2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

Edge Computing: Classification, Applications, and

Challenges
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM) | 978-1-6654-1450-0/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIEM51511.2021.9445331

Gagandeep Kaur Ranbir Singh Batth

School of Computer Science & Engineering School of Computer Science & Engineering
Lovely Professional University Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, India Phagwara, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Edge computing is a relatively recent phenomenon servers, storage, databases, and applications are all located
in the computing world, which takes cloud computing services in the cloud, so you can access them on any device if you
closer to the end user and is distinguished by fast processing have the Internet [2]. Besides, there is no need to prepare a
and application response time, which leads to many advantages server or use a data center, which can significantly reduce
such as faster and more efficient data processing; Safety;
costs. It is possible to store a huge amount of information in
reduced leakage on existing networks. Moreover, delay-
sensitive applications may benefit from the Edge computing the cloud, but on the other hand, there is a concern that data
paradigm's low latency, agility, and location awareness. processing will take time. Cloudlet addresses the issue of
Significant research has been conducted in the field of Edge end-to-end responsiveness between mobile devices and
computing, which is reviewed in terms of recent technologies cloud which was a challenge in the cloud. Fog computing
such as Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog computing, "fog" means "fog" and was named because it is "closer to
allowing researchers to gain a better understanding of current the device than the cloud". In edge computing, processing
and potential solutions. This article summarizes the edge power is at the edge of the network, cloud computing has
computing paradigm classification, applications, and various processing power on the Internet, while fog computing has
challenges in detail.
processing power in the LAN. Therefore, scale of data
Keywords—Edge computing; Cloud computing, Mobile Edge handled is larger than that of edge computing, which is good
Computing, Fog Computing, Mobility, Security. at personal data processing, and it can perform functions
like mini-cloud computing that can optimize the amount of
I. INTRODUCTION data. Mobile Edge computing placed the edge nodes on the
network and enhanced to include the fixed network as
With the escalation of the Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud shown in fig 2.
computing, which is a collection of networks, has
tremendously changed the living and working style.
Traditional cloud computing as centralized is accosting
severe major challenges, such as high latency in real-time
applications, low spectral efficiency (SE), and a non-
adaptive machine type of communication [1]. Propelled to
explain all these difficulties, new technology is driving a
pattern that moves the capacity of incorporated distributed
computing to the edge devices of the organization or
network. Edge computing is also recognized as edge
processing. It is a type of network communication technique
to distribute the load on the system by placing a huge
number of servers near users and devices, In simple words
"putting servers at edge network closer to the device". In
other words, an alternative to storing and processing all the Fig. 1: Edge Computing Paradigm
data on the cloud, a fragment of it is handled by the The IoT, defined as a distributed network of heterogeneous
administering platform near the terminal. This makes it devices (sensors, actuators, and processors) that exchange
possible to extremely digest traffic on the Internet and messages between them without human intervention, has
eliminates communication delays. There are various types of attracted particular interest from researchers. With the
network techniques, and in addition to edge computing, increase in the number of services, other needs also arise.
there are "cloud computing" and "fog computing “and all of Some of them, and perhaps the most critical in the
these computing techniques processes the data differently, architecture intended for IoT, are the latency of data and
so let us see how it differs from edge computing [1]. Cloud efficiency in how resources are used, and data is
computing is named a "cloud" because it remotely processes manipulated.
a computer in a location away from the user via the Internet.
As shown in fig. 1, In cloud computing, services such as

