2 Polynomials

INTRODUCTION
In class IX, we have studied about polynomials in one variable and the various termu
related to them. We also studied Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem and their up
in finding the zeroes of a polynomial. In this chapter, weshallsludy about the geometrical
meaning of the zeroes of a polynomial and the relationship between the eroes and the
coefficients of a polynomial. We shallalso learn division algorithm for polynomials and its
use in finding the zeroes of polynomials.

2.1 RECAPITULATION
O Polynomial and related terms
An expression ofthe form a," + a,x"-l+a,r-2t..+a,-1x+ a, where ay, a, az,., ,
are real numbers and n is awhole number, is called apolynomial in the variable x.
Polynomials in the variable xare usually denoted by f(r), g(r), h(x)etc. Thus
f(x) =ar" +a,x"=+ a,x-+ ... +a,-1X+ A
(i) If ao 0, then nis called the degree of the polynomial f(r). It is writen as
degf(r) = 1.
() agr", a,x", a g r , a, -1 X, a, are called the terms of the polynomial f(r);
a,, is called the constant term.
(i) ag 4,, a, .., a,-j a, are called the coefficients of the polynomial f().
(iv) lf a, 0, then ar" is called the leading term and a, is called the leading coefficient
of the polynomial.
(v) lfallthe coefficients ay.a1,ag, , a,-a, are zero, thenf(x) is called azero polynomial.
Itis denoted by the symbol 0. The degree of the zero polynomialis never defined.
(vi) The degree of a polynomial is zero if and only if it is a non-zero constant polynomial
i.e. if f(x) = c, c*0.
A polynomialof degree one is called a linear polynomial. It is of the form
ax + b, where a, b are real numbers and a 0.
A polynomialof degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. It is of the form
ax + bx +c, where a, b, care real numbers and a 0.
Apolynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. It is of the form
ar3+ bx2 + Cx + d, where a, b, c, dare real numbers anda+ 0.
Apolynomial of degree four is called abiquadratic polynomial etc.
For example:
(i) 3r+5 is alinear polynomial in x
() 5x2-7x+ V2 is aquadratic polynomial in x

24 Basic Mathematics-X
 (i) 2y 3y-3y+ is acubic polynomial in y
(iv) 3u+ -7u+5u- 2 is abiquadratic polynomial in u.
1 5
Expressions like 3r- + 2r-7Nr -5,,-2+2 are not polynomials.
g Equal polynomials
Let f(x) = apr + a,x= + a,x"-2+..+a,-1 X+a, and
gr) =bor" +b,xm-l + b,rm-2+...+bm-1 + bm
be two polynomials of degrees nand mrespectively then the two polynomials f(r) and
g(3) are equal, written asf(r) =g(r), if and only if () n=mand () 4, =b, for all i.
For example, if ar + bx' +cx +d = 513 -3r-2r + 7 then a = 5, b =-3, c = -2 and
d= v7.

1 Value of a polynomial f() at x = a

Letf(z) =aor" t a4r"l+ a,r"-2+... +a, bea polynomialin xand a be a real number,
then the real number
4a" +a,a"-+ a,a"-Z+ ... t a,
is called the value of f(x) atx= a.
Thus, iff(«) isapolynomial in xand ais areal number then the value obtained by replacing
x bya in f(x) is called the value of f(r) at x = a. It is denoted by f(a).
For example:
1. Let f(x) =x-2r -3 be a quadratic polynomial in x, then
() f(2) =22-2 x2-3=-3
(ii) f(-1) = (-1)2-2 x(-1)-3 =1 +2-3=0
(ii) f(3) =3-2 x3-3=9-6-3 =0
2. Let f(r) =2r-7r-5x + 4be a cubic polynomial in x, then
() f(0) =2 x 0-7x 02-5x0 +4=4
(i) f(1) =2x13-7× 12-5x1 +4=2 -7-5+4= -6
(i) f(-1) =2 x(-1) -7x(-12-5x(-1) +4=-2-7+5+4=0
OZero of a polynomial f(r)
Areal number a isazero of the polynomial f(x) if and only iff(a) = 0.
For example:
9 f(r).
f) =2r +3, thenf- =2x+3=-3 +3=0, therefore, - is a zero of

(ii) If f() =-2x +3, then

f-1) =(-1) -2 x (-1) -3 =1+2-3 =0.
Also f(3) =32-2 x3-3 =9-6-3 =0.
Therefore, -1 and 3 are zeroes of f(r).
O To find the zeroes of a polynomial flr)
Put f(x) = 0 and solve it for x. The values of x will be the zeroes of the polynomial f(r).
D Apolynomial may not have real zeroes
For example: Let f(r) =+4r +7,
then f(x) = +4x+7=(x+ 2)2 +3 23 for all real values of x.

