NDC Final
NDC Final
NDC Final
implementation of zero-deforestation agreements. 4 The key role of forests in meeting climate targets requires
science for credible mitigation (Grassi et al., 2017).
5 The Heat Is On: Taking Stock of Global Ambition (UNDP and
2 Available at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris- UNFCCC, 2019). Available at https://outlook.ndcs.undp.org/.
agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally- 6 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Global Outlook
determined-contributions-ndcs/ndc-synthesis-report. Report 2021: The State of Climate Ambition (UNDP, 2021).
2
and adaptation efforts in the forest sector. This
points to the importance of the UN-REDD
knowledge management workstream in building
the linkages between NDCs and REDD+ and with
the Sustainable Development Goals for the forest
sector.
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Ghana developed and submitted its first NDC to the UNFCCC in September 2015.8 The NDC specified
a package of five components to meet the policy goal for the agriculture, forestry and other land use
(AFOLU) sector, titled “Promote sustainable utilization of forest resources through REDD+”:
• Continue 10,000 ha annual reforestation/afforestation of degraded lands
• Double 10,000 ha annual reforestation/afforestation of degraded lands, translating to 20,000 ha on
an annual basis
• Support enhancement of forest carbon stocks through 5,000 ha per annum enrichment planting
and enforcement of timber felling standards
• 45 per cent emissions reduction through results-based emission reduction programme in cocoa
landscape
• Wildfire management in transition and savannah dry lands under Ghana’s national REDD+
strategy, also published in 2015, developed through a multistakeholder process and enjoys high-
level political support. The strategy seeks to reduce carbon emissions and restore forests, move
towards sustainable agriculture and landscapes, expand platforms for collaboration and economic
development and generate innovative, substantial and sustainable economic and noneconomic
incentives and benefits to improve the livelihoods of women, men and children.
Informed by extensive stakeholder consultations, three national and subnational REDD+ programmes
are presented in the national REDD+ strategy as being the main areas of focus for REDD+ implementa-
tion:
1. The improvement of land use and socioeconomic development in the high forest zone and cocoa-
growing areas
2. The addressing of wood harvesting and agricultural practices in transition and savannah zones
3. Policy and legislative reforms to support REDD+ and a sustainable forestry sector
When comparing the AFOLU components of the NDC with the strategic interventions in the national
REDD+ strategy, their overall consistency is evident. This is further reinforced by the country’s NDC
implementation plan, which includes the specific interventions set out in the national REDD+ strategy.
Additionally, in the process of developing In some cases, national REDD+ strategies and
their national strategies or action plans, many investment plans had already been prepared or
developing countries have undertaken scoping were being developed alongside the intended
exercises to identify investments needed for nationally determined contribution, which, for the
REDD+ implementation. In some countries, this majority of countries, became their first NDC. In
work has resulted in REDD+ investment plans a number of those cases, REDD+ was, therefore,
that complement national REDD+ strategies, already presented in the first NDC. For example,
elaborating the plan to activate those strategies: in the case of Ghana, the national REDD+
budget, estimation of emission reduction strategy was developed the same year as the
potential, packaging of policies and measures NDC submission (2015) and was well reflected in
into actionable programmes, etc. Such plans are the first NDC.
ready to be financed and provide a strong basis
for the implementation of the forest component Unlike Ghana, however, many countries
of NDCs. finalized their national REDD+ strategies after
intended nationally determined contributions
4
were submitted. In those cases, specificity and to incorporate the elements discussed above.
quantification of the role of forests were generally The box below provides a summary of the
not reflected. country’s use of Green Climate Fund and Global
Environment Facility (GEF) funding to implement
There are, nevertheless, several cases in the PROAmazonía programme and how this was
which new or updated NDCs have since been captured in its NDC. The country’s NDC was
enhanced to more fully incorporate REDD+. developed through collaborative efforts between
Ecuador was one of the first countries to do various national institutions led by the Ministry
so, having enhanced its NDC through REDD+, of Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and
The deforestation rate in Ecuador was 109,000 ha per year from 2000 to 2009, with over 99 per cent of
deforested land being transformed into agricultural areas. The country’s REDD+ action plan (2016–
2025) addresses the drivers of this deforestation with the aim of reducing gross emissions by at least
20 per cent by 2025 and contributing to reducing the net deforestation rate through REDD+ policies,
measures and actions.
