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Intro To Philosophy

The document summarizes a class on memory and cognition, covering topics like sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, models of memory, factors affecting memory, and memory disorders. It also lists assignments for the students.

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15 views2 pages

Intro To Philosophy

The document summarizes a class on memory and cognition, covering topics like sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, models of memory, factors affecting memory, and memory disorders. It also lists assignments for the students.

Uploaded by

kheancharlesancheta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class Notes: Introduction to Psychology

Date: May 27, 2024

Instructor: Dr. Jane Smith

Class Topic: Memory and Cognition

1. Overview of Memory
Definition: Memory is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved.
Types of Memory:
Sensory Memory: Brief retention of sensory information (e.g., iconic and echoic
memory).
Short-term Memory (STM): Holds information temporarily for analysis and retrieves
information from LTM (lasts about 20-30 seconds).
Long-term Memory (LTM): The continuous storage of information, potentially for a
lifetime.
2. Stages of Memory
Encoding: The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored.
Methods of Encoding: Visual (images), Acoustic (sounds), Semantic (meaning).
Storage: The process of maintaining information in memory over time.
STM Capacity: Limited (7 ± 2 items, according to Miller's Law).
LTM Capacity: Potentially unlimited.
Retrieval: The process of recalling information from memory storage.
Types of Retrieval: Recall, recognition, and relearning.
3. Models of Memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model:
Describes memory as consisting of three stores: Sensory Memory, Short-term
Memory, and Long-term Memory.
Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch):
Emphasizes the role of short-term memory as an active processor.
Components: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic
Buffer.
4. Memory Processes
Chunking: Grouping pieces of information together to improve STM capacity.
Rehearsal: Repetition of information to aid in its encoding and retention.
Maintenance Rehearsal: Simple, rote repetition.
Elaborative Rehearsal: Linking new information to existing knowledge.
5. Types of Long-term Memory
Explicit (Declarative) Memory:
Episodic Memory: Personal experiences and specific events.
Semantic Memory: General knowledge and facts.
Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory:
Procedural Memory: Skills and habits.
Classical Conditioning: Learned associations.
6. Factors Affecting Memory
Attention: Focused attention improves encoding.
Emotion: Emotional arousal can enhance memory.
Context: Contextual cues aid in retrieval.
Interference:
Proactive Interference: Old information interferes with new information.
Retroactive Interference: New information interferes with old information.
7. Memory Disorders
Amnesia:
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to retrieve past memories.
Alzheimer’s Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory
and cognition.
8. Improving Memory
Mnemonics: Memory aids (e.g., acronyms, rhymes).
Distributed Practice: Spacing out study sessions over time.
Elaborative Encoding: Creating connections to enhance recall.
Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise, proper diet, and adequate sleep.
Reading Assignment:
Textbook: Chapter 7 - Memory
Article: "The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation" (available on the course
website)
Homework:
Complete the memory experiment on the course website and submit a 1-page
reflection on your experience.
Upcoming Topics:
Next class: Problem-solving and Decision Making
Read Chapter 8 in the textbook.
Announcements:
Midterm exam on June 10th. Review session on June 5th.

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