Rahman sir

DETERMINANTS Ch-4
Determinant:

To every square matrix A = [ a ij ] of order n , we can associate a number (real or complex ) called
the determinant of square matrix A where a ij= ( i , j )th element of A.

This may be thought of as a function which associates each square matrix with a unique number
(real or complex). If M is the set of square matrices, K is the set of numbers (real or complex)
and f: M → K is defined by f (A) = k, where A ∈ M and k ∈ K, then f(A) is called the
determinant of A. It is also denoted by |A| or det. A or Δ.

If A = [ ac bd ], then determinant A is written as |A|=|ac bd|=det ⁡( A)

Remarks.
(i) For matrix A, | A| is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A.
(ii) Only square matrices have determinants.
Determinant of a matrix of order one.
Let A = [ a ] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be equal to a.
Determinant of a matrix of order two.

Let A= [
a11 a12
a21 a22 ]
be a matrix of order 2 ×2 then the determinant of A is defined as:

det ( A )=| A|=¿ = a 11 .a 12−a21 a12

Example1. Evaluate |−12 42|

Solution: We have |
−1 2|
2 4
= 2 ( 2 )−(−1 ) ( 4 )=4+ 4=8

Example2. Evaluate |
x |
x x+ 1
x−1

Solution: We have |
x | x − x−1 x+ 1 =x − x −1 =1
x x+ 1
x−1
= ( 2
)( ) ( ) 2 2

Determinant of a matrix of order 3 ×3 .

Determinant of a matrix of order three can be determined by expressing it in terms of second
order determinants. This is known as expansion of a determinant along a row (or a column).
There are six ways of expanding a determinant of order 3 corresponding to each of three rows (
R1 , R 2 , ¿ R3 ) and three columns (C 1 , C 2 and C 3 ) giving the same value as shown below.
Consider the determinant of square matrix A = [ a ij ]3 ×3

| |
a11 a12 a13
i.e., | A|= a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
Expansion along first R1
i+ j a a
| |
i+ j a a
|
i+ j a a
= (−1 ) a11 ❑ ❑ + (−1 ) a12 ❑ ❑ + (−1 ) a13 ❑ ❑
a❑ a❑ a❑ a❑ a❑ a❑| | |
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

Or | A|=(−1 )
1+ 1
|
a 11
a22 a 23
a32 a 33 |
1+2
+ (−1 ) a12
a21 a23
a31 a33 | 1+3 a
|a
+ (−1 ) a13 21 22
a 31 a32 | |
Or | A|=a 11 ( a22 a33−a 32 a23 ) −a12 ( a21 a33−a31 a23 ) +a 13(a21 a 32−a31 a22)
Similarly,
Expansion along first C 1

| |
a11 a12 a13
| A|= a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
By expanding along C 1

= (−1 )
1 expanding along st[ aij]3 ×3 eematrix +1
a11
| a22 a23
a32 a33 | 2+1
+ (−1 ) a 21
a12 a13
a32 a33 | |
3+1 a a
+ (−1 ) a31 12 13
a22 a23 | |
= a 11 |a22 a23
a32 a33 | | −a 21
a 12 a13
a 32 a33
a
| |a
+a 31 12 13
a 22 a23 |
Remarks
(i ) For easier calculations, we shall expand the determinant along that row or column which
contains maximum number of zeros.
( ii ) While expanding, instead of multiplying by (−1 )i+ j , we can multiply by +1 or –1
according as (i+ j ) is even or odd.
(iii) Let A =
2 2
4 0 [ ]and B =
1 1
2 0 [ ]
then it is easy to verify that A= 2B. Also
| A|=0−8=−8 and |B|=0−2=−2
Observe that, | A | = 4(– 2) = 22 |B| or |A| = 2n |B |, where n = 2 is the order of square matrices A
and B.
In general, if A = kB where A and B are square matrices of order n, then | A| = k n | B |, where n
= 1, 2, 3

| |
1 2 4
Example 3. Evaluate the determinant ∆= −1 3 0
4 1 0
Solution: Note that in the third column, two entries are zero. So expanding along third column (
C 3), we get