In July 2019, Ecuador became the second country to receive financial resources from the Green Climate
Fund for having successfully reduced greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation. The investment
is being used to co-finance the country’s REDD+ action plan until 2025, implemented in synergy with
PROAmazonía, the country’s integrated programme for forest conservation and sustainable production.
PROAmazonía, supported by funds from the Green Climate Fund and the GEF, is a keystone of the
country’s NDC.
Ecuador submitted its intended nationally determined contribution in 2015. While the intended NDC
recognized the impact that activities in the forestry sector and appropriate management of protected
areas have on climate change and established plans to improve the work and set objectives and
concrete goals, it did not make explicit reference to REDD+. However, the role of REDD+ in meeting
the country’s NDC progressed in 2018, as part of the first generation NDC. The NDC, which covers the
period from 2020 to 2025, indicates that 25.35 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the
LULUCF sector and asserts that the reduction of emissions in this sector will contribute substantially
NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGIES: REDD+ POLICIES AND MEASURES
to mitigating climate change, while generating additional social and environmental benefits. For the
sector, the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is based on comparison with the UNFCCC
REDD+ reference level (2000 to 2008). The LULUCF action plan of the NDC is informed by the national
REDD+ action plan, and sets the same quantified greenhouse gas target:
• A reduction of at least 25 per cent in gross emissions by 2025, compared to the forest reference
emission level for 2000 to 2008
The reference to the national REDD+ action plan as the strategy for reducing deforestation in the
entire country reinforces the idea that the action plan is the jurisdictional strategy around which, in
practice, all the interventions to be implemented in the country by subnational jurisdictions are to be
coordinated. PROAmazonía is explicitly referenced as the key programme supporting NDC imple-
mentation. Given that the national REDD+ action plan is essentially the foundation for the LULUCF
component of Ecuador’s NDC, it follows that this component is based on several years of participatory
process and feasibility studies, achieved through the REDD+ readiness process.
With the support of PROAmazonía, the NDC implementation plans for the LULUCF and agriculture
sectors are also being developed. PROAmazonía is playing a major role, not only with respect to the
content of the NDC, but also as a driving force for the implementation of the NDC on the ground.
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Livestock, the National Institute of Statistics and and includes REDD+ in the set of sectoral policies
Census and the National Secretariat for Planning referred to as supporting implementation of its
and Development, and with the support of climate change adaptation and mitigation actions.
UN-REDD, including targeted support from the On the data side, the updated NDC was informed
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United by a more detailed and robust assessment of
Nations (FAO). In order to develop a robust NDC mitigation and adaptation measures, in-depth
with respect to the AFOLU sector, Ecuador used analysis and improved information and data,
the knowledge gained during the implementation including the most recently available national
of its UN-REDD National Programme and greenhouse gas inventory supplemented by the
targeted support. This technical basis was key best available data from various official sources
in order to develop the reference scenario and and reports.
mitigation activities for the sector.
In the case of Cambodia, this potential for
Other countries have made these enhancements enhancement was explicitly recognized in the first
more recently and elected to reflect the NDC, with an explanation that while the LULUCF
finalization and endorsement of the REDD+ sector was included more generally in the initial
strategies in their new or updated NDCs. NDC, a precise list of actions and greenhouse
gas effects would be updated after finalization
Looking to Kenya, for example, although of the REDD+ strategy. Cambodia submitted its
the country’s first NDC recognized the major updated NDC in 2020, delivering on its stated
contribution of forests to emissions and included intention to enhance the focus on REDD+, with
the AFOLU sector in its scope, it made no specific the support of the Climate Promise. The country
reference to REDD+. Moreover, the NDC stated transitioned from sectoral targets to an economy-
that the global land-use data approach used to wide target, aimed at raising its mitigation
develop the NDC led to significant uncertainty ambition to a 42 per cent reduction in 2030
in the business as usual and mitigation potential compared with business as usual. This includes an
estimates for the LULUCF sector. Harnessing the AFOLU sector target to halve the deforestation
opportunity to draw on REDD+ progress made rate by 2030. UNDP supported Cambodia in
since that time, the country’s updated NDC refers its modelling efforts, leading to the inclusion of
explicitly to the enhancement of REDD+ activities this ambitious quantitative target that addresses
The UNDP Climate Promise was launched during the 2019 Climate Action Summit with the objective
of supporting any developing country wishing to enhance its NDC in the lead-up to the twenty-sixth
session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change. By leveraging the UNDP country office network on the ground in 170 countries and territories,
an extensive climate change portfolio and global policy expertise, UNDP was able to offer support to
120 countries around the world, making the initiative the world’s largest source of support in relation
to the NDC revision process. The support offering is underpinned by quality criteria focused on the
core principles of inclusion and ownership, robustness and feasibility in NDC design. Recognizing the
collaborative principles of the NDC Partnership, the Climate Promise has been working with over 35
partners to coordinate technical and financial NDC revision support to countries – including UNEP
and FAO for nature-based solutions and agriculture, forest and land use, respectively. The initiative is
funded by core donors including the European Union, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden.9
9 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Global Outlook Report 2021: The State of Climate Ambition.