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

Fig.2: Classification of Edge Computing

Tab.1: Three Edge Computing Technologies Yuan Ai et al. (2017) presented the major three edge
Cloudlet Mobile Edge Fog computing technologies: mobile edge computing, cloudlets,
Computing Computing Computing
and fog computing. The authors explained application areas,
Architect Single layer Single layer Single or architectures, standardization efforts for mobile edge
ure multilayer computing, cloudlets, and fog computing. [4]. S.
Latency Medium Medium Low Bhattacharyya et al. (2017) the authors described the Edge
computing that processes the gathered data from end devices
Mobility Medium Medium High
at the edge of the network. By covering a large range of
Context Low High Medium technologies, edge computing addresses the various concern
Awarene as battery life constraint, bandwidth usage, latency, data
ss security, and data privacy. The need for edge computing
Manage Centralized Hierarchical Hierarchical
ment (Push from Cloud Services and Pull from the Internet of
Usage Resource 5G requirements IoT Things) is discussed [6]. Salman Taherizadeh et al. (2017)
Intensive in the authors explained the auto-scaling applications in edge
applications telecommunicatio computing which maintained the online services at a
n network decentralized location. They broadly explained two aspects
of this paper. In the first section, they major focused on the
II. RELATED WORK different types of edge computing applications (IoT
Applications, Micro-service applications, Time-critical
In this research article a review has been provided on the applications). For these applications, auto-scaling challenges
overview of edge computing based on various issues and when the workload dynamically changes are discussed. In
challenges of edge computing for diversified applications. the second section of this paper, container-based
This main work aims to summarize edge computing and to visualization auto-scaling technologies are discussed. Self-
make aware of its challenges with modern technologies. adaptive application at runtime enhances the performance.
Weisong Shi et al. (2016) the authors explained the In the classification of auto-scaling applications in edge
definition of edge computing which addresses the concern computing, the authors explained the cloud framework,
of response time where concerns are latency, resource like Virtualization Technology, Monitoring approach,
battery-life constraint, bandwidth cost-saving, as well as Operational behavior, Adjustment ability, Architectural
data safety and privacy [2]. Fang Liu et al. (2019) support, Image Delivery, and scalability techniques [7].
summarized the existing edge computing systems and JunjieXie et al. (2020) addressed the issue of low latency
related tools. The authors divided the paper into two parts: requirements in mobile edge computing. The author
System View and Application View. In system View, Open proposed a fast data-sharing framework HDS (Hybrid data
Source Edge computing projects and edge computing sharing) to meet the requirements of low latency by dividing
systems & tools are discussed wherein application view, the gathered data location service into two regions: Intra-
deep learning optimization at the edge are discussed. [3]. region and inter-region. With the Hybrid information

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

sharing system which comprises 100 areas, the creator switches, gateway, access points which store and compute
accomplished low latency, low usage overhead, and 50.21% all the data provided by the end devices. High-performance
more limited query ways, and 92.75% fewer false positives. servers are placed in the third layer, the cloud layer which is
In this whole network, the total edge server used was 1000 widely used in global applicable situations and
to 10000 [14]. Batyr Charyyev et al. (2020) the authors organizations that require large-scale centralized processing.
performed the cloud edge latency comparison. They Edge computing industry alliance (ECC) released
performed an extensive measurement to assess the latency framework 3.0. Multi-layer functionality as reference
characteristics of end-users to the edge servers and cloud architecture is shown in fig 3.
data centers. It estimated latency from 8,456 end-clients to
6,341 Akamai edge workers and 69 cloud areas. At last, the IV. APPLICATION AREAS OF EDGE COMPUTING
paper's outcome is that while 58% of end-clients can arrive
at a close by edge worker in under 10 ms, just 29% of end- It is proposed to bring some of the cloud services closer to
clients get a comparable dormancy from a close by cloud the level at which the data are found as well as using
area. [18]. N.Saranya et al. (2020) the authors reviewed the multiple levels, according to the needs of the different
various data latency techniques in Mobile Edge Computing. applications. Due to multiple benefits of edge computing
As in the centralized cloud, one cannot achieve low latency. like speed, security, scalability, versatility, and reliability
Mobile Edge Computing makes efficient use of the edge computing is used in many real time applications.
resources and decreased the movement of large data Basically, edge computing is used to push applications and
generated by the edge devices. Edge computing is important data to logical extremes by centralized hubs in a network.
for solving fatal situations such as Conflicts in Autonomous We use edge computing in real time applications because
vehicles, Fire, Environmental Hazards. [20]. better responsiveness and robustness make this system more
effective. Edge computing is distributed kind of system
Tab.2: Comparison of Techniques on various Parameters where large data volume is processed and compiled.
Ref. Scalability Resource Security and Distribution properties gives features like supply chain
Latency
Constraint Privacy
tracking, point of sale system and distributed artificial
[8]     intelligence processing.