Δ= 4
−1 3
4 1
−0| 1 2
4 1
+0
−1 3| | | |
1 2
|
= 4 (−1−12 )−0+0=−52

| |
0 sin α −cos α
Example 4. Evaluate ∆= −sin α 0 sin β
cos α −sin β 0
Solution: Expanding along R1 , we get
∆=0 |0
−sin β
sin β
0
−sin α
cos α |
−sin α sin β
0| −cos α
−sin α
| 0
cos α −sin β | |
= 0−sin α (−cos α sin β )−cos α (sin α sin β−0)
= sin α cos α sin β−cos α sin α sin β = 0

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

Example 5. Find values of x for which |3x x1|=|34 12|

Solution. We have |3x x1|=|34 12|
2
i.e., 3−x =3−8
2
i.e., x =8
i.e., x=± 2 √ 2
EXERCISE 4.1
Evaluate the determinants in Exercises 1 and 2.
1.
2
−5 −1 |4
|
Solution.

| 2
−5 −1
4
|
expanding along R1 , we get
= −2+20=18

| | | |
2
cos θ −sin θ
2. (i ) (ii) x −x +1 x−1
sinθ cos θ x+1 x+1
Solution.
(i ) |
cos θ −sin θ
sinθ cos θ |
expanding along R1 , we get
= cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ = 1

| |
2
(ii) x −x +1 x−1 expanding along R1 , we get
x+1 x+1
¿ ( x −x +1 ) ( x+1 )−[ (x +1)(x−1) ] = x 3 +1−( x 2−1 ) =x 3−x 2+2
2

3. If A=
1 2
4 2 | |
, then show that |2 A|=4| A|

Solution. |2 A|= | |
2 4
8 4
expanding along R1 , we get
= 8−32=−24 … (1)
4 | A| = 4
1 2
4 2 | |
expanding along R1 , we get

¿ 4 ( 2−8 )=−24 … (2)

From (1) and (2)
|2 A|=4| A|

| |
1 0 1
4. If A= 0 1 2 , then show that |3 A|=27| A|
0 0 4

| |
3 0 3
Solution. |3 A|= 0 3 6 expanding along R1 , we get
0 0 12
3 ( 36 ) −0+3 ( 0−0 )=108 … (1)

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1 0 1
27 0 1 2 expanding along R1 , we get
0 0 4
¿ 27 [ ( 4−0 ) +0+1(1−0) ] = 108 … (2)
From (1) and (2)
|3 A|=27| A|

5. Evaluate the determinants

| | | |
3 −1 −2 3 −4 5
(i) 0 0 −1 (ii) 1 1 −2
3 −5 0 2 3 1

| | | |
0 1 2 2 −1 −2
(iii) −1 0 −3 (iv) 0 2 −1
−2 3 0 3 −5 0

Solution.

| |
3 −1 −2
(i) 0 0 −1 Expanding along R1
3 −5 0

¿ 3 ( 0−5 ) +1 ( 0+ 3 )−2 ( 0−0 )=−15+ 3=−12

| |
3 −4 5
(ii) 1 1 −2 Expanding along R1
2 3 1

¿ 3 ( 1+6 ) + 4 ( 1+4 ) +5 ( 3−2 ) =21+20+5=46

| |
0 1 2
(iii) −1 0 −3 Expanding along R1
−2 3 0

¿ 0−1 ( 0−6 )+ 2 (−3 )=6−6=0

| |
2 −1 −2
(iv) 0 2 −1 Expanding along R1
3 −5 0

¿ 2 ( 0−5 )+ 1 ( 0+ 3 )−2 ( 0−6 )=−10+ 3+12=5

[ ]
1 1 −2
6. If A = 2 1 −3 find | A|
5 4 −9

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1 1 −2
Solution. | A| = 2 1 −3 Expanding along R1
5 4 −9
= 1 (−9+12 )−1 (−18+15 )−2 ( 8−5 )=3+3−6=0