Polynomials 25
 zeroes.
Hence, f(x) has no real
ofx. less than the
any real value polynomial may be degree of th
So,f(x) z 0 for zeroes of a
number of real
In fact, the
polynomial. polynomial and
and factor ofa polynomialf(x)then x - ais a factor of f(x) conversel,
OZero is a zero ofa
Ifareal number a f(x)then a is zero off(r).
factor of
ifr -a is a

lustrative Examples
zeroes of the polynomial 2r-3x28x-3.
and - 2 are
Example 1. Show that 3, -1
-3r2-8r-3,then
Solution. Let f(x)=2r 3-3 = 54- 27- 24 - 3=0,
f(3) =2 x 33-3 x 32-8 x and
-3=-2-3+8-3 = 0
f(-1)= 2(-1)-3(-1)2-8(-1)
1 3 +4-3
4 4

=-1+4-3=0.
-3r2- 8x3.
given polynomial 2x3
Therefore, 3, -1 and- 2 are zeroes of the
1

is-3,then find the pale

quadratic polynomial (k- 1) x +kx +1
Example 2. Ifone of the zeroes ofthe
ofk. 1.
Solution. Let p(r) = (k- 1) x²+kx+
p(-3) = 0
Since -3 is one of the zeroes of p(r),
(k-1) (-3)2 +k(-3)+ 1= 0
=0
9(k-1) -3k +1 =0»9k-9- 3k +1
4
6k-8= 0’ 6k =8»k=
3
4
Hence, the value of k is
5xr + (k + 2) x- 3kx + 2, then find the
Example 3. If x+ 2 is a factor of the polynomial
value of k.
Solution. Let f(x) =5r + (k+ 2) x'-3kx +2.
Since x + 2 is a factor off (r), so -2 is a zero off (x)
’ f(-2) = 0
5-2)3 +(k +2) (-2)-3k (-2) +2 =0
’ -40 + 4k +8 + 6k + 2=0
10k - 30 = 0 ’k= 3.
Hence, the value of k is 3.
Example 4. Show that the polynomial 9x + 6x+ 4has no real zeroes.
Solution. Let f(x) = 9r2 + 6x+ 4, then
f(x) = (3x + 1) +323 for all real values of x
’ f(x) 0 for any real value of x.
Therefore, f(x) i.e. 9r + 6x +4 has no real zeroes.
Example 5. Ifp(x) =x'- 2x2 +kx +5is divided by (x- 2),the remainder is 11. Find k.
Solution. Given p(x) = -2x2 + kx + 5, when p(r) is divided by x - 2, then remainder
is 11.

26 Basic Mathematics-X
 By using Remainder Theorem, we have p(2) =11
23-2x 22+ kx 2+5=11
8-8+ 2k +5=11 ’2k =6k=3.
Example 6. lfx - 2 is afactor of r+ar'+ bx + 16and b= 4a, find the values of aand b.
Solution. Let p(x) = +ar' + bx + 16.
As x-2 isa factor of p(r),so, 2is a zero of px)
’ p(2) =0
2+a(2) +b(2) + 16 =0
8+4a +2b + 16 =0 4a +2b +24 =0
2a + b+ 12 =0 butb= 4a (given)
2a +4a = 12 ’ 6a + 12 =0 0=-2
b=4 x (-2) =-8.
Hence, a=-2 andb=-8.

Exercise 2.1
Short answer questions (1 to 3):
1. Show that-3 and 5 are zeroes of the polynomial 15r + I-6.
2. Verify whether 2, 3 and are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 2r- 11r2 + 17x-6.
1
2
(CBSE 2017)

3. Show that the polynomials given below have no real zeroes:

() 2-2r+5 (ii) y2+ 6x + 10
Veryshort answerlobjective questions (4 to 8):
4. For whatvalue of k,-4 is a zero ofthepolynomial x-x- (2B+2)?
5. If 1isazero of the polynomial p(x) =ax'-3(a - 1) x- 1, then find the value of a.
6. If one of the zeroes of the polynomial r-2r2- 3kr-6 is -1, then find the value of k.
7. If (x + 1)is a factor of x-3ax + 3a -7, then what is the value of a?
8. If (r -3) is a factor of r -2r2 + 5k+6,then find the value of k.

Answers
1
2. 2,3 and are all zeroes of the given polynomial
4. 9 5. 1 6. 3 7. 1 8. -1

2.2 GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL

OGeometrical meaning of zero of a linear polynomial
Consider alinear polynomial, say 2r + 3. In class DX, we learnt that the graph ofy= 2r+ 3
is astraight line. Since two points determine a line, so only two points are to be plotted to
draw the line.
-2 1

y= 2r+3 -1 5

Plot the points (-2, -1) and (1, 5) on a graph paper and draw the line passing through these
points. The graph of y = 2r + 3 is shown in the figure given below:

Polynomials 27
Answers
(1) none (11) none (ii) three (iv) two (v) four (vi) three
1

