THIS IS FOR YOU

GRADE 8 STUDENTS
MATHEMATICS QUARTER 4
OBJECTIVES
counts the number of occurrences of an outcome in an
experiment: (a) table; (b) tree diagram; (c) systematic
listing; and (d) fundamental counting principle.
finds the probability of a simple event.
illustrates an experimental probability and a theoretical
probability.
solves problems involving probabilities of simple
events.
 PROBABILITY

The chance that something

will happen.
 1
Counting Methods and
Techniques in an
Experiment
 The Four Counting Methods and Techniques in an
Experiment

 TREE DIAGRAM  FUNDAMENTAL

This method consists of line COUNTING TECHNIQUE
segments coming from a starting A technique of finding the number of
point to the outcome point. All possible outcomes of an experiment by
possible outcomes are visually multiplying the numbers of ways each task
represented by the branches. can happen separately.
 TABULAR METHOD  SYSTEMATIC LISTING
This method uses columns and A method of determining the number of
rows where to enter all possible outcomes of an experiment by enumerating
outcomes of an experiment. or making a list of all possible outcomes.

1. Counting Methods and Techniques in an Experiment

  TABULAR METHOD
SITUATION:
Euri has 5 pairs of socks (A, B, C, D, E) and 2 pairs of shoes (1, 2) which
he uses when he goes to church. How many ways can he use his pairs of
socks and shoes?

There are 10 possible outcomes.

Shoes\Socks A B C D E
1 (1, A) (1, B) (1, C) (1, D) (1, E)
2 (2, A) (2, B) (2, C) (2, D) (2, E)

1. Counting Methods and Techniques in an Experiment

  TREE DIAGRAM
SITUATION:
Euri has 5 pairs of socks (A, B, C, D, E) and 2 pairs of shoes (1, 2) which he uses when
he goes to church. How many ways can he use his pairs of socks and shoes?

There are 10 possible outcomes.

1. Counting Methods and Techniques in an Experiment

  SYSTEMATIC LISTING
SITUATION:
Euri has 5 pairs of socks (A, B, C, D, E) and 2 pairs of shoes (1, 2) which he uses when
he goes to church. How many ways can he use his pairs of socks and shoes?

There are 10 possible outcomes.

5 PAIRS OF SOCKS= A, B, C, D, E
2 PAIRS OF SHOES= 1, 2

{A, 1} {A, 2}
{B, 1} {B, 2}
{C, 1} {C, 2}
{D, 1} {D, 2}
{E, 1} {E, 2}

1. Counting Methods and Techniques in an Experiment

  FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

SITUATION:
Euri has 5 pairs of socks (A, B, C, D, E) and 2 pairs of shoes (1, 2) which
he uses when he goes to church. How many ways can he use his pairs of
socks and shoes?
There are 10 possible outcomes.

5 Pairs of Socks x 2 Pairs of Shoes =

NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

5 x 2 = 10 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES

1. Counting Methods and Techniques in an Experiment

 2

Finding the Probability

of a Simple Event
 Probability Rules

2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event

 Probability Rules
If an event has a probability of 0, or 0%, then it will never happen or it is
impossible to happen.
If an event has a probability of 0.5 or 50%, then the event has the same
chance or even chance to happen or not to happen.
If an event has a probability of 1, or 100%, then the event is certain to
happen.
The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes of an experiment is 1.

2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event

 What is a Simple Event?
A simple event is an event where all possible outcomes are equally likely
to occur.

FORMULA:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Probability of an Event =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Number of favorable outcomes – number of outcomes in the event

Number of possible outcomes – number of outcomes in the sample space

𝒏(𝑬)
P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺)
2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event
 Examples
1. What is the probability of grabbing red marbles?

𝒏(𝑬)
P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺)
𝟓
P(Red Marbles) = or 0.71 (LIKELY)
𝟕

2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event

 Examples
2. A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow, blue, green
and red. After spinning the spinner, what is the probability of
landing on each color?

What is the probability What is the probability What is the probability What is the probability
of landing on yellow of landing on blue of landing on red color? of landing on green
color? color? color?

