quote with either single or
double quotation marks:

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Strings
• You can put the value of an expression inside a string by using
${expression}.
• If the expression is an identifier, you can skip the {}.

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Boolean
• To represent boolean values, Dart has a type named bool. Only two
objects have type bool: the boolean literals true and false, which are
both compile-time constants.

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Numbers
• Dart numbers come in two flavors: int, double

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 int.parse()

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 Collections
Dart has built-in support for list, set, and map collections

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Lists
• Perhaps the most common collection in nearly every programming
language is the array, or ordered group of objects. In Dart, arrays are
List objects, so most people just call them lists

• Note: Dart infers that

listOfNumbers
has type List<int>

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Sets
• A set in Dart is an unordered collection of unique items

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Sets
• To create an empty set, use {} preceded by a type argument, or assign {} to
a variable of type Set:

• Note: var names = {}; // Creates a map, not a set.

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Maps
• In general, a map is an object that associates keys and values. Both
keys and values can be any type of object. Each key occurs only once,
but you can use the same value multiple time

Note: referenceSE2 has the

type Map<int, String>

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Null safety
• When you specify a type for a variable, parameter, you can control
whether the type allows null. To enable nullability, you add a ? to the
end of the type declaration.
String? name // Nullable type. Can be `null` or string.
• You must initialize variables before using them. Nullable variables
default to null, so they are initialized by default. Dart doesn’t set
initial values to non-nullable types. It forces you to set an initial value.

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Default value
• Uninitialized variables that have a nullable type have an initial value
of null. Even variables with numeric types are initially null, because
numbers—like everything else in Dart—are objects.
int? lineCount;

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Final and const

• If you never intend to change a variable, use final or const, either

instead of var or in addition to a type. A final variable can be set only
once; a const variable is a compile-time constant. (Const variables are
implicitly final.)

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loops

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for-in loop

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For each

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if statements

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functions
• For functions that contain just one expression, you can do the
following
• The => expr syntax is a shorthand for { return expr; }
• Note: Only an expression—not a statement—can appear between the
arrow (=>) and the semicolon (;). For example, you can’t put an if
statement there,

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functions
• the function still works if you omit the types:

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Named parameters
• Named parameters are optional unless they’re explicitly marked as
required.
• When defining a function, use {param1, param2, …} to specify named
parameters. If you don’t provide a default value or mark a named
parameter as required, their types must be nullable as their default
value will be null

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default value
• use = to specify a default value. The specified value must be a
compile-time constant.

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required
• If you instead want a named parameter to be mandatory, requiring
callers to provide a value for the parameter, annotate them with
required

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Optional positional parameters
• Wrapping a set of function parameters in [] marks them as optional
positional parameters. If you don’t provide a default value, their types
must be nullable as their default value will be null

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Optional positional parameters
• use = to specify a default value. The specified value must be a
compile-time constant.

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readLineSync();
• First: import 'dart:io';

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Conditional expression
• condition ? expr1 : expr2
• If condition is true, evaluates expr1 (and returns its value); otherwise,
evaluates and returns the value of expr2.

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