2. (i) -1,2 (ii) -1, 0, 1,2 (i) -2, 1

23 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTS

OF A POLYNOMIAL
and the coefficients of a
In this section, we shall find the relationship between the zeroes
polynomial. Let us take aquadratic polynomial, say f(x) =6x-x-2. To factorisef(), we split
the middle term.
f(x) =6x'-x-2 = 6r'- 4x +3r-2
= 2x(3x -2) +1(3x-2)
= (3r -2) (2r+ 1).
For zeroesof f (r), we have
f(x) =0 (3x-2) (2r +1) =0
2
3r-2 =0or 2x +1=0 ’x= or x=-.
2 1
So, the zeroes off (*) are 3 and 2
We observe that:
2 coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes =
6 6 6 coefficient of x
Constant term
and product of zeroes = coefficient of x
Now, let us find aformal relationship between zeroes and coefficients of apolynomial.
O Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of a quadratic polynomial
Let f(x) =ar +bx + c,where a, b, care real numbers, a+0, be aquadratic polynomial.
If a, Bare zeroes of the polynomialf(x), then x- a and x- Bare factors off(*),
f(x) =k(r-a) (x-P), where kis some non-zero real number
ax? +bx + c=k[r²-(a+B) x+aß]
ax2 + bx +c= kr2-k (a + B) x +k aß.
Using concept of equal polynomials i.e. equating coefficients of x,xand constant terms on
both sides, we get
a=k,b=-k(a + B), c=k aß.
b=-a (a + B)and c =a aß
a+Bß=b and aß = C-.
coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes coefficient of 2 and
Constant term
product of zeroes = coefficient of y2
O Toobtain a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are given
Aquadratic polynomial whose zeroes are a and ßis
(x-a) (x-B) ie. x- (a +B)x +aß
x-(sum of zeroes) x+ product of zeroes
All quadratic polynomials whose zeroes are a and ßare given by
k(r2- (a +B) x+aß) i.e. by
k(*- (sum of zeroes) x+ product of zeroes),
where k is any non-zero real number.

Polynomials 31
Illustrative Examples
Type I. Verifying relationship between zeroes and coefficients.
Example 1. Find the zeroes ofthe following quadratic polynomials and verify the
the zeroes and coefficients of polynomials: relationship betwe
(i) 3r-X-4 (NCERT) (i) 2x'+x+73
Solution. () Let f(r) =3r2-x-4.
Compare it with the quadratic ar + bx+ c.
Here, coefficient of r'=3, coefficient of xr=-1 and constant term =-4.
Now, 3r2-x-4 =3r2- 4r +3x 4 (splitting the
= x(3x 4) + 1 (3x -4) = (3r -4) (x+ 1). middle term
The zeroes off (r) are given by f (x) = 0
(3r 4) (x+ 1) =0
3x4 = 0or x+1=0
4
X= or x=-1.
4
Hence, the zeroes of the given quadratic polynomial are
Verification of relationship between zeroes and coeficients:
4 coefficient of x
Sum of the zeroes = +(-1) = 3 3 coefficient of x
and

product of the zeroes = =-4

x (-1) constant term
3 coefficient of x

+24
(i) Letf(r) = 2r2+x+:
2

Compare it withthe quadratic ax² + bx+ c.

Here, coeficient of x?=2, coefficient of x=and
2
constant term =
7
Now 2r2+r+-(8+14x +3) 4 4

(8r² + 12r +2r +3) (splitting the middle term

=(4x (2r +3) +1(2x +3)]
-(2r +3) (4r +1).
The zeroes off (r) are given by f (x) = 0
(2r +3) (4x +1) =0
2x +3 = 0 or 4x+ 1=0
3 1
X= - Or x=
2 4

Hence, the zeroes of the given quadratic polynomial are -3 1

2' 4
Verification of relationship between zeroes and coefficients:
7
Sum of the zeroes = 3 1-6-1 -7 -= -2 = coefficient of x
and
2 4 4 4 2 coefficient of x?
3

product of the zeroes = Ht constant term

8 2 - coefficient of x?

32 Basic Mathematics-X
 Ivpe ll Alivatioms of mlations betuven aenes and coefficients,
hample 2.a anBa s then tndthe twbues ofth:
(2) ) ", (i) -.
Solution, Giemafar nws ot quadraticpolynomial 2r-5r3,
...()
stat temm
and a (2)

(using () and(2)

(using (1) and(2)

(n+} (using (1)and (2)

13

(i) (a -pF= (a + B)-4ß = (using (1) and (2))

5
-6
a-B=t
Example 3. Find the ralue ofksuch that the polynomial -(k +6)r+2(2k- ) has sumn of its zeroes
equal to half of their prxiuet. (CBSE 2019)
Solution. Let a, Bbe zeroes of the polynonmial p() =r-(k+6) x+2 (2k - 1), then
icient of : -(k +o) =k+6
a+B=
0etticient of *
constant term
and aß = 0etticient of 2(2k-1) z202k-1).
Given that a+ß=aß ’k+6= 2(2k - 1)
k+6= 2k-1»k=7.
Hence,the value of kis 7.
Example 4. If the prouct of zenes of the polynomial ax - 6x -6 is 4, find the value of a.
Solution. Given quadratic polynomial is ay? - 6r- 6.
constant term
Product of zeroes = coeficient of r =4 (given)

Polynomials 33
 4a = -6 3
’a=--4 ’a= 2

Hence, the value of a is - 3

Example If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 2x - 3x +p is 3, find its other zero. Also
fnd.
value of p.
Solution. Given quadratic polynomial is 2x- 3x +pand its one zero is 3. Let its(CBSE
other
2013,
be a.
Sum of zeroes = coefficient of x -3
coefficient of x2 2

3+ a= 3
2

Product of zeroes = constant term

coefficient of x?

3x-»p=-9. 3
Hence, the other zero is and the value of pis -9.
2
Example 6. If 3
and -3 are zeroes of the polynomial ax' + 7x + b, then find the values of a and b.
2
(CBSE 2019)
Solution. Given quadratic polynomial is ax +7x +b and , -3 are its zeroes.
2 coefficient of x 7
+ (-3) = Sum of zeroes =
3 coefficient of x2

2-9Z 7
-=1=3
2 constant term
and x(-3) =product of zeroes = coefficient of x2
3

-2= b ’-2= b b=-6.

