Spark Science 4 Keybook

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Spark Science Keybook Class 4 1

Contents

Unit
1
Unit
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Unit
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Unit
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Unit
5
Unit
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Unit
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Unit
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Unit
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Unit
10
1
Characteristics and
Life Processes of
Organisms
1.1 Activity

List the characteristics that are


found in living things but not in this toy car.
1. breath 2. grow 3. feel 4. ear

Exercise
A. Tick (4) the correct option.
1. The fruit of a plant

(a) stores water. (b) produces food.


(c) 4 protects seeds. (d) digests food.
2. The control centre in our body is:

(a) Stomach (b) 4 Brain (c) Lungs (d) Heart


3. Which part of a plant produces new plants?

(a) Root(b) 4 Seed (c) Leaf (d) Stem


4. Which one is NOT a threat to biodiversity?
Rise in Earth's
(a) Shortage of water (b)
temperature
(c) Destruction of habitat (d) Planting new trees 4
5. Which one is a flowering plant?

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 3


(a) Fern (b) Moss (c) Conifer (d) Rose plant 4

B. Think critically.
1. How are plants important for us?
Ans: Plants are important for us because it absorbs carbon
dioxide are produce oxygen.
2. What is the importance of fruit for the plant?
Ans: Fruit protects the seed. Seed group more plants.
3. How are canines (teeth) important for us?
Ans: Canines are long-pointed teeth that help to tear the
food.
4. Which living things can move from place to place?
Ans: Animals moves from one place to another.
5. Which plant part moves downward?
Ans: Root moves downward.
C. Answer the questions.
1. Compare and contrast the flowering and non-flowering
plants.
Ans: Plants are classified as flowering plants and non-
flowering plants.
Flowering plants produce flowers, fruits and seeds.
Seeds may grow into new plants. Flowering plants
include herbs, shrubs and trees.
Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers. Some
non-flowering plants produce seeds, e.g. conifers (pine,
fir trees, etc.). Mosses and ferns are spores producing
plants.
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2. Classify plants and give examples.
Ans: Plants are classified as flowering plants and non-
flowering plants.
Flowering plants produce flowers, fruits and seeds.
Seeds may grow into new plants. Flowering plants
include herbs, shrubs and trees.

Orchid Rose Jasmine


Examples of Flowering Plants
Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers. Some
non-flowering plants produce seeds, e.g. conifers (pine,
fir trees, etc.). Mosses and ferns are spores producing
plants.

Conifers Mosses Ferns

Some Non-Flowering Plants


3. What are the main groups of animals? Also give
examples.
Ans: We can classify animals into two major groups:
invertebrates and vertebrates.

Octopus Jellyfish Earthworms


The animals that do not have a backbone are called
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invertebrates. They are of many shapes and sizes.
Sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects (housefly, bee, ant,
mosquito, cockroach), scorpions, lobsters, octopus,
snails, etc. are some examples of invertebrates.

Cow Ostrich Snake Frog


4. What is biodiversity? Explain it.
Ans: The variety of living things in a given place is called
biodiversity. Trees, herbs, shrubs, mosses, ferns and
conifers are all plants. Birds, mammals, reptiles,
insects, fish and worms, etc. are animals.
5. What is the function of each of the given body parts:

Bones Lungs Brain Heart


Ans: Bones: Bones make a framework of our body called
skeleton. It gives our body its shape and support.
Bones also protect the inner parts of the body.
Muscles: Our bones cannot move on their own.
Muscles are attached with bones. Muscles help them
to move. They contract and relax to move the body
parts.
Brain: The brain is the control centre of our body.
It is protected by the skull. Our speech, feelings,
movements, sleep and even balance all are in the
control of our brain.

Lungs: Lungs are present in the chest under the ribs.


They help in exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon
dioxide in our body.
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 6
Heart: Our heart is located in our chest. It acts like a
pump. It pumps the blood that carries air and food to
all parts of the body.
6. Draw the following diagram in your notebook to
show differences and similarities between plants and
animals.
Ans: Plants: green colour make their own food Donot move.
Similarities: Need air water food, sunlight
Animals: Varous colour eat animals or plants move
from one place to another.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 7


2
Ecosystems

Exercise
A. Tick () the correct option.
1. An extremely dry ecosystem is:
(a) Grassland ecosystem (b) Pond ecosystem
(c) Desert ecosystem  (d) Mountain ecosystem
2. The animals which only eat meat of other animals are
called
(a) omnivores. (b) herbivores.
(c) carnivores.  (d) decomposers.
3. The animals which eat plant parts are called
(a) herbivores.  (b) carnivores.
(c) scavengers. (d) decomposers.
4. An owl eats snakes. The owl is a:
(a) Prey (b) Herbivore
(c) Predator  (d) Decomposer
5. Every food chain starts from:
(a) Fish (b) Plants or algae 
(c) Herbivores (d) Carnivores
B. Fill in the blanks using the given words.