[13]     A. Edge computers and smart home devices

[14]    
Increasingly common appliances, such as thermostats and
smart speakers, are using edge computing technology to
[15]     respond quickly to changing conditions and controls. Smart
city and personal houses, and augmented reality can also
[17]    
benefit from fast and localized data processing. The same
principle works for any activated device, with the
( :Observed, : Not Observed)
processing center either directly on the device or in a near
Tab.3: Edge computing system and tools based on their Properties location. Hypothetically, a system can mutually use the
Edge End Functionality Architecture cloud, for less time-sensitive processing and the edge for
Computing Device more urgent requirements. Edge computing also needs
System
dedicated hardware for edge nodes and these edge nodes
Cloudlet Mobile VM Migration Hybrid 3-tier ultimately provides services.
CloudPath Mobile Path Computing Hybrid Multi-tier
B. Edge computing in business
AirBox IoT Security Hybrid 3-tier An example of a business is a retail store with a collection
Pcloud Mobile Dynamic Hybrid 3-tier of activated security cameras. Utilizing the cloud-based
Allocation technology, the camera sends data to a server, which is
thousands of KMs away that identifies the movement and
saves those clips to the store data. By utilizing edge
III. EDGE MULTI-LAYER ARCHITECTURE computing, the processing unit itself is a part of the camera,
categorizing the clips that should be saved and which should
The general architecture of edge computing is having not, and transferring only the relevant clip to the server. This
terminal, edge, and cloud layers which is 3-tier architecture. procedure reduces the load on the store's computing power,
In this, the terminal layer deals with the end devices and allowing for more efficient operation, and protecting other
nodes which include both tasks as data consumer and data company data from possible security attacks. Edge
provider. In the terminal layer, all the devices like computing can be used in the variability
smartphones, sensors, wearable devices gathered all the data of industries beyond retail, including manufacturing, energy,
and provide it to the upper layer for computations. The utilities, transportation, defense, healthcare, and the media
second layer which is the edge layer plays an important role [3].
as processing unit of system. This layer contains routers,

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

Fig. 3: Edge computing reference architecture 3.0

Fig. 4: Application Areas of Edge Computing

able to manage all data generated by these devices in ways
C. Edge computing for 5G technology that 4G cannot.
Edge computing takes a big role to play in 5G wireless
networks, which will be able to host several times the V. EDGE COMPUTING IN REAL-LIFE
number of connected devices that use them at a period.5G With the progress of IoT year by year, the merits of edge
network can be able to transmit a large amount of data, computing are attracting a great deal of attention and are
hundreds of times faster than 4G, will incorporate the already being used in many scenes.
number of cell stations several times, and reduce latency. A. Face Recognition System
Telecommunications providers using 5G will use local data The face recognition system is a system that
centers on or near 5G towers, giving the network an extra automatically recognizes a person from the digital
boost. image of the camera and has been introduced as a
security enhancement such as immigration control,
D. Edge computing for smart technology company entry/exit, and PC logon. It may also be used
Experts consider edge computing to be the next great thing to enhance corporate services. Face recognition systems
in technology, which will transform our living way. Several require high real-time performance, but the use of edge
types of equipment fall under the edge computing umbrella, computing has made it possible to perform high-speed
including 5G cell stations, data center infrastructure, and authentication.
applications to analyze data faster. The number of sensors
associated with cities, homes, and smart vehicles are B. Wearable Device
expected to increase exponentially in the coming years. 5G A wearable device can be worn on the part of the body,
wireless networks, supported by peak computing, will be such as the head, wrists, or ankles. Since it can be worn