Hence, a=3 and b= -6.

Example 7. Ifone zero ofthe polynomial 3x'- 8x - (2k +1) is seven times the other, fnd both the zeroes
of the polynomial and the value of k.
Solution. The given polynomial is 3r?- 8x -(2k +1).
Let one zero of this polynomial be a, then the other zero is 7a.
coefficient of x
Sum of zeroes = -
coefficient of x2 3

1
8a = a=;so
3
7a =7 x1_7
3
;:
Constant term
Product of zeroes =
coefficient of x2
x(2k +1) 7
33 3 ’-(2k
3 +1) ’ 2k + l=
2k=--12k=
3
-3 k= -35 .
Hence, the zeroes of the given polynomial are-and
3'3 the value of kis -3

34 Basic Mathematics-X
 Type II. Finding quadratic polynomial uhen the sum and product of its zeroes are
given.
Example 8. Find aquadratic polynomial with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeroes:
1 1
() 1 (CBSE 2014)

Solution. We know that quadratic polynomials whose sum and product of zeroes are given
by
k(r- (sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes), where k is any non-zero real number.
1
(i) Here, sum of zeroes =
and product of zeroes = -1.
3

If we take k=3, then one of the polynomials is 3x-x-3.

1
(iü) Here, sum of zeroes = V3 and product of zeroes =

P) =k|*-4 5x-r+).
If wetake k= 3, then one of the polynomials is V32-3x +1.
Example 9. Find all quadratic polynomials whose sum and product of zeroes are Zand
respectively.
Solution. We know that quadratic polynomials whosesum and product of zeroes are given
by
k(x-(sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes),where k is any non-zero real number.
1
Here, sum of zeroes = - and product of zeroes =
6

All quadratic polynomials are K(6x²-7x-3), where Kis any non-zero real number.
Example 10. Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and prouct respectively of the zeroes are
21 5
8'16
Also, find the zeroes of the polynomial so obtained.
21 5
Solution. A quadratic polynomial, the sum and the product of whose zeroes are and
16
respectively is
? -8 +16
or 16r42r + 5.
Now, 16r2-42r + 5=16x2- 40x - 2x +5
=8x(2r-5) -1(2x - 5) = (2r-5)(8x -1).
The zeroes of this polynomial are given by (2r - 5)(8x - 1) = 0
5 1
2x -5=0 or 8x - 1l=0’x= orx =
2 8
5 1
Hence, the zeroes are
2'8
Type IV. Finding polynomial whose zeroes are given.
Example 11.Find aquadratic polynomial whose zeroes are
() 3, (ii) 3- V5,3+ /5.

Polynomials 35
 then
Solution. (i) Let a=3 and

zoroes areu andp

quadratic polynonmialwhose
A
= ?-(u +)x +f)
r(-Ni-21)
7
whose zerocs are 3, - are k(5r2- Bx-21), whereki
Notethat all polynomials
non-zero real number.
then
(i) Let a =3- V5 and B=3+ V5,
a+ß=(3- V5) +(3 +V5)=6
²=9-5= 4.
and aß =(3 - V5) (3+ V5)=32-(V5
area and ß is
Aquadratic polynomial whose zerocs
r'-(a + B) x+B² =x?-6x +4.

Exercise 2.3
Short answer questions (1 to 16):
1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficientsof polynomials:
(i) 2r2-9 - 3x (ii) 212--6 (iii) 6x2-3- 7x
2. Show that and are the zeroes of the polynomial 4x + 4x - 3 and verify the
2
relationship between zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial. (CBSE 2013)
3. lf a and Bare zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x +3x -6, then find the values of:
() a²+ B2 (i) a² +p²- aß (ii) a²p +aß?
(v)
4. (0 Ifa andBare zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f(r) = -4x - 3, then find the
value of (atp² +a²p). (CBSE 2019)
(i) If a and Bare zeroes of the polynomial ² + 7r + 12, then find the value of
11 - 2aß.
B
5. If mand n are zeroes of the polynomial 3r + 11x-4, find the value of
(CBSE 2013)
6. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial x'-(k +3)r +(5k - 3) is equal to one-fourth of
the product of the zeroes, then find the value of k.
7. Ifa and ß are 21zeroes of the polynomial p(r) = 2r2 + 5x + k satisfying the relation
a'+ ß + aß = ,then find the value of k. (CBSE 2017)
8. If one zero of the polynomial x² + 11x + k is -3, find the value of k and the other zero.
9. Find the value of ksuch that one zero of the polynomial 3x? +(1 +4k)x +k2+5 isone
third of the other.
10. If one zero of the polynomial x- 8x + k exceeds the other by 2, find the zeroes of the
polynomial. Also findthe value of k.