sunlight prey carnivores ecosystem air

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 8


1. Living things get everything from the ecosystem.
2. Plants need sunlight, air and water to make their own
food.
3. Animals need air to breathe.
4. The animals which eat meat of other animals are called
carnivores.
5. A pery is hunted by a predator.
C. Think critically.
1. Why are the herbivores living in a grassland ecosystem
very alert and fast runners?
Ans: The herbivores living in a grassland ecosystem very
alert and fast runners because eagles, snakes and
moves live in this eco sytem and they eat animlas as
their food so her herbivores has to be alert and fast
runners to save their lives.
2. How does competition among organisms affect
biodiversity?
Ans: Organisms compete with each other for resource which
are available in the same area. It can create fights.
3. How are omnivores different from carnivores?
Ans: Omnivores eat plants and meat while carnivores eat
meat only.
4. If the food resources decrease in an ecosystem, what
will the effect on the population of the predators?
Ans: The population of predatiors also increased.
5. What are abiotic components of an ecosystem?
Ans: Air, soil, water and sunlight are abiotic features of an
ecosystem.
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 9
D. Answer the questions.
1. What is an ecosystem? Give detail on some types of
ecosystems.
Ans: An ecosystem is an area where living and non-living
things interact in many different ways. An ecosystem
fulfils all the needs of its members, including food, air
and shelter.
Different Types of Ecosystem
There are manytdifferent types of ecosystems.
River Ecosystem
River ecosystems are flowing
waters. Animals such as fish, snails,
crocodiles, insects, etc. and grass-
like plants are found in the flowing
water of a river. River

Forest Ecosystem
A piece of land with many trees is
called a forest. Many animals need
forests to live and survive. Areas
with more forests often receive
Forest
more rainfall. Deer, bears, monkeys,
birds of different kinds, etc. live in
forests.
Pond Ecosystem
A pond is quiet body of water. It has
a shallow muddy bottom. Animals
such as fish, leech, dragonfly, frog,
etc. and plants such as pondweed, Pond
water lettuce, frogbit, etc. are found
in a pond ecosystem.
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Grassland Ecosystem
A grassland is an area where
grasses and non woody plants
grow. Wolves, eagles, snakes and
many grazing animals live in this Grassland
ecosystem.
Desert Ecosystem
A desert is an extremely dry area of
land with very few plants. Camels,
nilgais, chinkara gazelles, jackals,
foxes and babul, acacia plants, etc. Desert
are found in deserts.
2. How are humans affecting the ecosystem? Give
examples.
Ans: Ecosystems on the Earth are very important. It is
our duty to use the living and non-living parts of an
ecosystem carefully.
• Reduce food waste.
• Conserve wildlife.
• Plant more and more trees.
• Reduce using plastic bags.
• Do not waste water.
• Use cloth bags for shopping.
• Cycle or walk when possible.
3. Define food chain. Describe its examples and links.
Ans: The series of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is called a food
chain.

Some examples of food chains are:


Plants (producer) make food. A zebra (herbivore) eats
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plants. A lion (carnivore) may eat the zebra.

)Herbivore(
)Producer( Food Chain )Carnivore(

The grass makes food. A grasshopper eats grass. A rat may


eat the grasshopper. An eagle may catch the rat.

.Every food chain has a producer (plant or algae) at the base


Links of Food Chain
A food chain consists of following main links:
i. Producer (plants or algae)
ii. Herbivore (grasshopper, cow, deer, etc.)
iii. Carnivore (lion, dog, snake, eagle, etc.)
4. What relationship is there between the plants,
herbivores and carnivores in an ecosystem?
Ans: They all are consumers in an ecosystem. Consumers
are animals which get their food from plants or
plant-eating animals. Consumers can be herbivores
(plants-eating animals) such as goat, sheep, cow, etc.
carnivores (meat-eating animals) such as lion, eagle,
snake, etc. and omnivores (plants and meat-eating
animals) such as bear, monkey, crow, etc.
5. Write notes on:
Competition in an ecosystem Predator-prey
Relationship
Ans: Living things or organisms live together in the same
ecosystem and compete for resources such as food,
water and space. In fact, all the organisms living in an
ecosystem depend on the same resources which are
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 12
available in that area. An ecosystem can provide food,
water, and space to a limited number of organisms.
That is why they have to
compete with one another.
For example, in a desert, organisms have to compete
for water and shade. In a grassland, herbivore animals
compete for grass. Sometimes, organisms of different
kinds may compete with each other. For example,
lions, cheetahs and hyenas may compete for food in a
jungle.

