ISSN: 2395-1680 (ONLINE) ICTACT JOURNAL ON MICROELECTRONICS, JULY 2016, VOLUME: 02, ISSUE: 02

DOI: 10.21917/ijme.2016.0042

SIMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AC-DC INTERLEAVED BOOST

CONVERTER WITH VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER FOR PHEV
R. Seyezhai1 and V. Aarthi2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract but not inject energy into the power grid. A bidirectional charger
A Plug in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid vehicle which aids charge from the grid, energy injection back to the grid from
employs battery to power up the vehicle motor and it has higher the battery, referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation mode.
efficiency and low cost compared to the conventional internal
combustion engine based vehicle. In PHEV, the charging and SiC Diode IBC 200 Vdc
AC
discharging of battery is accomplished using a power electronic Rectifier DC/DC Load
Supply
converter system. This paper focuses on the implementation of an AC- AC/DC Converter
DC interleaved boost converter with voltage multiplier cells for Discharging
charging of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). The IBC PWM
topology with switched capacitor and coupled inductor is chosen for
this work. The proposed AC-DC converter is employed to reduce the Bidirectional
Digital
ripples at the input and output along with multiplier block to reduce the DC/DC
Converter
narrow turn off periods. The output of IBC is fed to a bidirectional Converter
DC-DC converter for charging the battery in PHEV. Simulation of the PWM
proposed converter is studied in MATLAB. The performance Charging
parameters of the converter are computed. Simulation results are
verified practically. 51.8V, 400W, 7.72A
Li-Ion Battery
Keywords:
Fig.1. Block diagram of the Proposed Model and power
IBC, Voltage Multiplier, Bidirectional Converter, Ripple
stabilization
1. INTRODUCTION So, bidirectional converters are preferred rather than
unidirectional converter. The IBC and bidirectional converters are
Recently, electric vehicles have gained attention due to high together referred to as the Power Factor Correction unit (PFC).
fuel efficiency and low emission. PHEVs and EVs are provided The uniqueness in this model is the usage of interleaving and
not only with a DC/DC converter which generates electricity for voltage multiplier cells to enhance the conversion gain and
the accessories but also with an AC/DC converter which supplies reduces the stress across the switches. The simulation studies of
electric power from a power system at commercial places to an the proposed AC-DC converter are implemented in
onboard high-voltage battery. The purpose of the AC/DC MATLAB/SIMSCAPE. Simulation results are verified by
converter in vehicle charging is to reduce the charging time and developing a hardware circuit for the proposed converter.
to improve the power density so that the space occupied is less
[1]. Mainly, the power converters reported in the literature for The paper is organized as follows: Section 1 explains the
PHEV charging are larger in size and it is associated with high interleaved boost converter with voltage multiplier, section 2
power loss leading to reduced efficiency [2] [3] [4]. To overcome depicts the operation of bi-directional DC-DC converter, section
this problem, this paper presents an AC-DC converter with 3 discusses the simulation results, section 4 shows the
interleaving concept along with a voltage multiplier unit to experimental verification of the proposed AC-DC converter and
enhance the conversion efficiency of the converter. finally, section 5 provides the conclusion.
Voltage multiplier cells are used to reduce the current ripple
and to avoid narrow turn-off periods. Interleaved structure is used
2. INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER WITH
to distribute the current on the input side and voltage multiplier VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER UNIT
cells on the output side to achieve a high step-up gain [5]. The
diode-capacitor multiplier cells helps to enlarge the voltage The circuit diagram of the proposed IBC is shown in Fig.2. It
conversion ratio and to avoid extreme duty cycles. Here one stage shows IBC with diode-capacitor multiplier with an uncontrolled
of voltage multiplier cell is utilized to reduce the complexity. The rectifier for converting the AC supply in to a DC for the IBC
voltage stress on the devices is reduced in this topology. The converter. Voltage multiplier cells are used to reduce the current
block diagram of the proposed work is shown in Fig.1. ripple and to avoid narrow turn-off period. Interleaved structure
is used in the input side to distribute the input current and the
The output from the IBC is then fed into the bidirectional DC-
voltage multiplier is adopted in the output side to achieve a high
DC converter. The bi-directional converter acts as a buck
step-up gain [6] [7] [8]. The stress that is applied on the switches
converter as the current flows towards the battery and as a boost
is considerably reduced as the ripple reduces. The diode-capacitor
converter as the current flows out of the battery. The bidirectional
multiplier cells helps to increase the voltage conversion ratio and
DC-DC converter is chosen here instead of unidirectional
to avoid extreme duty cycles. The voltage stress on the devices is
converter because PHEVs with unidirectional charger can charge