36 Basic Mathematics-X
 11. If the sum and the product ofthe zeroes of the polynomialax'- 5x +cisequal to 10each,
find the values of a and c. (CBSE 2016)
12. Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are -1 and -20
respectively. Also, find the zeroes of the polynomial so obtained. (CBSE 2019)

13. Find a quadratic polynomial the sum and the product of whose zeroes are -8 and 12
respectively. Hence, find the zeroes. (CBSE 2014)

14. Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are:

2 1 3-V5 3+ V5 (CBSE 2013)
(ii) 5 5

15. Find aquadratic polynomial whose zeroes are -2 and -5. Verify the relationship between
zeroes and coefficients of the polynomial. (CBSE 2013)

16. If aand ßare zeroes of the polynomial r2-4x +9, find a quadratic polynomial whose
zeroes are 3a, 3ß.

Very short anstwerlobjective questions (17 to 23):

17. If the zeroes of the polynomial r2-5x +kare reciprocals of each other, find the value
of k.
18. Find the condition that the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = ar + bx +c are reciprocalof
each other. (CBSE 2017)

19. If the sum of zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3r2 - kr + 6 is 3, find the value
of k.
20. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(*)=(2- 14) r² - 2r- 12 is 1, then find the
(CBSE 2017)
value (s) of k.
21. If onezero of the polynomial 3r-8x +2k + lis seven times the other, then find the value
of k.
22. Find a quadratic polynomial with the given numbersas the sum and product of its
zeroes:

() 4,3 (i) -3,2 (i)0,- V2 (CBSE 2015)

23. Find a quadratic polynomial whose product and sum of zeroes are and

respectively.
Answers
2 3 1
1. () 3, 2
(ii) 2, - (ii) 2 3
33 45 9 135 45
3. (9 (ii) (u1) (iv) 8
() 8
4 4
7 145
5 6. 15 7. 2
4. (i) 90 (i) -2412 12
79
8. k= 24; -8 9 10. 3,5; k=15

12. x +x-20; 4, -5 13. x2 +8r + 12;-2, -6

11. a=;c=5
14. (i) 9x2-3x-2 (iü) 25r-30x + 4
15. r2 +7x + 10 16. r2-12x + 81
17. 1 18. a = C 19. 9 20. 4, -4 21.
3

22. (i) x2-4x +3 (ii) x2+ 3x +2 23. 5r2 + 3r- 13

Polynomials 37
 and3 is
whosezeroesare-5
polynomial
quadratic
Example7.A
Solution. r'+2r-15.
= -5+3 =-2 and
Sum of zeroes (-5)x 3 =-15. zeroesis
zeroes =
product of polynomialwithgiven
i.e. x'+2r -15.
A quadratic r'-(-2)x + (-15)
r'-Sr+ Pie.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
options (1to 21): kis
givenfour then the value of
answerfrom the
polynomialr+3r + kis 2,
Choose the correct quadratic (d) -5
ofthe (c) 5
1. Ifonezero (b) -10
kis
(a) 10
x'+r+k, then the value of (d) -9
3is a zero of (c) 9
2. If- then the ral.
(k- 1l) x +kr-3,
(b) -6
(a) 6 quadratic polynomial
thezeroes ofthe
3. If-3is one of (a) 2
kis (c) -2
1
is eoual.
(a) 7 mr-5 is exactly divisible byx+3,then m
t-2r3-8r+ 58
4. If thepolynomial 30
58 (d) -3
50 (b) 3 (C) 3
(a) - 3 polynomial is
number of zeroes of a quadratic (d) 3
5. The maximum (c) 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 YA

y =f() is
6. The number of zeroes of
(b) 2
(a) 1
(c) 4 (a) 3
Y

the polynomial shown by the graph is

7. The number of zeroes of (b) 1
(a) 0 3
(d)
(c) 2

the polynomial whose graph is parallelto x-axis?

8. What will benumber of zeroes of (d) 3
(b) 1 (c) 2
(a) 0
polynomial 2r- 8x + 6 is
9. The sum of the zeroes of the (d) 4
(a) -3 (b) 3 (c) -4
2x2 + x-6 is
10. The product of the zeroes of the polynomial
(b) 6 (c) -3 (d) 3
(a) -6
11x- (k-2), then the value of kIS
11. If aand are the zeroes of the polynomial 6r +
1

(a) -4 (b) -6 (c) 6 (d) 4

c, a 0, is the reciprocal ofthe other,
12. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial ax + bx +
then
(a) a= b (b) b=c (c) c= a (d) c=1

46 Basic Mathematics-X
13. If6 is one of the zeroes of the polynomial x²-5x-6, then the other zero is
(a) -5 (b) -6 (c) 1 (d) -1
14. The product and the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 2:2 - 2V2 x + 1are
respectively
1 1 1
(a) ; and- /2 (b) -;and
2 W2 (c) ;and V2 (d) V2 and 2
15, Ifa, Bare zeroes of the polynomial x +3x4, then the value of a²ß + aß is
(a) -12 (b) 12 (c) -3 (d) 4
16. The zeroes of the polynomial y2 + x-2 are
(a) 1, 2 (b) -1, -2 (c) 1,-2 (d) -1,2
1
17. Aquadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are and -1 respectively is
(a) 4r +X-4 (b) 4r-x-4 (c) x²+ 4x - 4 (d) x2-4x-4
18. The quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are -4 and 2 is
(a) r'-2x + 8 (b) ²+ 2x-8 (c) +2x +8 (d) x2- 2r-8
19. The number of polynomials having zeroes as -2 and 5is
(c) 3 (d) more than 3
(a) 1 (b) 2
1 1
20. Aquadratic polynomial whose product and sum of zeroes are -and 12
respectively

(a) 6x2 +x-12 (b) 6x2-X- 12 (c) 12x2 +X-6 (d) 12y2-X-6
21. If r+ x+6is divided by x² +3, then the degree of the quotient is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

Answers

1. (6) 2. (6) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d)

7. (6) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b)
19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (b)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanksi questions (1 to 12):
1. The degree of the zero polynomial is .defined.
2. The degree of a polynomial is zero if and only if it is a polynomial.
3. Areal number a is a zero of the polynomialf(x) if and only if
4. Acubic polynomial can have atmost zeroes.