Plants competing for water and


.minerals

.The two jackals are fighting over a carcass

Predator-Prey Relationship
Predation is a relationship in which the predator kills and
eats another organism (prey). The animal which kills
and eats other animals is called a predator. The animal
which is killed and eaten by a predator is called a prey.
For example, a lion hunts cows, goats, deer and some
other animals. In this example, the lion is the predator
as it hunts while other animals are preys.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 13


Explore
Think about your eating habits and explore: What group
humans belong to? Tick (4).
Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores 4

Imagine a desert ecosystem where snakes and rats live.


Snakes catch and eat rats. If snakes increase in number, what
will happen to the rats? If a disease wipes out all the rats,
what will happen to the snakes?
If snakes increase in number they with eatch and eat
more rats and rat will decrease in number. But if a
disease wipes out all the rats, snakes will strave with
hunges and adie.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 14


3
Human
Health
Exercise

A. Tick (4) the correct option.


1. We can avoid contagious diseases by:
(a) Washing hands, wearing a mask and eating more
food
4 (b) Wearing a mask, washing hands and vaccination
(c) Sitting in the Sun, eating fruit, drinking fresh
juices
(d) Vaccination, washing hands, not sitting in the Sun
2. Which of the following groups is NOT microorganisms?
(a) Viruses (b) Bacteria
(c) Fungi (d) Herbivores 4
3. Which disease can transmit from patients to healthy
persons?
(a) COVID-19 4 (b) Cancer
(c) Diabetes (d) Asthma
The practice that can keep us healthy is:
(a) Eating too much (b) Regular exercise 4
(c) Fighting with others (d) Drinking unclean water
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B. Identify the communicable and non-communicable
diseases and write them in the relevant columns.
COVID-19, T.B., Asthma, Cancer, Hepatitis, Kidney pain,
Common Cold, Polio, Diabetes, Typhoid

Non-communicable
Communicable Diseases
Diseases
covid 19 Asthma
T.B Cancer
Hepatitis Kidney pain
Polio Diabetes
Typhoid
Common Cold
C. Think critically.
1. What is an illness?
Ans: An illness is the period of disease or sickness that
affect body or mind.
2. What are some common symptoms of a disease?
Ans: Some common symptoms of a disease are fever,
coughing, influenza, etc.
3. Which disease can paralyze the body of a patient
especially a child?
Ans: Polio
4. Why is wearing a mask important?
Ans: Wearing a mask can block the entry of germs.
5. What type of diet can keep us healthy and strong?
Ans: A balanced diet can keep us healthy and strong.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 16


D. Answer the questions.
1. Write examples of communicable diseases and non-
communicable diseases.
Ans: flue, polio and T.B diabetes, cancer.
2. Write symptoms of influenza and COVID-19.
Ans: Sneezing. runny nose, fever, cough. headache and body
aches.
3. How can we prevent transmission of communicable
diseases?
Ans: We can prevent of transmission of communicable
disseade by washing hands, wearing mask and
vaccination.
4. Describe the ways to maintain good health.
Ans: To maintain good health our body needs:
• a balanced diet
• clean drinking water
• regular exercise
• brushing teeth
• getting enough sleep
5. What factors can make water unclean?
Ans: When poisonous water coming out of our homes,
factories, hospitals, fields, etc. reach the water bodies
(rivers or lakes), it make the water unclean.
6. How can we make water clean at home?
Ans: Filtration and boiling can clean water at home.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 17


4
Matter and its
Characteristics
Exercise
A. Tick (4) the correct option.
1. Which one of these is found in all the three states of
matter in this world?
(a) Iron (b) Milk
(c) Water 4 (d) Honey
2. Which material object sinks in water?
(a) Plastic toy (b) Metal coin 4
(c) Wooden pencil (d) Paper boat
3. Which property of all the balls is same?

(a) Size (b) Texture


(c) Hardness (d) Shape 4
4. Which material is a good conductor of heat and
electricity?
(a) Plastic (b) Iron 4
(c) Wood (d) Glass
5. The volume of which object is the greatest?
(a) Brick 4 (b) Pencil
(c) Eraser (d) Comb
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B. Write proper term against each of the following lines.
volume metals density mass
1. The amount of matter present in an object is called its:
mass
2. The space a material thing occupies is called its:
volume
3. Solid water or ice has less devrity than water.
4. The materials which have shiny appearance are called:
metals
C. Think critically.
1. How are all material things alike?
Ans: All material things alike because all things have matter.
2. What are the two states of matter that make up a
football?
Ans: Soild and gas
3. Why do we prefer to cook food in metal pots?
Ans: We perfer to cook food in metal pots because they all
good conductor of heat.
4. How is water found in three states of matter in this
world?
Ans: Ice wbes, water and boil water.
D. Answer the questions.
1. Describe a few physical properties of matter.
Ans: A physical property is something that we can observe
with our senses. Colour, size, shape, odour, texture,
density, mass, volume, states of matter, ability to
conduct heat or electricity, ability to float or sink in
water, etc. are examples of some physical properties of
matter.
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 19
2. Differentiate between solids, liquids and gases.
Ans: Solids: A solid is a form of matter
that has a fixed shape and a fixed
volume. Some solids are hard,
some are soft. Rock, wood, sponge,
.Apple and banana are solids