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less in this topology. Here one stage of voltage multiplier cell is Vin D
L= (2)
employed to reduce the complexity. ∆I L f s
where, Vin is the input voltage, fS is the switching frequency and
ΔIL is the ripple content in the inductor current.
DVoT
C= (3)
R∆Vo
where, Vo is the output voltage is the time period is the resistance,
Fig.2. Circuit diagram of AC-DC IBC with voltage multiplier ΔVo is the ripple of the output voltage and D is the duty ratio.

The operation of the IBC with diode-capacitor can be

explained in four modes: In mode-1, as shown in Fig.3, at t = t0,
switch S1 is ON and so diode D0 is OFF. Switch S2 is also ON and
so D1 is OFF. Current increases linearly from its minimum value
at t0 and current il2 grows linearly up to its maximum value at t1.
iC1 is zero and uc1 is kept constant. In mode-2, as shown in Fig.4,
the gating signal of switch S2 is removed; thus diode D1 is ON.
Switch S1 is ON which makes diode D0 to turn OFF. Current il1
keeps increasing linearly; inductor L2 charges C1 and then switch
S2 is gated. Mode-3 operation is similar to that of mode 1. During Fig.5. Mode 4 operation of the Proposed Converter
mode-4, at t = t3, switch S1 is gated OFF, and diode D0 is turned
ON. The switch S2 is kept in ON state and current il1 begins to The simulation of IBC was carried out in MATLAB as shown
reduce linearly through C1 which gets discharged as shown in in Fig.6 based on the design values and the parameters are shown
Fig.5. The current il2 increases linearly and the time t4 is the in Table.1.
ending of a switching cycle Ts.
Table.1. Simulation Parameters

Parameters Values
Duty Ratio 0.6
Input Voltage (AC) 40V
Frequency (fs) 50kHz
Capacitor 40uF
Inductor 640uH
Fig.3. Mode 1 operation of the Proposed Converter

Fig.6. Simulation model of the proposed IBC

Fig.4. Mode 2 operation of the Proposed Converter

The equations that are required to design the elements of

diode-capacitor multiplier are as follows. The conversion ratio
here is given by [9] [10],
µo n +1
=
M = (1)
µin 1 − D
where, µin and µo are the input and output voltages and n is the
number of the multiplier cells. Fig.7. Output Waveform
The value of inductors and capacitors are,

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Simulation of the IBC with the three different topologies with Table.4. Diode loss calculation
the uncontrolled rectifier was performed in MATLAB and a
comparison study was carried out as shown in Table.2. = RD × I RMS Pcond
PRD = Prd + Pvf = Rtrr + I cond
Pdiode