5. Aquadratic polynomial in the variablexwhose zeroes are a and Bis

6. If a real number a is a zero of a polynomial f(x), then x -a is a .off(r).
7. Ifx-a is a factor of a polynomial f(r), then a is a...... off(x).
8. If a polynomial of degree five is divided by a quadratic polynomial, then the degree of
the quotient polynomial is
the value of k is
9. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial x + kx + 5 is 3, then

10. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial ax + bx + C, a z 0, is equal in magnitude and

opposite in sign of the other zero, then the value of b is

Polynomials 47
 kr +1, then the value of kis
11. If 1is azero of the polynomial x +
12. If one zero of the polynomial (k--1) 2- 10x +3 is the reciprocal of the
value of kis other, then th
Answers
1. not
2. non-zero constant 3. f(a) =0 4. three
6. factor 7. zero 8. three 9. -3
5. x2-(a+ P) x+aß
10. 0 11. -2 12, 4

SUMMARY
OPolynomials
() Apolynomial of degree one is called alinear polynomial. It is ofthefform ax +b,
a, b are real numbers, a #0. where
(ii) A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. It is of the for
ax' +bx +c, where a, b, care real numbers, a #0.
(ii) A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. It is of the for
ar³ +by? 4+ Cx +d, where a, b,c, dare real numbers, a +0.
(iv) Apolynomialof degree four is called abiquadratic polynomial etc.
OA real number a is azero of the polynomialf (r) if and only iff (a) =0.
OIfareal number a is azero of a polynomial f()then x-a is afactor off(*) and converselv
if x -a is a factor of f(x) then a is a zero of f(x).
OThe zeroes of a polynomial f (x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points where the
graph of y=f()intersects the x-axis.
ONumber of zeroes of apolynomial
() Alinear polynomial ax + bhas exactly one zero
(ii) Aquadratic polynomial has atmost two zeroes.
(ii) A cubic polynomial has atmost three zeroes.
(iv) In general, apolynomial of degree n(>1) has atmost nzeroes.
ORelations between zeroes and coefficients of a polynomial
If a and Bare zeroes ofthe quadratic polynomial ax +bx +c, then
a +ß=- b and aß .

O Division Algorithm for polynomials

If() and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(a) =0, then there exist (unique) polynomials
glx) and r(x) such that
f) =g(x) q(x) +r(x)
where r(x) = 0or deg r(x) <deg g(x).
If deg p(x) 2deg g(x), then deg q(x) =degf(r)- deg g(r).

48 Basic Mathematics-X
Chapter Test
1. What should be added to the quadratic polynomial x?- 5x +4so that 3is a zero of the
resulting polynomial?
2. Show that the quadratic polynomial4x2+12x+ 15 has no realzeroes.
3. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and their coefficients:
(i) 8/2 + 2: - 15 (i) 4V3 x2+5x-2/3
4. Ifa and ßare zeroes of the polynomial 2y2+ 11x +5, then find the value of 1,1 2aß.
5. Find the value of mif one zero of the polynomial (m2 + 4)r2 + 63x + Am is reciprocal of
the other.
6. Form all quadratic polynomials whose zeroes are 7+2/2 and 7-2 V2.
7. Form quadratic polynomials whose one zero is 8and the product of zeroes is 56.
8. Divide (6+19x +x-6x°) by (2 +5x-3r2) and verify the division algorithm.
9. On dividing the polynomial 3y 4y - 3y +25 by a polynomial g(y), the quotient and
remainder were 3y +5 and 5respectively. Find g(y).
10. Find the polynomial of least degree which should be subtracted from the polynomial
yt+ 2r-4r + 6x-3so that it is exactly divisible by x-x+1.
11. Verify that -1 is azero of the polynomial p(x) =x- 212 -x+ 2. Obtain all the zeroes of
the polynomial p(x).
12. If two zeroes of the polynomial x- 6rd - 26r2 +138x 35 are 23, find the other
zeroesS.

Answers
3. ()-3 5 2 V3
1. 2
2'4
36
4. 5. 2
5
6. k(x2-14x +41), where kis any non-zero real number
7. k(x2-15x + 56), where kis any non-zero real number
9. y'-3y +4 10. x-1 11. -1, 1, 2 12. -5, 7

Polynomials 49
 Substituting this value of x in (1), we get
11 5y -3 9y +4 = 0
6

55y - 33-54y+ 24 =0’y=9.