banana, ice, pencil, etc. are all solids.


Liquids: A liquid is a form of matter which can flow. It
does not have a fixed shape, but its volume is fixed.
Liquids take the shape of the container in which they
are poured. Water, milk, honey, etc. are examples of
liquids.
Gases: Gases have no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
A gas spreads and fills all the container in which it is
enclosed. It means gases have no fixed volume.
3. What is density? How does it relate to sinking and
floating of objects?
Ans: Density is the mass of an object in its unit volume.
It measures how heavy an object is as compared to
others, higher the denisty object will sink lower the
density object will flot.
4. Relate the properties of metals to their uses. Give
examples.
Ans: Some material things such as metals have special
properties. Metals can conduct electricity and heat.
Metals can be easily bent into different shapes. Metals
have a shiny appearance. When metals are strongly
heated, they melt and convert into their liquid states.
Some examples of metals are iron, gold, copper,
aluminium, silver, tin, lead, mercury, etc.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 20


5
Forms of Energy
and Energy
Transfer
Exercise

A. Tick (4) the correct option.


1. The path of the electrical energy is called
(a) electric cell. (b) electric circuit. 4
(c) solar cell. (d) electric path.
2. The number of colours present in sunlight are:
(a) Two (b) Four
(c) Five (d) Seven 4
3. The word ‘solar’ refers to:
(a) The Earth (b) The Moon
(c) The Sun 4 (d) Energy
4. The bouncing off of light from a surface is called
(a) refraction. (b) reflection. 4
(c) shadow. (d) dispersion.
5. A thermometer measures:
(a) Sound (b) Light
(c) Electricity (d) Temperature 4
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 21
B. Think critically.
1. How are light, sound and heat alike?
Ans: They all are forms of energy.
2. Why do astronauts not listen to each other on the
Moon?
Ans: Sound needs medium like air to move and there is no
medium on Moon, that’s why astronuts do not listen to
each other on the Moon.
3. Identify the two forms of energy that electrical energy
transforms in a computer.
Ans: Sound, light.
4. How is the rainbow a phenomenon of light?
Ans: After rain, some tiny drops of water remain suspended
in the air. When the sunlight passes through these rain
drops, it bends and separates into its colours. This arc
of seven colours in the sky is called a rainbow.
5. Why petrol is needed for vehicles to move?
Ans: Petrol is a form of energy and we need. Energy to move
things.
C. Answer the questions.
1. How does light behave when hit objects?
Ans: When light hits some objects, it can pass through
them. But, some objects bounce the light back.
When light hits a smooth shiny surface, it bounces
back. This bouncing back of light is called reflection of
light.
When light travels from one clear material to another,
it bends. This is called refraction of light. Sometimes
refraction causes light to separate into its many
colours.
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 22
2. Give examples of transformation of energy.
Ans: Electrical energy can be transformed into other forms
of energy like heat, light and sound.
When we plug-in the heater into an electrical socket,
the electrical energy changes into heat.
In an electric bulb, the electrical energy changes into
light.
In a loud speaker, the electrical energy from the
battery changes into sound.
3. Describe some sources of energy in the world.
Ans: Energy comes from different sources.
The Sun: The Sun is our main source of energy. This
energy supports life on the Earth. Plants use this
energy to make food. Animals use the energy in the
food to move and grow. They also use the energy from
the Sun to be warm and to see around them. Solar
energy is the energy (heat and light etc.) given off by
the sunrays. Solar panels convert solar energy into
electricity.
Wind: The fast moving air is called wind. The energy
in the wind can be converted into electrical energy. A
wind turbine uses wind energy to produce electricity.
Flowing Water: Flowing water has a lot of energy. This
energy can produce electricity in a dam.
Coal, Oil and Gas: A lot of energy comes from coal, oil and
natural gas. These are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were
formed from the buried remains of plants and animals
that lived on Earth millions of years ago. The heat from
these fuels runs machines and produce electricity in
generators.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 23