Table.2. Comparison of IBC with the three multiplier topologies = 0.003820+0.23877 = 0.24259 W
PVF= VF × I avg =0.24259 W (Ptrr is negligible)
Output Supply Supply Supply
Topologies Voltage Current Distortion Power where, Ptrr - power loss during the reverse recovery time, Pcond -
Ripple THD (%) Factor Factor Power loss during conduction, Pdiode – Losses in the diode, Prd –
Equivalent resistance drop and Pvf - Forward voltage drop loss.
Uncontrolled
Rectifier with 0.002567 50.67 0.8920 0.9238 Table.5. Inductor loss calculation
IBC
Pinductor = Pfe + Pcu Pfe + (Pmlcs × Vme)/1000 Pcu = RmL × Irms2
Uncontrolled = 0.17874 W = (4.8901 × 8.320)/1000 = (0.9562)2 × 0.151
Rectifier with = 0.04068 W = 0.13806 W
0.00342 37.97 0.9348 0.891
Diode Capacitor
Multiplier where,
Pinductor - Power loss in the inductor,
Uncontrolled
Rectifier with Pfe - Core loss,
Switched 0.001283 38.10 0.9344 0.9238 Pcu - Copper loss,
Capacitor and Pmlcs - Core loss of the cross section,
Coupled Inductor
Vme - Volume of the inductor,
The results have shown that the uncontrolled rectifier when RmL - Resistance of the inductor and
used with the IBC with diode-capacitor multiplier gives the least Irms - RMS value of inductor current.
value of supply current THD and output voltage ripple. The values
of the losses like inductor loss, diode loss and conduction loss in Output Voltage Ripple (%)
1.20E-01
switches in the model was calculated [11]. The value of average
and RMS current for the switch, diode and inductor was
1.00E-01
calculated as shown in Table.3. The diode loss calculation is
shown in the Table.4 and the inductor loss calculation is shown in 8.00E-02
the Table.5.
6.00E-02
Table.3. Calculation of average and RMS values of currents
4.00E-02
Boost 5 3 Po 5 3 53
inductor IL-rms = × = 0.9562 A 2.00E-02
RMS current 12 VPK 12 40
0.00E+00
Boost diode 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
Po 53 Duty Ratio
average ID-ave = = 0.1137 A
current 2Vo 2 × 233
Fig.8. Duty ratio vs. Output voltage ripple
Boost diode Po 53
ID-rms = = 0.1137 A Supply Current THD
RMS current 2Vo 2 × 233 110

Boost switch I PK
I 2 ∏ Vo2 − 4VPK Vo + ∏ VPK
2
= 0.2 A 90
RMS current Q-rms 4 ∏ Vo

where, 70
Po - the power output,
Vo - Output voltage, 50
VPK - Peak value of the input voltage and
IPK - Peak value of input current. 30
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Duty Ratio
Fig.9. Duty ratio vs. supply current THD

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Power Factor
0.96

0.92

0.88

0.84

0.8
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Fig.11. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
Duty Ratio
In the topology, the bidirectional function can be divided into
Fig.10. Duty ratio vs. Power factor
two modes as,
A graphical analysis of IBC with the diode-capacitor i. Buck mode while charging and
multiplier was done between the duty ratio and the output voltage ii. Boost mode while discharging
ripple, duty ratio and supply current THD and duty ratio and the Switch S1 will be turned on during charging mode as shown in
power factor was done and they are shown in the Fig.8 - Fig.10 Fig.12 and the DC-DC converter will work as a buck converter
respectively. while charging the battery pack. During the charging mode switch
The graphs have shown that for a duty ratio of 0.6 that output S1 will be turned on and anti-parallel diode S3 and S4 will be
voltage ripple, supply current THD and the power factor is working as freewheeling diode. In this period of time switch S1
minimum compared to a duty ratio of 0.5. For a duty ratio of 0.7 will charge the inductor. In the next cycle switch S1 will be turned
it is much better, but we have considered duty ratio to be 0.6 off and anti-parallel diode S3 and S4 will charge the battery.
because the complexity increases as the duty ratio increases.

3. BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER

The bidirectional dc-dc converter is also called a buck- boost
converter. This converter has the capability of making the input
DC voltage to boost or buck depending on the Pulse Width
Modulation and switching [12]. The conversion of the voltage
may occur in any direction. The use of a bi-directional dc-dc
converter in motor drives devoted to EVs allows control of both
motoring and regenerative braking operations. The bidirectional
dc-dc converter can be operated in a total of four modes, each of
Fig.12. Circuit while charging
them allowing the stepping of battery voltage level either up or
down. Either from buck to boost or from boost to buck, any type
of conversion can be done by varying the modulation index. That
is why this type of converter is needed in electric vehicles; plug
in hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. Bi-directional
converters may reduce the cost; it may improve efficiency and
also improves the performance of the system. In the electric
vehicle applications, an additional energy storage battery absorbs
the regenerated energy fed back by the electric machine. With the
ability to reverse the direction of the current and power flow of
the system, the bidirectional dc-dc converters are being used
vastly to achieve power transfer between two dc power sources in
either direction. The bidirectional dc-dc converter is shown in
Fig.11. Fig.13. Circuit while discharging