From (3), x= 5x9-3_
6
42
6
7
7
Hence, the fraction is
9

(ii) Let the fraction be .Then, according to given, we have

X+y=Z +4 ’y=X+4
and +3 2
’ 3x +9= 2y +6
y+3
3x +3 =2y
Substituting the value of yfrom (1) in (2), we get
3x +3=2(x +4) 3r +3=2x +8
3x-2x =8-3 ’ X=5.
From (1), y=5+4=9.
5
Hence, the fraction is

Exercise 3.3
Short answer questions (1 to 3):
1. Solve the following pairs of linear equations by the substitution method:
() x+y= 14 (i) s-t=3
X-y=4
(CBSE 2013)
2. Find solution(s), if any, of the following pairs of linear equations by substitution
method:
(i) 2x+3y =9 (ii) 3x-2y =5
4x + 6y = 18 9x - 6y = 13
3. Solve the pair of linear equations :x+3y= 10 and 2x-y+1=0. Hence, find
the value of
pifx +py =7.
Long answer questions (4 to 6):
4. Form the pair of linear equations for each of the following problems and find their
solution by substitution method:
(i) The difference between two numbers is 26. If one number is thrice the other, find
the numbers.
(ii) Two numbers are in the ratio 4:7. If thrice the larger be added to twice the smalle,
the sum is 59.Find the numbers.
5. Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years a8
Jacob's age was seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?
6. The sum of the numerator and denominator of a fraction is 3 less than twice ue
denominator. If the numerator and denominator are decreased by 1, the numerator
becomes half the denominator. Determine the fraction.

66 Basic Mathematics-X
Answers
1 (i) x=9,y=5 (ii) s=9, t= 6
2. () Infinitely many solutions, given by y= 3 (9-2x) where xis any real number
(ii) no solution
3. x=1, y=3; p=2
4. (i) X- y = 26, X = 3y where x and v are fwo numbers (r > ): the numbers are
39 and 13
4
(i) 7x= 4y, 3y +2r =59 where xand yare twonumbers (u> x);the numbers are Bo
29
and14.7
29
5. Jacob 40 years, son 10 years 6.

1 Elimination method
Now let us Consider another method of eliminating (removing)one variable. This method 5
sometimes more convenient than substitution method.
Procedure:
() Multiply one or both equations (ifnecessary) by a suitable number(s) to transtorm
them so that addition or subtraction will eliminate one variable.
(1) Solve the resulting single variable equation and substitute this value into either of the
twooriginal equations, and solve it to find the value of the second variable.
Remark. In particular, if the coefficient of x in the first equation is numerically equal to the
coefficient of y in the second equation and the coeficient of y in the first equation is
numerically equal to the coeficient of xin the second equation, then add and subtract
the given equations. This gives the values of x+ Vand x-y. Then find the values of
x and y.

llustrative Examples
Example 1. Solve the following pairs of linear equations by the elimination method:
(i) 3x-y =7 (ii) 3
+4 =4

2x +5y +l=0 (CBSE 2015) 5x_ -4

6 8
(Exemplar)
Solution. () The given equations are
3x -y =7 ...(1)
and 2x + 5y +1=0 i.e. 2x +5y =-1 ...2)
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) by 5, we get
15x -5y = 35 ...3)
On adding equations (2) and (3), we get
17x =34’r=2
Substituting this value of xin (2), we get
2x2+ 5y =-1 4+5y =-1 ’ 5y =-5
y=-1
Hence, the solution is x =2 and y = -1.

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables 67

 (i) The given equations are
51
...(1) and
6
3 4
Multiplying equation (1)by l12 and equation (2) by 24, we get
4r+ 3y =48 ...(3) and 20x- 3s = 96
On adding equations (3) and (4), we get
241 = 144 ’ x=6
Substituting this value of x in (3), we get
4 x6+3y =48 ’3y = 24 ’y =8
Hence, the solution is x = 6 and y = 8.
Example 2. Solve thefollowing pairs of linear equations by the elimination method:
(i) + =a+b (ii) 4x + =15

=2,a 0, b 0 (CBSE 2017) 6x = 14, y=0.

Solution. (i) The given equations are
+ =a+b ...(1) and

On multiplying equation (2) by b, we get

bx
= 2b ..(.3)

On subtracting equation (3) from (1), we get

=a-b

a-b

Substituting this value of x in equation (2),we get

=2
=2 ’ 1+ =1’y= b2
h2
Hence, the solution is x = a and y = b.
() The given equation are
6 8
4r + = 15 ...(1) and 6x = 14

Multiplying equation (1) by 4and equation (2) by 3, we get

24
16x + = 60 ...3) and 18x * = 42

On adding equations (3) and (4), we get

34x =102 ’x=3
Substituting this value of xin equation (1), we get
4x3+ 6 =15 = 15 - 12

=3 ’ 3y =6 y=2
Hence, the solution is x=3 and y= 2.
Example 3. Solve the following pair of linear equations:
43x + 67y =-24
67x + 43y = 24

68 Basic Mathematics-X
 Solution. The given equations are
43x + 67y =-24
On adding equations (1) and ..(1) 67x + 43y = 24 ...(2)
(2), we get
110x + 110y = 0
On subtracting ’x+y=0 ...(3)
equation (1) from equation (2), we get
24x-24y = 48 X-y= 2
On adding equations (3) and (4), we ...(4)
2x = 2 ’r=1
get
Substituting this value of x in equation (3), we get
1+y= 0 ’y= -1
Hence, the solution is x=1and y=-1.
uample 4. (i)Find the values of aand bfor which the
many solutions: following pair of linear equations has infinitely
3x - (a + 1)y= 2b -1; 5x + (1-
2a)y = 3b.
(i) For which values of p and q, will the
solutions? following pair of linear equations have infinitely many
4x + 5y =2 and (2p + 7q)x + (p +
8)y= 2q-p + 1
Solution. (i) Given equations can be written as
3x - (a + 1) y- (2b- 1) = 0 and 5x + (1 - 2a)
y-3b = 0
3 bË-(a+1) and 1= -(2b - 1) 2b-1
Here,
5' b2 1- 2a C -3b 35
Thegiven pair of linear equations will have infinitely many solutions if
3 -(a +1) 2b-1
4111=
b 5 1-2a 3b
3 a+1 3 2b-1
and
5 2a-1 5