4. How can we conserve energy? Suggest ways.
Ans: There are many ways to save energy.
Turn off the lights when leaving the rooms.
Make a maximum use of sunlight during the day to
save electricity.
Switch off electrical appliances when not in use.
Travel by buses instead of using cars.
Ride bicycles to save natural gas and oil.
Plant more and more trees.
Dry your clothes in the sun instead of using a dryer.
5. What is an electric circuit? Name its components.
Ans: The path of the electric current is called an electric
circuit.
Parts of an Electric Circuit
A simple electric circuit has three basic parts.
1. A source of electricity such as a cell or a battery.
2. Connectors such as copper wires.
3. A device that turns electricity into other energy forms,
such as a bulb or a buzzer.
4. A switch that allows or stops the flow of current.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 24


6
Forces and
Motion
Exercise

A. Tick (4) the correct option.


1. A force that slows down or stops moving objects:
(a) Motion (b) Gravity
(c) Friction 4 (d) Weight
2. Which one is NOT a simple machine?
(a) Bicycle 4 (b) Crowbar
(c) Gear (d) Stairs
3. Gravity and friction are the types of:
(a) Matter (b) Force 4
(c) Motion (d) Mass
4. Ball bearing can reduce:
(a) Force (b) Gravity 4
(c) Friction (d) Weight
5. Which simple machine has toothed wheels?
(a) Pulley (b) Lever
(c) Gear 4 (d) Ramp
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B. Think critically.
1. What force keeps us on the ground?
Ans: The force of graving keeps us on the ground.
2. Why do we slip easily on a wet floor?
Ans: We slip easily on the wet floor because lack of friction.
3. What is motion?
Ans: Motion is a change in position.
4. How are a pulley, a lever and a gear are alike?
Ans: Pulley, lever and a gear all are simple meachines.
5. Which simple machine can help us to carry a load to
some height?
Ans: Pully an help us to carry a load to some hight.
C. Answer the questions.
1. How is gravity important to us? Give examples.
Ans: The force that attracts a body towards the centre
of the Earth and towards each other is called gravity.
Gravity is proportional to mass. That is why, larger
objects have larger value of gravity.
2. What is friction? What are its advantages?
Ans: Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion of
objects. It slows down the speed of motion or it stops
the moving object. Friction produces when two objects
are in contact with each other. It also depends upon
the nature of the surface of objects. Rough surfaces
produce more friction than smooth surfaces.
Importance of Friction
Sometimes friction is useful. When we walk on the
ground, friction helps us. When we tie a knot, friction
helps us. Brakes of vehicles work due to friction. There
are many other uses of friction.
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3. What are some disadvantages of friction? How can we
reduce it?
Ans: Disadvantages of Friction:
Sometimes friction causes harm. Here are a few
examples:
Tyres and soles of our shoes wear out due to friction.
Friction produces a lot of heat. It also causes wear and
tear of machine parts.

Friction causes the soles of shoes and machine parts to wear out.
Ways to Reduce Friction
There are a number of ways to reduce friction.
Streamlined shape reduces friction in fast moving
vehicles.
Ball bearings are used in machines to reduce friction.
Lubricating oil helps to reduce friction between moving
parts.
4. Define a simple machine. Name a few simple
machines.
Ans: Anything which can make our work easier is called a
simple machine. Levers, pulleys, gears and ramps, etc.
are simple machines.
Effort

F
Fulcrum

Load
A liver is a simple machine.
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Simple machines can do many things, i.e. reduce the
amount of force required, and change the direction of
force.
5. Write notes on lever and gear.
Ans: A lever is a stiff bar that
moves around a point
called fulcrum. We apply
force on one end of the
lever to lift a load on
the other end. Hammer,
Hammer
crowbar, seasaw, bicycle Bicycle pedal
pedal, nutcracker, tweezers, etc. are examples of
levers.
Gears are wheels with teeth Teeth that lock
together
that slot together. When one
gear is turned the other also
turns but in the opposite
Faster rotation
direction. If the gears are less force
Gears
of different sizes, they can
increase the power of force.

