O – + H – + – + Why is it unlikely that two neighbouring water molecules would be arranged like this? Adhesion polarity and hydrogen bonding adhering to living and non-living surfaces
Six emergent properties of water
1. Cohesion – water 2. Adhesion – water molecules stick to other molecules stick to other water molecules by polar molecules by hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding
Capillarity is the ability of a
liquid to flow in narrow spaces Surface tension is a measure of without the assistance of, or how hard it is to break the even in opposition to, external surface of a liquid forces like gravity. 10 Fig. 3-3
Adhesion (water molecules stick
to the walls of xylem vessels)
Water-conducting cells
Cohesion (water Direction molecules cling of water to one another) 150 µm movement 3. High Specific Heat • Hydrogen bonds: – Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break – Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
• Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with
only a slight change in its own temperature
• The high specific heat of water minimizes temperature
fluctuations to within limits that permit life 4. High Heat Of Vaporization • Evaporation - transformation from liquid to gas
• Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to
be converted to gas
• Hydrogen bonds: – Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
• Evaporative cooling - as a liquid evaporates, its remaining
surface cools
• Evaporative cooling of water helps stabilize temperatures in
organisms & bodies of water 5. Lower Density Of Water
• Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds
in ice are more “ordered,” making ice less dense
• If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually
freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth
• Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
Fig. 3-6
Hydrogen bond Ice Liquid water Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bonds break and re-form 6. The Solvent of Life • A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution
• An aqueous solution is one in which water is the
solvent
• Water is a versatile solvent due to its polarity,
which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily • Electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt forces holding ions together
– – Water molecules Na+ – – –
Hydration shells
Na+
Cl– + + Cl– +
+ +
Salt crystal Fig. 3-8
(a) Lysozyme molecule in a (b) Lysozyme molecule (purple) in an aqueous (c) Ionic and polar regions nonaqueous environment environment on the protein’s surface attract water molecules. Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic Substances
• A hydrophilic substance is one that has an affinity
for water
• A hydrophobic substance is one that does not
have an affinity for water
• Oil molecules are hydrophobic because they have
relatively many nonpolar bonds • Molecular mass is the sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule
• Numbers of molecules are usually measured in moles,
where 1 mole (mol) = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
• Avogadro’s number and the unit dalton were defined such
that 6.02 x 1023 daltons = 1 g
• Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution Acids and Bases - pH
• Acid – Any substance that dissociates in water to increase the [H+] (and lower the pH)
– The stronger an acid is, the more hydrogen ions it
produces and the lower its pH • Base – Substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water, and thus lowers the [H+] 27 Fig. 3-UN5 0 Acidic [H+] > [OH–] Acids donate H+ in aqueous solutions
Neutral [H+] = [OH–] 7
Bases donate OH–
or accept H+ in Basic aqueous solutions [H+] < [OH–] 14 Fig. 3-UN2
• Though statistically rare, the dissociation of
water molecules has a great effect on organisms
H H O H O O H O H H H H 2H2O Hydronium Hydroxide ion (H3O+) ion (OH–)
• Changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– can
drastically affect the chemistry of a cell Buffers • Substance that resists changes in pH
• Act by – Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added – Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added