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
The FAO global project entitled “Building global capacity to increase transparency in the
forest sector (CBIT-Forest)” is a two-year project financed by the Capacity Building Initiative
for Transparency trust fund of the Global Environment Facility. The global project will
strengthen the institutional and technical capacities of developing countries to collect, analyse
and disseminate forest-related data. It will also support countries in meeting the Enhanced
Transparency Framework (ETF) requirements of the Paris Agreement and provide information
necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving NDCs.
the largest source of emissions in line with the level (FREL) and MRV advancements that have
national REDD+ strategy. The revised NDC is been achieved through REDD+ readiness efforts.
clearly more robust and comprehensive. With the support of UN-REDD, REDD+ countries
have developed or substantially improved
NATIONAL FOREST MONITORING their own national data on greenhouse gas
SYSTEMS AND MEASUREMENT, emissions by sources and removals by sinks for
REPORTING AND VERIFICATION the forest sector. In many developing countries,
national REDD+ data for the forest sector are
National forest monitoring systems (NFMS) and more sophisticated and include more data
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LINKING REDD+, THE PARIS AGREEMENT, NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS
AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Suriname’s updated NDC focuses on four key areas, namely, forests, electricity, agriculture and trans-
port. The country is committed to maintaining 93 per cent forest cover but requires significant interna-
tional support to conserve this valuable resource in perpetuity.
In the updated NDC, Suriname quantified its previous commitment to increase the percentage of for-
ests and wetlands under protection, giving a figure of at least 17 per cent of the terrestrial area by 2030
(unconditional target).
Additionally, Suriname quantified references to the drivers of deforestation, identifying mining (71 per
cent), infrastructure (15 per cent), urbanization (4 per cent), agriculture and pasture (4 per cent) and
burning (3 per cent) as the main drivers of deforestation in the country. The data were drawn from the
readiness phase of the national REDD+ process.
The updated NDC included reference to the 2018 forest reference emissions level submitted to UN-
FCCC, under methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and
removals for the NDC.
Suriname was able to build upon progress on its REDD+ national forest monitoring system10 to deliver
the enhanced NDC. In December 2016, Suriname launched its national land monitoring system through
a geoportal known as “GONINI”.11 This portal includes broader land-use monitoring and land-cover
maps and information about mangroves and protected areas. The country’s national forest monitoring
system is integrated into GONINI and consists of six components:
(f) Reporting.
Having this type of comprehensive land use monitoring system will facilitate the country’s efforts to
track NDC progress under the ETF.
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Setting up and/or improving systems and further in box 5, the NDC built on the national
processes for national forest monitoring systems forest monitoring system for REDD+, which will
and MRV is also important in the context of also contribute to the data and information needs
the ETF under the Paris Agreement. There for reporting under the ETF .
is a significant opportunity to strengthen
the robustness of NDCs by mapping REDD+ RESULTS-BASED FINANCE
complementarities and potential contradictions
between the national data used for NDCs and There are several cases in which results-based
the data used for REDD+ submissions. This payments are or will be applied in initial NDC
information can be the basis for improving implementation efforts, primarily through the
the information elements that facilitate clarity, Green Climate Fund. During the first phase of
transparency and understanding in relation to the the Fund’s pilot programme on results-based
forest sector. payments for REDD+, eight countries (Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Suriname is an example of a REDD+ country Indonesia and Paraguay) received $496 million
that has already submitted its updated NDC, for 102 Mt CO2 emissions reductions in the
with enhancements reflecting REDD+ readiness forest sector between 2014 and 2018. Countries
efforts. For example, the existing stakeholder receiving REDD+ results-based payments must
engagement platforms that were established reinvest the proceeds in activities in line with their
under the REDD+ readiness process were current or future NDCs, their REDD+ strategies,
used to raise awareness of the NDC among all or low-carbon development plans, as detailed
stakeholders, including indigenous and tribal in the terms of reference for the programme. In
peoples. On the technical side and as discussed the countries listed above, REDD+ results-based
COUNTRY CASES
©UN-REDD Programme
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
payments are being reinvested in implementing those developing countries that are interested in
a national REDD+ strategy or action plan, opportunities to access carbon market finance,
strengthening sustainable forest and land-use which presents an important source of investment
management policies, paying for ecosystem to potentially contribute to NDC implementation,
services and implementing social forestry together with other sources of public sector
initiatives to deliver even greater emissions REDD+ finance.