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 28


7
Earth and Its
Resources
Exercise
A. Tick (4) the correct option.
1. Parts or imprints of the ancient animals buried in
rocks:
(a) Coal (b) Fossils 4
(c) Rocks (d) Sand
2. Which natural resource can we get again and again?
(a) Coal (b) Gold
(c) Plants 4 (d) Natural gas
3. Plastic is made from:
(a) Wood (b) Sea
(c) Air (d) Petroleum 4
4. People change things to use them again. This process is
called
(a) reusing. (b) recycling. 4
(c) reducing. (d) forming.
5. How much surface of the Earth is covered with water?
(a) 50 (b) 71 4
(c) 80 (d) 90
6. The solid non-living chemicals present in the Earth are
called
(a) fossils. (b) soil.
(c) minerals. 4 (d) stones.
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B. Think critically.
1. Is water present only on the surface of the Earth?
Ans: Yes, water is present only on the surface of the Earth.
2. What is atmosphere?
Ans: The layer of the air around the Earth is called
atomosphere.
3. Where does every river start from?
Ans: A river may stars as a ling stream running down a
mountain stope.
4. How did scientists come to know about dinosaurs?
Ans: Scientist came to know about dinosaurs from the
remains of its body called fossils.
5. Do living things in the soil also breathe?
Ans: Yes, living things in the soil also breathe.
C. Answer the questions.
1. How can we save the natural resources of the Earth?
Ans: Protecting the Natural Resources
We must use our natural resources wisely.
Choose products that have less packaging. It will
save paper and plastic.
Put leaves, fruit and vegetable peels into the soil.
It will increase the fertility of soil.
Cans, glass, paper, plastic and metal can be recycled.
Reuse things such as clothes, sweaters, old boxes,
bottles, etc.
People can walk or ride a bicycle or a bus to save fossil
fuels.
Plant more trees to replace ones we cut down.
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 30
2. What are the impacts of human activities on Earth’s
natural resources?
Ans: Human activities greatly affect the natural resources.
Coal and natural gas are burned in some power plants,
factories and houses. Petroleum is used in cars,
trucks, aeroplanes, etc. Plastics are also made from
petroleum.
This wide spread use of non-renewable fossil fuels is
a threat to the limited resources. We must not waste
these natural resources.
Unnecessary cutting down of trees can be harmful.
Sometimes people pollute the water, air or soil.
Coal mining destroys the land.
3. How is a river formed?
Ans: Rivers carry water downhill to a lake or sea. A river
may start as a tiny stream running down a mountain
slope. Many small streams may join together to form a
river. As a river gets near the sea, it grows wider. Now
water in the river flows more slowly. The rivers finally
fall into lakes or seas.
Some rivers flow in and out of lakes. For example
waters of Lulusar Lake and
Saif-ul-Maluk Lake feed the Kunhar River in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan.
4. What are some physical characteristics of Earth?
Ans: Physical Characteristics of Earth
The three main physical characteristics of the Earth
are:
Land: The land is a part of the Earth’s rocky layer. All
the continents, mountains, plains, deserts and forests

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are found on the land. The Earth has seven large land
masses. These are called continents. Pakistan is in
Continent Asia.
Water: All living things need water to stay alive. People
use water for drinking, cooking and cleaning. About
71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. It
includes streams, rivers, lakes and seas. Glaciers are
frozen water.
Air: Air is present all around the Earth. The layer of
air around the Earth is called the atmosphere. Gases
present in the air are necessary for living things. It is
also present in soil and water. Living things inside the
soil use this air to breathe.
5. What is a fossil? How are fossils formed?
Ans: Fossils: Dinosaurs are no longer found on the Earth.
Once they were alive. Fossils tell us about
the animals and plants of the past. A fossil is a print or
remains of a plant or animal that lived long ago.
Formation of Fossils
Most fossils were formed when the remains of plants
or animals had buried in mud and sand for a very long
time. Once buried, the mud and sand turned into rock.
A print or remain stays in the rock. Fossils take millions
of years to form.

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8
Earth’s Weather
and Climates
Exercise
A. Tick (4) the correct option.
1. Climate is the condition of weather in a
region over long periods of time.
(a) average 4 (b) maximum
(c) minimum (d) random
2. Atmosphere is the layer of around Earth.
(a) water vapour (b) air 4
(c) soil (d) water
3. Winds blow due to the difference of:
(a) Rain (b) Snow
(c) Trees (d) Temperature 4
4. Rise in Earth’s atmospheric temperature is called
(a) climate change. (b) global warming. 4
(c) environmental pollution.
(d) flooding.
5. The amount of water vapour in the air is called
(a) pressure. (b) humidity. 4
(c) pollution. (d) temperature.