7. Find the values of x, if

(i) | ||
2 4 2x 4
5 1
=
6 x | (ii) |24 35|=|2xx 35|
Solution.
(i) | ||
2 4 2x 4
5 1
=
6 x |
2
2−20=2 x −24
2
⇒ 2 x =6, ⇒ x=± √ 3
(ii) | ||
2 3
=
4 5 2x 5
x 3
|
10−12=5 x−6 x
⇒ x=2

8. If |18x 2x|=|186 26| . then x is equal to

( A) 6 ( B ) ±6 (C) −6 ( D) 0
Solution.
x 2
=| || |
18 1 18 6
6 2

2
x −36=36−36
⇒ x=± 6
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

Properties of Determinants
Property 1. The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are
interchanged.

| |
2 −3 5
Example 6 Verify Property 1 for Δ = 6 0 4
1 5 −7
Solution. Expanding along first row we have

Δ= 2 |05 −74 |−(−3 )|61 −74 |+5|61 05|

= 2 ( 0−20 ) +3 (−42−4 ) +5 ( 30−0 )
= −40−138−150=−28
By interchanging rows and columns, we get

| |
2 6 1
∆ 1 = −3 0 5
5 4 −7
Expanding along first column

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

=2 |04 −75 |− (−3)|64 −71 |+5|60 15|

= 2 ( 0−20 ) +3 (−42−4 )+5 ( 30−0 )
= −40−138−150=−28
Clearly Δ = ∆ 1
Hence, Property1. is verified.
Remark
It follows from above property that if A is a square matrix, then det.(A) = det. (A′),
where A′ = transpose of A.
Note: If Ri=ith row and C j= jthcolumn, then for interchange of row and column we will symbolically
write C j ↔ Ri
Property 2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign of
determinant changes. That is when two rows(or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the
determinant is multiplied by (−1).
Note: We can denote the interchange of rows by Ri ↔ R j and interchange of columns by C i ↔ C j.

| |
2 −3 5
Example 7 Verify Property 1 for Δ = 6 0 4
1 5 −7

| |
2 −3 5
Δ= 6 0 4 = −28 from example 6
1 5 −7
Interchanging R2 and R3i.e. R2 ↔ R3 we have

| |
2 −3 5
∆ 1= 1 5 −7
6 0 4
Expanding ∆ 1 along first row, we have
∆ 1=2 |
5 −7
0 4 | −(−3 )| 1 −7
6 4 | | | +5
1 5
6 0
¿ 2 ( 20−0 )+ 3 ( 4+ 42 ) +5 ( 0−30 )
= 40+ 138−150=28
Property 3. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all corresponding
elements are same), then value of determinant is zero.
Proof. If we interchange the identical rows (or columns) of the determinant Δ, then Δ does not
change. However, by Property 2, it follows that Δ has changed its sign
Therefore, Δ = – Δ
Or Δ =0
Let us verify the above property by an example.

| |
3 2 3
Example 8. Evaluate Δ = 2 2 3
3 2 3
Solution. Expanding along first row, we get
Δ = 3 (6 – 6) – 2 (6 – 9) + 3 (4 – 6) = 0 – 2 (–3) + 3 (–2) = 6 – 6 = 0
Here, R1 and R3 are identical.
Property 4. If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant
k, then its value gets multiplied by k.

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
a1 b 1 c 1
Verification: Let ∆= a2 b 2 c 2
a3 b 3 c 3
Expanding along first row we get
∆=a 1 ( b 2 c 3−b3 c 2) −b1 ( a 2 c 3−c2 a3 ) + c 1 ( a 2 b 3−b2 a3 )