reductions and improved livelihoods. As the
national REDD+ strategy often serves as the A more recent example of a source of results-
basis for the LULUCF component of a REDD+ based payments and market-based finance for
country’s NDC (as described in the cases of REDD+ action in the context of NDCs is the
Ghana and Ecuador, above, and Chile, below), it Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest
follows that results-based finance for REDD+ is finance (LEAF) Coalition, a voluntary global
an important source of funds for supporting the coalition bringing together the private sector
implementation of the conditional LULUCF NDC and governments to provide finance for tropical
components. and subtropical forest conservation. The LEAF
Coalition requires proceeds from the sale of
To date, investment in forests and other LULUCF verified emission reductions to be utilized by
sector emissions reductions has fallen short. the host (supplier) country to further its priorities
Climate finance provided for forest-related consistent with achieving its NDC and sustainable
mitigation represents between 0.5 and 5 per economic development, with priority given to
cent of the investment that is needed to harness forest protection and forest restoration, including
the full mitigation potential of the forest sector. its REDD+ strategy or action plan. Final purchase
Readiness efforts towards results-based payments agreements with buyers will be contingent on the
have provided a foundation to build on for host country providing a high-level investment
REDD+ RESULTS-BASED FINANCE
©UN-REDD Programme
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LINKING REDD+, THE PARIS AGREEMENT, NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS
AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Chile has received a total of $63.7 million in results-based payments from GCF. The National
Forestry Corporation will invest those funds in the implementation of 10 measures established
under the National Strategy on Climate Change and Vegetation Resources (ENCCRV), targeting 25,000
ha of forested areas and other land. The measures will involve sustainable forest management,
restoration, reforestation and afforestation activities in the five administrative regions that span
from Maule to Los Lagos, with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing
greenhouse gas removals while respecting environmental and social safeguards and ensuring
a gender-sensitive and inclusive approach. The expected climate benefit of these activities is
expected to be the removal of around 256,000 tons of CO2 per year, from 2020 to 2030. These
emissions reductions and removals will be achieved through the implementation of sustainable
forest management activities over 17,853 ha and restoration activities over 7,688 ha during the
six years of the project’s implementation.
The project provides a good case for complementarity and coherence by blending Green
Climate Fund investments with other ongoing initiatives to support Chile implement its
ENCCRV, such as the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’s Carbon Fund. The preparation of
the National Strategy and the achievement of the emission reductions for which results-based
payments were received were fully aligned with the country’s NDC, with the National Strategy
proposed as a public policy instrument developed to comply with the national commitments
made in the NDC. The specific contribution of the forest sector to the NDC involves the
sustainable management and recovery of 100,000 ha of forest, which is conditional on the
extension of Decree-Law 701 and the adoption of a new native forest recovery and forestry
promotion law. The NDC also includes the afforestation of 100,000 ha of mainly native
species, subject to the adoption of the new law. Owing to the limited availability of resources
for supporting the implementation phase of the National Strategy, REDD+ results-based
payments will be fully used for its implementation. In addition, it is expected to trigger public-
private financing that has a greater environmental impact and results in social development
projects. Consequently, the use of the results-based payments received by Chile from the GCF
i.e., the “use of proceeds”, will contribute to the achievement of the National Strategy’s overall
objective and the country’s NDC.12
12 FP120: Chile REDD-plus results-based payments for results period 2014–2016 (Chile and Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations; Decision B.24/09. 4 Dec. 2019).
REDD+ RESULTS-BASED FINANCE
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
framework that demonstrates how proceeds will NDC targets has not yet been delivered.
be deployed in line with these requirements. Nonetheless, linking REDD+ climate finance (e.g.,
Green Climate Fund results-based payments) to
LESSONS LEARNED climate mitigation implementation programmes
can facilitate countries’ NDC ambition related to
Key lessons have been learned through the the land-use sector.