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B. Think critically.
1. What is humidity?
Ans: The amount of water vapour in the air is called air
humidity. Air is a mixture of many gases. Water vapours
weigh less than most of the gases in air.
2. What is the funetion of wind vane?
Ans: It is used to mesure the divertion of wind.
3. How does climate change with the distance from the
equator?
Ans: Geographical location and climate are closely related.
The position of a region on the Earth is called its
geographic location. Different parts of the world have
different climates. Temperature and precipitation
are two main factors that determine the climate in a
region. The climate also depends upon falling of rays of
the Sun either vertically or slanting.
4. Why is the air very cold in the polar zone?
Ans: Since the sunlight strikes the
land most slanted, the climate of these areas is very
cold.
5. What is the difference between hail and snow?
Ans: Hail is also solid precipitation. It usually falls during a
thunder storm. Snow is frozen water. Snowflakes
C. Answer the questions.
1. What is the difference between weather and climate?
Ans: Weather is what the atmosphere outside is like. It
may be sunny. It may be rainy. It may be hot or cool.
Weather occurs on daily basis. Sometimes, it change
hour-to-hour too.
Climate is different from weather. Climate is the
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 34
average condition of weather in a region over long
periods of time, usually years. For example, the climate
in an area could be dry in that it rarely rains there.
However, on days when it does rain, the weather is
rainy for that day. But, the climate does not change. It
is still a dry climate.
2. Define precipitation. Name its some forms.
Ans: When water vapours in the cloud reach some cold
region, they become water droplets. When water
droplets in clouds become too heavy to float in the
air, they fall. Water that falls from clouds is called
precipitation. This water can be rain or snow. All forms
of precipitation depend on the air temperature. Air
temperature changes with seasons, with elevation and
with location.
Rain: Big, heavy droplets of water that fall from clouds
are called rain.
A rain gauge is used to measure the amount of rainfall.
We can read the level of the water in the rain gauge.
Snow: Snow forms in clouds when air temperature is
below freezing point. The water droplets turn into ice
crystals called snow flakes and fall as snow.
3. What are some tools to measure weather?
Ans: Following all some tools to measure weather.
Thermometer is used to measure lemperative.
A barometer measure air pressires.
A hygrometer measure humidity or amount of water
vapour in the air.
A rain guage is used to measure the amount of rainfall.
4. What are the factors that affect the climate of an area?

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 35


Ans: There are many factors that affect the climate of an
area.
Altitude affects the climate. There is more rainfall at
higher attitudes. The air on a mountain is generally
colder.
Distance from the coast also affects the climate. Areas
near the coast have more rainfall. Air temperature is
not too high or too low.
5. Describe the climate change.
Ans: Climate Change
Normally, climate changes over long periods of
time. But, scientists believe that climate change is
happening more quickly nowadays. Temperature of
Earth’s atmosphere is rising. Scientists call this global
warming.
People are burning coal, gas, oil, plastic and other
fuels. Harmful gases are released into atmosphere.
These gases take in heat from the Sun. They hold this
heat in atmosphere. Higher temperatures can change
climates. Heat waves, more rains and wind storms are
the result of climate change.
D. Use the clues to fill in the missing letters.
1. wind fast moving air
2. weather the condition of air
3. temperature how hot or cold something is
4. Precipatation water that falls from clouds

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9
Earth in the
Solar System

Exercise

A. Tick (4) the correct option.


1. Which planet of the solar system has the maximum
number of moons?
(a) Mars (b) Saturn
(c) Venus (d) Jupiter 4
2. All the planets in the solar system move around:
(a) The Earth (b) The Moon
(c) The Sun 4 (d) The Jupiter
3. The Earth completes its one revolution around the Sun
in about 365 days. This duration is called
(a) lunar month. (b) solar year.
(c) solar month. (d) lunar year. 4
4. The Moon of first night is called
(a) Half Moon. (b) Full Moon.
(c) no Moon. (d) Crescent. 4
5. The movement of Earth around its axis is called
(a) rotation. 4 (b) circulation.
(c) formation. (d) revolution.
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B. Think critically.
1. Is it day at the same time everywhere on the Earth?
Ans: No
2. Why is the Moon largest and brightest in the night sky?
Ans: Because it reflects light from Sun.
3. What would happen if Earth’s axis is not tilted?
Ans: Seasons cannot be change.
4. If it is winter in the northern hemisphere of the Earth,
what will be the season in the southern hemisphere?
Ans: Summer
5. Name the closest planet to the Sun.
Ans: Mercury is the closct planet to the sun.
C. Answer the questions.
1. What is solar system? Name its planets.
Ans: The Sun, the planets and all other objects that move
around the Sun form the solar system.
All the objects in the solar system move in the circular
paths called orbits. There are eight planets in our
solar system. These planets are very far away from
each other. From nearest to farthest from the Sun,
the planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
2. How do seasons change?
Ans: The tilt of Earth’s axis and its movement around the
Sun cause the seasons to change. The rays of the Sun
fall vertically on the part of the Earth that is tilted
towards the Sun. This part has summer season. It is
a hot season. The part of the Earth that is tilted away
from the Sun has winter season. The reason is that
this part of the Earth receives slanting sunrays during
the same time. Therefore, seasons in the Northern
Spark Science Keybook Class 4 38
hemisphere are opposite to those in the Southern
hemisphere.
In the Northern hemisphere of the Earth;
Winter is from December to March.
Spring is from March to June.
Summer is from June to September.
Autumn is from September to December.
3. What is the solar eclipse? Also draw diagram.
Ans: During its movement, sometimes the Moon gets
between the Sun and the Earth. It blocks sunlight and
casts a shadow on the Earth. Then the sun appears
dark completely or partially. When this happens there
is a solar eclipse.
4. How do day and night occur?
Ans: Our Earth is round like a ball. As it rotates about its
axis, half of the Earth faces the Sun. This half receives
sunlight and has a day. The other half of the Earth is in
dark and has a night.
5. Write a note on phases of the Moon.
Ans: Phases of the Moon
As the Moon moves round the Earth, it seems to
change its shape in the night sky. These shapes are
called the phases of the Moon.
It begins as a faint sliver, called a Crescent.
On the 7th night, it appears as a half-circle called the
Half Moon.
On the 14th night, it appears as a full circle called the
Full Moon.
For one or two nights every month, the Moon is
invisible in the sky. Then, it starts appearing again.
This is called the New Moon or Crescent.
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10
Technology in
Everyday Life
Exercise