In discharging operation the buck-boost converter circuit state

is shown in Fig.13, when the switch S4 is on or off and S3 is always
on. When the switch S4 is in conduction state, the battery and
capacitor C supply energy respectively to the inductor L and to
the machine load. When the switch S4 is off, the diode D2 is direct
biased and the output capacitor C2 and the load receive energy

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from the inductor. Thereby, the voltage V0 at the output capacitor The Fig.17 shows the motor side parameters like the motor
terminals can be regulated accordingly by adjusting the duty- voltage and the pulse to the switches during the two modes of
cycle of the switch S1. The automatic control in simulation for the operation.
charging and discharging was done using time clock. The Thus the buck-boost operation of the bidirectional converter
switches to the pulses used in the simulation are shown in Fig.14. was obtained and the control was established.

4. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The pulses to the switches were obtained using the driver
circuit for which the pulse was provided with the help of the 555
timer circuit. The IBC circuit with the diode capacitor multiplier
was then implemented and the result was obtained. The output of
the IBC network was then fed into the bidirectional dc-dc
converter for the buck-boost operation to be established. The gate
of each switch is triggered using pulse produced by the driver
circuit. The gating circuit that was implemented in hardware is
shown in Fig.18 and the pulse was generated for a switching
frequency of 50 kHz. Pulses that were obtained are shown in
Fig.19 and Fig.20.

Fig.14 Pulses for the Switches

It shows that while charging the battery the switch S1 is ON

and OFF and while discharging the switch S3 is ON and switch S4
is ON and OFF. The Fig.15 shows the SOC and the battery
voltage during the two modes of operation. The battery voltage is
around 51.8V.

Fig.17. Motor side parameters

Fig.15 SOC and Battery voltage

The Fig.16 shows the output of the IBC while charging and Fig.18. Hardware implementation of the gating circuit
discharging of the battery. It is around 130V while charging and
goes beyond 200V while discharging where in the capacitor The output of this driver circuit is used to supply pulse to the
discharges. switches of the IBC network. The IBC with diode capacitor
multiplier circuit was implemented and the hardware circuit is
shown in Fig.20.

Fig.16 Output of the IBC

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dc converter. The Fig.23 shows the output of the IBC circuit and
the output of the bidirectional dc-dc converter.

Fig.19. Pulse obtained using 555 timer

Fig.23. Circuit showing the output of the IBC and the output of
the bidirectional dc-dc converter

The Table.6 shows the RMS and dc values of the output

voltage of the IBC circuit.

Table.6. Values of Vrms and Vdc

Vrms Vdc
54.9 54.9
The value of ripple in the output voltage is found to be 1.11 as
Fig.20. Pulse with 1800 phase shift
in Table.7.

Table.7. Values of output voltage ripple of IBC from PQ analyser

Vac Vavg Vpk Vrpl CF

0.6 54.4 55.1 1.1 1.02
Thus the output was obtained from the bidirectional converter
in buck mode as the voltage was reduced from 56V to 51V.

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, AC-DC interleaved boost converter with voltage
Fig.21. IBC with diode-capacitor multiplier multiplier unit was studied and analyzed. The performance
parameters like output voltage ripple, input current ripple are
analyzed and it is found that the proposed IBC is better compared
to the conventional for the battery charging of the PHEV. A loss
calculation for the proposed model is also studied. The hardware
implementation of the IBC with diode-capacitor multiplier and
bidirectional converter was implemented and the results were
obtained. Simulation results were verified practically. Hence, AC-
DC interleaved boost converter with voltage multiplier is a better
one for charging of PHEV.

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