30. Define skew angle of bridge. How the length of bridge measured.

 The shear angle of bridge is the angle between a line normal to the centerline of the
bridge and the centerline of the support.
(The angle between the bridge alignment and a pile perpendicular to the flow lines
at the bridge- max degrees)
 The lengthening the bridge is the distance better the supports
(shortest/perpendicular).

31. What are type of bridge, like cable stayed/ Extra dose/suspension/cantilever etc.

 The core structure of the bridge determines how it distributes the internal forces of tension,
compression, torsion, bending and shear.
 Various types of bridges will dedicate more of their capacity to better handle specific tyres
and toners.
 Cable stayed: These bridges use deck cables that one directly concrete to one or more
vertical columns.
 Extra dosed: These can erect near adjustments. A extra dosed bridge employ a structure the
main elements of pressure box grinder.
 Suspension bridge: Utilize spreading cables or ropes (bridge and cable stayed bridge). From
vertical suspenders hold the weight of bridge deck and traffic.
 Cantilever bridge: These are support their load through diagonal bracing with horizontal
beams that are being supported only on one end.

31. Why Mastic Asphalt layer is not being compacted by roller. How it is laid & Compacted. What is
the percentage of Bitumen in Mastic Asphalt and what other materials are used in what qualities.
How it is prepared.

 Mastic Asphalt layer is not completed by rollers as it can be travelled and floated to
form or very dense impermeable surfacing.
 The mastic asphalt @ temp 175 degree Celsius – 210 degrees Celsius spread
uniformly by hand using wooden floats or by machine (in one coat), any blow holes
that appear in surface shall be punctured while the material is hot and in plastic
condition. The surface made good by floating only.
 The bitumen % for mastic asphalt is 14(min)-17(max)% by weight of mastic asphalt.
 Job mix formula prepared with the fine aggregate fractions in proportions passing
2.36cms-600nu.
 Single diffivate percentages (600nu-212nu: 4-30%, 212nu-75nu: 8-18%, below 75nu-
25-45%, % bitumen by mass-14-17% of total mix)
 Mix design/JMF- Hardness number at time of manufacturing 50-70 @25 degrees
Celsius (IS:1195-1978) and 10-20 @ 25 degree Celsius after end of coarse affect.
 Preparation in 2 stages: 1st stage mixing filler and fine effect and heating upto 170-
180 degree Celsius added to heated aggregates, it shall be mixed and cooked in
mechanically agitated mastic cooker for sometime till material thoroughly mixed.
Initially filler to be heated for an hour and half quantity of binder to be added, after
heating and cooking sometime the fine aggregates and balance binder to be added
and further cooked about an hour. 2nd stage is incorporation of coarse aggregates
and cooking the mixtures for a total period of 3 hours. During cooking and mixing
max temp is 210 degrees Celsius in the cooker. Blocks of 25 kg mass prepared if
 immediately required without adding coarse aggregates, shall show analysis a
composition of the required with certain specific.
 The mix shall be transported to the laying in a towed mixer transported having
arrangements for stirring and keeping the max during transportation.

32. Explain what is the difference between Proctor and modified proctor compaction test.

 Standard proctor test (light compaction): mass of rammer 2.6kg, ht. of ball=31cms, Vol. of
mould= 1000 cubic.cm (3 equal layers)
Rammer no. of blows on each layer=25 kg
Compaction effort = 592 kJ/ cubic. m
 Modified proctor compaction test (heavy compaction): mass of rammer 4.89kg, ht. of ball=
45cm, Vol. of mould=1000 cubic.cm (5 equal layer)
Rammer no. of blows on each layer=25 kg
Compaction effort = 2700 kJ/ cubic. m

33. What is capillary rise and how it can be protected/arrested.

 Capillary rise or capillarity is a phenomenon in which liquid spontaneously rises or

falls in a narrow space such as a thin tube or in the voids of a porous material.
 Most effective common method adopted to prevent capillary rise is by provide an
impermeable barrier between sort and structure (such as plastic/bitumen/geotextile
fabric).