A. Tick (4) the correct option.


1. Normal blood pressure of human body is:
(a) 100/60 (b) 120/80 4
(c) 90/50 (d) 100/70
2. The best material for sculpting is:
(a) Sand (b) Stones
(c) Plastic (d) Clay 4
3. The corners of a prism are:
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 64 (d) 7
4. The first help one can give to an injured person is
called
(a) medical aid. (b) first aid. 4
(c) craft making. (d) collage making.
5. To check the temperature of a patient you can use:
(a) Thermometer 4 (b) Medical tape
(c) Blood pressure monitor
(d) Instant cold pack
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B. Think critically.

1. What is a craft?

Ans: Craft means a skill to make things by hand. It may


be a pastime or a profession. One can earn a lot of
money through craft making. The craft making requires
some basic skills such as folding, cutting, tearing and
pasting. By using these skills, we can create paper bags,
envelopes, cards and baskets, etc.

2. What do you mean by tearing of paper?

Ans: Tearing is the act of breaking apart a piece of paper by


force without the aid of a cutting tool.

3. Why should we give jerks to a clinical thermometer


before using it?

Ans: We give jerks to a clincal thermoeter before using it,


just to remove previous temperature details.

4. Which is the best material for making a model?

Ans: Caly is the best material for making a model.

C. Answer the questions.

1. Describe the techniques of folding, and cutting of


paper and cardboard.

Ans: This technique helps us to stick pieces of paper/


cardboard together using tape or glue. In this way, we
can create complex paper/cardboard collage.
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How to Make an Envelope

2. Write an activity to make an envelope.


Ans:
Activity 10.4
How to Make an Envelope
Materials: • scissors • glue • square sheet of
paper
Procedure:

1 2

Fold the bottom and


upper parts in half.
Then open it.
3
4 5

Fold the left and right


5
Fold the bottom to meet Envelope
corners to meet at at the centre. Close
the centre. Tape the your envelope.
edges.
3. What is the advantage of using clay for model making?
Ans: Clay is the best material for sculpting. It is extremely
easy to work with. We can create new ideas using it.
We can enjoy hours of fruitful fun while making models
of different things.

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4. In which situations someone needs first aid? List items
of the first aid box.
Ans: Elementary First Aid
First aid is the first help we can give to
an injured or ill person. It is useful
for some situations like minor falls,
First Aid Kit
bleeding, burns, allergic reactions
and other accidents. A first aid kit usually contains the
following items:

Emergency Phone Numbers


help to contact proper
authorities. Medical Tape and Gloves are used to
Safety Pins secure protect our hands
bandages. from germs.

Thermometer measures
temperature.

Bandages are used to


cover wounds to avoid
germs. Tweezers and Scissors are used to cut
bandages and remove glass pieces or
thorns from the wound.
Instant Cold Pack is used to
relieve pain and swelling.

Medicines to
Cotton and Antiseptic Solution are relieve pain.
used to clean the wounds.

5. Write the procedure of checking the blood pressure by


a digital blood pressure monitor.
Ans: Checking the Blood Pressure by a Digital Monitor
Materials: • digital blood pressure monitor

Spark Science Keybook Class 4 43


Procedure:
Wrap the cuff around the upper part of your friend’s
arm.
Turn the power ON to start the digital monitor.
Press the push button. The cuff will inflate by
itself.
After the cuff fully inflates, the automatic device will
slowly let air out.
Look at the display screen to get blood pressure
reading. Record
reading such as 120/80.

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