UN-REDD experience, as well as through several
complementary initiatives and programmes, Measurement, reporting and verification and
particularly the Climate Promise and the Capacity monitoring: Although much progress has been
building Initiative for Transparency. made in the field of measurement, reporting and
verification and monitoring for REDD+, this is
The forest and land-use sector, which offers not yet prevalent in the broader land-use sector.
significant potential for scaling up ambition in In seeking to include and scale up the potential
NDCs, has unique characteristics that must be of the LULUCF sector for more ambitious NDCs,
carefully considered when integrating REDD+ into it will be important for countries to build upon
NDCs. These characteristics include the sector’s existing MRV and monitoring systems. REDD+
highly dynamic nature, the fact that the impact MRV and national forest monitoring systems can
of climate change is already being felt, and the be a good starting point as these can potentially
risk of reversals and emissions displacement. be expanded to include wider measurement,
The unique aspects of the sector have over- reporting and verification and monitoring for the
arching and cross-cutting effects on the six factors land-use sector.
identified below.
Social and environmental safeguards: Social
Evolving UNFCCC landscape: The UNFCCC and environmental safeguards are a central pillar
landscape is constantly evolving, and it is vital for the implementation of REDD+. Countries
to adapt and improve over time. The recent engaged in REDD+ have invested, learned
finalization of the “Paris Rulebook” demonstrates and progressed considerably in promoting and
this clearly. Analysis and interpretation are supporting social and environmental safeguards
currently under way to identify the implications for the implementation of REDD+ policies and
of key aspects of the Rulebook for forests and measures. The integration of REDD+ and the
REDD+, in particular, Article 6 and the final forest and land-use sectors in NDCs should
elements of the ETF. build on existing processes and experiences in
countries that are engaged in REDD+.
In-country coordination: National coordination
on data collection and reporting under UNFCCC SUSTAINABILITY
(and other conventions) can be challenging
and sometimes leads to duplication of efforts. Parties to UNFCCC were requested to submit
Creating or strengthening relevant existing second generation NDCs by 2020 and every
interministerial coordination bodies at the five years thereafter (e.g., by 2020, 2025 and
institutional level can help overcome this 2030). A total of 116 new or updated NDCs
challenge, including leveraging those already have been communicated by 143 Parties and
established for REDD+, where applicable. Cross- recorded in the UNFCCC interim NDC registry
sectoral coordination is a challenge but will be as at 12 October 2021. The Climate Promise has
key to achieve NDC targets and goals for the supported the majority of developing countries
LULUCF sector. in submitting new or updated NDCs, including
53 countries (out of a total of 110) that had
Finance: Finance related to climate action, NDCs requested LULUCF-related support through the
and REDD+ is a critical component in achieving programme. In many of these countries, REDD+
LESSONS LEARNED
successful climate change mitigation action below is being integrated as a key means of enhancing
2°C. The conditional components of NDCs are ambition. The next phase of the Climate Promise
complex and the level of finance required to aims to help countries move from pledge to
support the achievement of current conditional impact. UNDP, together with partners, will scale
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
©UN-REDD Programme
up support in at least 100 countries to help them With this work embedded in the Climate Promise
use their NDCs as sovereign plans for investment and being carried out in coordination with other
in key drivers of sustainable development, such as related NDC support initiatives, such as the
energy, water, nature-based solutions, forests and NDC Partnership, and given that the UN-REDD
agriculture. UNDP will bring together its extensive Programme is committed to supporting countries
infrastructure, networks and substantive offers in enhancing the ambition and implementation of
to provide comprehensive support in the area of forest-related NDC components until 2025, there
NDC implementation. By leveraging its strengths is a sustained route to amplify the impact of this
at the global, regional and country levels, it will area of work.
help deliver NDCs and transition towards net-zero
emissions and climate-resilient development
pathways.
SUSTAINABILITY
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
13 See www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/
womens-empowerment/gender-equality-in-national-climate-
action--planning-for-gender-.html
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AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF FORESTS
FOR NDC ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
RESOURCES
15
UN-REDD PROGRAMME
SECRETARIAT
Email: un-redd@un-redd.org
The United Nations Collaborative Programme
Website: www.un-redd.org
on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation in Developing Countries. Workspace: www.unredd.net