And ∆ 1 be the determinant obtained by multiplying the elements of first row by k . then

| |
ka1 k b 1 k c 1
∆ 1=¿ a2 b 2 c2
a3 b 3 c3
Expanding along first row we get
∆ 1=k a 1 ( b 2 c 3−b3 c2 ) −k b1 ( a 2 c 3−c2 a3 ) + k c 1 ( a 2 b 3−b 2 a3 )
= k [ a1 ( b2 c3 −b3 c 2 )−b 1 ( a2 c3−c 2 a 3 )+ c 1 ( a2 b 3−b 2 a 3 ) ]
=k∆

| || |
ka1 k b 1 k c 1 a1 b1 c1
Hence, a2 b 2 c 2 =k a2 b2 c2
a3 b 3 c3 a3 b3 c3
Remarks.
(i) By this property, we can take out any common factor from any one row or any one
column of a given determinant.
(ii) If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
proportional (in the same ratio), then its value is zero. For example

| |
a1 b 1 ka1
∆= a2 b 2 ka2 = 0 ( Column C 1 and C 3 are proportional )
a3 b 3 ak 3

| |
102 18 36
Example 9. Evaluate 1 3 4
17 3 6
Solution:

| || |
102 18 36 6 (17 ) 6 ( 3 ) 6 ( 6 )
1 3 4 = 1 3 4
17 3 6 17 3 6

| |
17 3 6
¿ 6 1 3 4 = 0 since R1 and R3 are identical
17 3 6
Property 5. If some or all elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as sum of
two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two (or more)
determinants.

| |
a1+ λ1 a2 + λ2 a3 + λ 3
For example, b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| || |
a1 a 2 a3 λ 1 λ 2 λ3
= b 1 b 2 b3 + b 1 b 2 b3
c 1 c2 c 3 c 1 c2 c 3

| |
a1+ λ1 a2 + λ2 a3 + λ 3
Verification. L.H.S= b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Expanding the determinants along the first row, we get

∆=( a1+ λ1 ) ( b2 c 3−b 3 c2 ) −( a2 + λ 2 )( b1 c 3−b3 c 1 ) +(a3 + λ3 )(b 1 c 2−b 2 c 1 )

= a 1 ( b 2 c 3−b3 c 2) −a2 ( b 1 c 3−b 3 c1 ) + a3 (b1 c 2−b 2 c 1 )

+ λ 1 ( b 2 c 3−b3 c 2) −λ2 ( b 1 c 3−b 3 c1 ) + λ3 (b1 c 2−b 2 c 1 ) (by rearranging terms)

| || |
a1 a 2 a3 λ 1 λ 2 λ3
= b 1 b 2 b3 + b 1 b 2 b3 = R.H.S.
c 1 c2 c 3 c 1 c2 c 3

| |
a b c
Example 10. Show that a+2 x b+2 y c+2 z =0
x y z

| |
a b c
Solution: We have a+2 x b+2 y c+2 z
x y z

| || |
a b c a b c
¿ a b c +2x 2 y 2z
x y z x y z

=0+0=0
Property 6. 6 If, to each element of any row or column of a determinant, the equimultiple of
corresponding elements of other row (or column) are added, then value of determinant remains
the same, i.e., the value of determinant remain same if we apply the operation Ri → Ri + k R j or
C i → C j+ k C k.

Verification

| | | |
a1 a 2 a3 a 1+ k c 1 a2 +k c2 a3 +k c 3
Let ∆= b1 b 2 b3 and ∆ 1= b 1 b2 b3
c 1 c2 c 3 c1 c2 c3

Where ∆ 1 is obtained by the operation R1 → R1 + k R3

| |
a a+ b a+b+ c
Example 11. Prove that 2 a 3 a+ 2b 4 a+3 b+ 2 c
3 a 6 a+ 3 b 10 a+ 6 b+3 c

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
Solution:
Now applying R2 → R2 −2 R 1 and R3 → R 3−3 R 1 to the given determinant we get

| |
a a+b a+ b+c
∆= 0 a 2 a+b
0 3 a 7 a+3 b

| |
a a +b a+b +c
= 0 a 2 a+ b applying R3 → R 3−3 R 2
0 0 a

=a |a0 a |
2 a+ b
−0+0 expanding along C 1

a ( a2−0 )=a 3

Example 12. Without expanding, prove that

| |
x+ y y+ z z+ x
∆= z x y =0
1 1 1

Solution: Applying R1 → R1 + R2 to ∆ we get

| |
x+ y+z x+ y+z x+ y+z
∆= z x y
1 1 1

Since elements of R1 and R3 are proportional, hence ∆=0

| |
1 a bc
Example 13. Evaluate ∆= 1 b ca
1 c ab

Solution: Applying R2 → R2 −R 1 and R3 → R 3−R1 to ∆ we get

| |
1 a bc
∆= 0 b−a c (a−b)
0 c−a b(a−c)