34. Do you know politer(pressure) grouting.

 Pressure grouting is the process of pumping a count of chemical grout into soft or weak
strata of soil or voids. The grout fills the voids thus stabilising as strengthening of the soils.

35. What are the standard procedure for adopting new materials.

 As per NHAI guidelines, RW/NH-33044/18/2020-SCR(P&D) dated 14th Dec 2020, cost

effective, new alternative materials and technology in highway construction sounding to
different any new alternative material and technology test has been undertaking IRC, and
taking under IRC-SP:89 Part 2, will not require further, and will henceforth fall under
alternative, material, and technologies. For such approved alternative materials and
technologies, the defect liability period shall be at par with conventional flexible placement.

36. What are the type of median barriers and shoulders barriers.

 There are 4 types of median barriers:

 W-beam type steel barrier (strong post type)
 Thrie beam type steel barrier (stung post type)
 Concrete barriers
 Wire rope safety barrier post spacing
 Median barriers are longitudinal barriers that separate opposing traffic on a dividend
highway.
 There are 3 types of longitudinal roadside safety barriers:
 Sevis rigid type like W-beam type steel barrier
 Thrie beam type steel barrier
  Rigid type (like concrete crash barrier)
 Flexible type (like wire rope fevering)

37. What is PLR and what is the effects of delayed payments to contractors. What is the limiting
time for release of payments.

 PLR: prime rate (or) prime lending rate is an interest rate used by banks, usually the
interest rate at which banks lend to customers with good credit.
 The causes of delayed payment were:
o Unrelatable cashflow
o Errors in claim
o Poor financial problems
 The impact of delayed payment is:
o Delay in project progress which causes disagreement on valuation of work.
o Effects the schedule of work and leads to cost overrun and extension of time
(EOT).
o Within 30 days of receipt of invoice (otherwise states in contract)

38. What is the difference between IPC and stage payments.

39. How do you take care of waterlogged area.

 As per IRC:34 :
 Depressing the level of subset of water by drainage measurement
 Raising the entrenchment
 Drainage of stored water into underground aquifer
 Providing thickness of the pavement as per subgrade strength
 Lowering water entrapped in the pavement (provide geotextiles etc IRC:SP:59)

40. Explain CTB concrete treated base and procedures.

 As per MORT&H

41. What is French drain , fabric filter and pipe with filters .

42. EMP Environmental mitigation plan in plain as well as forest area.

43. What is the main reason of rutting and failure of flexible pavements.

 Repetitive heavy loading can be caused by lack of completion, insufficient pavement

thickening, and weak asphalt mixes.

44. How many types of cracks occurs in flexible pavement and what is the treatment for
rectification.

45. What will happen when over compact the pavements.

 Over compacting can cause the pavement to segregate and because this can lead to
premature cracks and failure.

46. How do you regulate traffic during construction of highways. What safety norms /provision
should be placed at construction zone.

47. What equipments are essential in highways petrol vehicles.

48. What are main components of safety audit.

49. What are the surface defects identification methods.

50. What are the steps for setting of Laboratory in projects.

51. What is Frequency of Road safety Audit .

52. What is the SSD and ISD. (Intermediate Sight Distance).

53. What is the Minimum curve radius.

54. What is minimum super elevation.

55. What are the Types of joints. Contraction joint, Construction joints, Expansion joints and
Longitudinal Joints (required to avoid top drowning cracking)

56. What is Continuously reinforced concrete pavement, (CRCP)- High volume commercial
vehicle and closers of road is difficult for maintenance.

57. What is HAM.

58. What is EMP Environment Mitigation Plan. (There are four type of Pollution may occur 1, Air
pollution, 2.water pollution, 3.soil Pollution, 4.noise pollution, which needs to be control/restrict.)

59. What are the applicable permits are required be taken by the contractors for execution of
highways projects.

60. How do you measure/calculate Time over Run /EOT. What are the factors to be considered
for Time over run/EOT.