𝒏(𝑬) 𝒏(𝑬) 𝒏(𝑬) 𝒏(𝑬)

P(E) = P(E) = P(E) = P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝒏(𝑺) 𝒏(𝑺) 𝒏(𝑺)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
P(Yellow) = P(Blue) = P(Red) = P(Green) =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event

 Examples
3. Rolling a die.
What are the numbers in a What is the total number of What is the probability of
die? possible outcomes when rolling a “4”?
you roll a die? 𝒏(𝑬)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺)
6 𝟏
P(4) =
𝟔

What is the probability of What is the probability of What is the probability of

rolling an even number? rolling a number less than rolling a number greater
3? than 6?
𝒏(𝑬) 𝒏(𝑬)
P(E) = P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝒏(𝑺)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 0
P(Even) = or P(< 3) = or
𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟑

2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event

 Examples
4. If you flip a coin once, what is the probability
of getting a head?

𝒏(𝑬)
P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺)
𝟏
P(Head) = or 0.50 (EVEN)
𝟐

2. Finding the Probability of a Simple Event

 3

Illustrating Experimental
Probability and
Theoretical Probability
 Probability May Be Categorized As:

THEORETICAL PROBABILITY EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

It is what is expected to happen It is the result of an actual

based on the possible outcomes, experiment.
assuming equally events. It is found by repeating an
It is called theoretical because it is experiment and observing the
determined based on reasoning. outcomes.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒔
P(e) = P(e) =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔

3. Illustrating Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability

 Examples
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

A coin is tossed. A coin is tossed 10 times; a head

is recorded 7 times and a tail 3
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 times.
P(e) =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒔
P(e) =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔

𝟏 𝟏
P(Head) = P(Tail) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟕 𝟑
P(Head) = P(Tail) =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

3. Illustrating Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability

 Examples

3. Illustrating Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability

 Examples

3. Illustrating Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability

 Examples

3. Illustrating Experimental Probability and Theoretical Probability

 4

Solving Problems
Involving Probabilities of
Simple Events
 Examples
1. A student is chosen from a certain group. There are 9 girls and 8 boys in
that group. What is the probability that the chosen student is a boy?

Given: Solution:
9 Girls + 8 Boys = 17 Students 𝒏(𝑬)
P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺)

Formula: 𝟖
P(Boys) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝟏𝟕
P(E) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝟗
P(Girls) =
𝟏𝟕
𝟖
Therefore, the probability that the chosen student is a boy is or 0.47.
𝟏𝟕

4. Solving Problems Involving Probabilities of Simple Events

 Examples
2. In John’s closet, there are 4 pairs of blue socks, 5 pairs of green and 2 pairs of white
socks. If John is going to pick a pair of socks, what is the probability that John will get a
pair of white socks?

Given: Solution:
𝒏(𝑬)
4 Blue pairs + 5 Green pairs + P(E) =
𝒏(𝑺)
2 White pairs = 11 pairs 𝟒
P(Blue) =
𝟏𝟏
Formula: 𝟓
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 P(Green) =
𝟏𝟏
P(E) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝟐
P(White) =
𝟏𝟏
𝟐
Therefore, the probability that john will get a pair of white socks is 𝟏𝟏
or 0.18.

4. Solving Problems Involving Probabilities of Simple Events

ASSESSMENT EXAM

Please carefully read each direction

provided in the exam. Write your answers
on a one whole sheet of paper. Best of
luck!
A. Choose only one method to solve the given problem
below. You can select from the following options: tabular
method, tree diagram, or systematic listing.

Problem: Clarisse wanted to go the Shopping Mall. She was

confused on what to wear. In her wardrobe she found a gray
(G) and a black (B) jeans and a red (R), a yellow (Y) and a
white (W) shirts. Help Clarisse choose her outfit matching
her available jeans and t-shirts by selecting which methods
you would like to use.
B. Determine whether the probability used in each item is
experimental or theoretical. Write directly the answer.
C. Answer each of the following items. Show your solutions.

Problem 1: You are rolling a fair dice. There are six equally
likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
1. What is the probability of getting a “5”?
2. What is the probability of getting an odd number?
Problem 2: A spinner with five equally likely outcomes is
spun. The outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
1. What is the probability of getting a “2”?
2. What is the probability of getting an even number?

Problem 3: Your bag contains 3 chocolate candies, 5

orange candies and 7 durian candies. If one candy is drawn
at random from the bag, find the probability of getting:
1. Durian candy
2. Chocolate candy