6a -3 = 5a +5 and 10b-5 = 9b
a = 8 and b = 5.
Hence, for a = 8 and b = 5, the given pair of linear equations has infinitely many
solutions.
(ii) The given equations can be written as
4x + 5y -2=0and (2p + 7q)x +(p + 8q) y- (2q-p+ 1)=0.
4 5 -2 2
Here, and 1=
2p +7q´ by p+ 8q C7 -(2q-p+1) 2q- p+1
The given pair of linear equations will have infinitely many solutions if
b Ca
4 5 2

2p +74 p+ 8q 24- p+1

4 5 5 2
and
2p +79 p+ 8q p+ 8q 2q-p+1
10p + 35q = 4p +32q and 2p + 16q = 10q - 5p +5
6p + 3q =0 ...(1) and 7p + 6q-5 =0 ...(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 2, we get
12p + 6q = 0 ...(3)

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables 69

 Subtracting equation (2) from equation (3), we get
5p +5 =0 p+l=0 ’p=-l
Substituting thisvalue of pin equation (1), we get
6 x(-1) +3q =0 3q =6 »q=2
Hence, for p =-l andq =2, the given pair of linear equations has infinitely
solutions. TMany
Example 5. If-3 is azero of the polynomialx+ ax- bx + 6and a +b=;7, find tle
and b.
Solution. Since -3 is azero of the polynomialx +ax- bx + 6,therefore,
(-3)° +a(-3)?- b-3) +6 =0
-27 + 9% + 3b + 6 =0
9a + 3b -21 =0
’ 3a +b-7=0
Given that a+b= 7 +b-7=0
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (), we get
20 =0 a=0.
Substituting this value of a in (i), we get
0+b-7=0 ’b-7=0>b=7.
Hence, a=0 and b=7.

Exercise 3.4
Short answer questions (1 to 5):
1. Solve the following pairs of linear equations by the elimination method:
(i) 3x + 4y = 10 (i) 3x =y +5
2x -2y =2 (CBSE 2019) 5x -y = 11 (CBSE 2014)
2. Solve the following pairs of linear equations :
6
(ii) x+. =6
2 3
I-, y*2 =9 3r-8 =5
3

3. Solve the following pairs of linear equations by the elimination method:

() px +qy =p-9 (ii) -!
a b
=0
qx- Py =p+9 (CBSE 2016) ax + by =a' + b2 (CBSE 2017)

4. Solve the following pairs of linear equations by the elimination method:

() 21x +47y = 110 (ii) 49x +51y =499
47x + 21y = 162 51x +49y = 501 (CBSE 2014)

5. Find the solution of the pair of equations +-1=0 and =15.

10 5 8 6
Hence, find 2, if y = r +5.
6 () Find the values of a and B for which the following pair of linear
equatio
infinite number of solutions:
2x + 3y =7; ar + (a + B) y=28. (CBSE2013)
(ii) Find the values of m and n for which the following pair of linear
equations
infinitely many solutions :
(2m - 1)x+ 3y -5= 0; 3x + (n - 1) y-2= 0.

70 Basic Mathematics-X
 (() lor which valuon of pant , will elollowiD par of lncac oquations have
ntnitely many soluttons:

() lor what valuenot mand n the tollowig Nynlem ot lincar cyuations has intinitely
many olutions:
(CRSE 2018)

() Viod lhe valuen ot aant blo which the following pairot inear quations has
inlinitely many Nolutioon:

) Find two numlbers who NU N25 and littewnce is 15, (CESE 014)

() Atraction becomeswhen 2iNsubtracted trom the nunerator and it becomes

when liv Nubtractedl tom the lenominatot: Fiud the traction. (CBSE 019)

9. Two yerN ago, Salin was thrice as old as his (daughter and six vears later., he wil be tour
yearv okler than twice his elaughter's age. tlow oldare tley now?
10. Iwo nunnbers ane in the ratio5:0.07 is Nubtracted tomech ot the nunb, the rati0
Iwoney 4:5 Find tle numbers,
|1, |x | is a tactor ot 2 a 0 L. then tind the values of a and gin that
?u--4,

Answers

1. () -2.y-I
2. () -7.y= 13
3, () L, y | () d, y
4. () l ()

6. (i) a =8, =4
7. ()p=4,4 aN (i0) ma5, 1 (i) a=5.=l

8. () 45, 0 () 9, Silim 3$ veas and daughter l+ yeus

10, 35, 42 I1, a= 5 and b=2

0 Cross-multiplication method
Ifa pair of linear eyuations in tvo varables xand u.

is Such that t then it has unique solutien. The solution cane cbtained bv cNNS
multiplication nethod.
Procedur:
Write the vettiwients ot the pir ot liner utis

Iarot litwar Equations in lwo Variables 71