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

like glasses or a wristwatch, it is used in fields such as problem is that the mobile edge computing system
health management, medical fields, and industry. needs to consider. In the initial phase, systems
Besides, smart watches can be used in conjunction with considered the functionalities rather than
smartphones act as wearable devices and are becoming implementation issues like the price model. With the
popular among consumers as edge computing that upgrade of edge processing, the genuine formation
utilizes mobile devices. concern ought to be illuminated before we appreciate
all the advantages.
C. Human Behaviour Analysis Service
As the face recognition system, the wearable device is a C. Security and Privacy
mechanism that performs image processing of face Security plays important role in every field as every
recognition at the edge part and analyses it in user is concerned about privacy for their confidential
cooperation with the data on the cloud. Wearable information. While working in a network, various
devices can predict and track the movement of a person attacks can be performed on the edge network. The
extracted from camera images; the analysis data of the following is different types of security threats:
tracking is processed in the temporary memory of the • Phishing - An attempt to extract sensitive or
computer. The created coordinate data is aggregated on confidential information from the user of cloud-
the cloud for each camera, and besides this becomes a connected IoT equipment. Cybercriminals use this
flow line of people, and it is used for the analysis of method to distribute electronic content to a wide
purchasing behavior at retail stores. range of victims, prompting them to take specific
actions, such as clicking a link or sending a reply to
D. Edge Computing as the savior of the IoT Era an email. If they do so, they will provide personal
In modern times, vast amounts of data are stored in information such as username, password, bank or
cloud and processed on the cloud, such as the spread of financial details, or credit card details without their
IoT, digitization, diversification of data, and quality knowledge. Phishing distribution methods include
improvement. However, since the amount of data is email, online advertising, and SMS. A
increasing year by year, the processing on the cloud phishing type is spear phishing - an attack aimed at
cannot be completed in time, and scalability problems specific people or groups of people, e.g., corporate
(delay in data processing) will occur. Meanwhile, edge management boards, celebrities, or high-ranking
computing, which distributes communication traffic, government officials.
has come to be used, and needs are increasing • Malware - Malware that is specially designed to
significantly in scenes where real-time data processing harm an edge device, system, or data. It includes
is required. Therefore, edge computers can be said to be several types of tools, including adware, ransom
the savior of the IoT era and will increase the value of ware, Trojans, viruses, and worms.
big data [5]. • Rootkit - Malware that enables secretly accessing
parts of an edge device, software, or system. It
VI. CHALLENGES IN EDGE COMPUTING often modifies the hardware operating system in
such a way that it remains hidden from the user.
Edge computing is still in its infancy. The major challenges • Trojan - A form of non-replicating malware that
in Edge Computing have been classified as: contains hidden functionality. The Trojan usually
A. Bandwidth does not try to propagate or inject itself into other
The more data at the network bandwidth-edge, the more files.
the bandwidth will change. It should balance the greater • Backdoor - Malware targeting remote entry into a
bandwidth across the network. From the latency’s point system, device, edge device, or software, or
of view, the high bandwidth can reduce the network bypassing traditional security measures installed in
transmission time, especially for the huge amount of them.
data. In cloud higher bandwidth provided at data centers • Spyware - Malware that spies on an edge device
and lower at edge but this will be challenge at edge user, intercept keystrokes, emails, documents, and
network to provide higher bandwidth to end devices. If even turns on a video camera without their
the workload can be handled at the edge, the delay can knowledge.
be improved, and bandwidth will also be saved [6].
D. Uncompromising Quality of Service (Latency)
B. Multi-domain Management and Cooperation Locating the compute at the edge is one of the parameters
Multiple types of resources are involved in Edge that provide QoS. In edge computing, the focus is
computing, where all resources belong to various performing the computing anywhere close to the data
owners. How to access all the required resources for collected by the computer. To check the network
application and allocate them according to the need of performance, usually Latency is vital QoS metrics which is
the user’s application, services. In an emergency, a not only determined by computation time. The computation

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

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