| |
1 a bc
∆=(b−a)(c−a) 0 1 −c
0 1 −b

= (b−a)(c−a) [ −b+ c ] expanding along first column

= (a−b)(b−c )(c−a)

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
b +c a a
Example 14. Prove that b c + a b =4 abc
c c a+ b

Solution: Applying R1 → R1 −R 2−R3 we get

| |
0 −2 c −2b
b c+ a b
c c a+b

Expanding along R1 we get

= 2c |bc b
a+b | |
−2 b
b c +a
c c |
= 2 c ( ab+b 2−bc )−2 b (bc−c 2−ca)

= 2 abc +2 c b 2−2 c 2 b−2 b2 c+ 2b c2 +2 abc

= 4 abc

| |
x x 2 1+ x3
2 3
Example 15. If x, y, z are different and ∆= y y 1+ y =0
2 3
z z 1+ z

then show that 1+ xyz=0

| |
x x 2 1+ x3
2 3
Solution: y y 1+ y
2 3
z z 1+ z

| || |
x x2 1 x x2 x3
2 2 3
¿ y y 1+ y y y (using property 5)
2 2 3
z z 1 z z z

| | | |
1 x x2 1 x x2
2
= (−1 ) 1 y
2
y + xyz 1 y y
2
( using C 3 ↔ C2 and then C 1 ↔ C2)
2 2
1 z z 1 z z

| |
1 x x2
2
= 1 y y (1+ xyz )
2
1 z z

| |
1 x x2
( )
= 1+ xyz 0 y−x
2
y −x
2
(Using R2 → R2 −R 1 and R3 → R 3−R1)
2 2
0 z−x z −x

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
2
1 x x
= ( 1+ xyz ) ( y −x)(z−x ) 0 1 y+ x taking ( y−x ) ∧( z−x ) common
0 1 z+ x

= ( 1+ xyz ) ( y−x ) ( z −x )( z+ x− y−x) expanding along C 1

=( 1+ xyz ) ( y−x ) ( z −x )( z− y)
Since, ∆=0 and x , y, z are all different i.e., x− y ≠ 0 , y−z ≠ 0 , z−x ≠ 0 we get
( 1+ xyz )=0
Example 16. Show that

| |
1+ a 1 1
1
1
1+b
1 1+c
1 1 1
a b c (
1 = abc + + =abc +bc +ca+ ab )
Solution: Taking out factors , a , b , c common from R1 , R 2 and R3 we get

| |
1 1 1
+1
a a a
1 1 1
L.H.S= abc +1
b b b
1 1 1
+1
c c c

Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 we have

| |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + 1+ + + 1+ + +
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
= abc +1
b b b
1 1 1
+1
c c c

| |
1 1 1
1 1 1
(
1 1 1
= abc 1+ + +
a b c ) b
1
b
+1
1 1
b
+1
c c c

Now applying C 2 → C2−C 1 , C 3 → C3 −C1 we get

| |
1 0 0
1
(1 1 1
= abc 1+ + +
a b c ) b
1
1 0

0 1
c

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

( 1 1 1
)
¿ abc 1+ + + ( 1−0 )expanding along R1
a b c

= abc (1+ + + ) = abc +bc +ca+ ab = R.H.S

1 1 1
a b c

EXERCISE 4.2
Using the property of determinants and without expanding in Exercises 1 to 7, prove that:

| |
x a x +a
1. y b y+ b =0
z c z +c

| |
x a x +a
Solution: L.H.S = y b y+ b
z c z +c

| |
x+ a x+ a a
= y +b applying C 1 → C1 +C 2
y +b b
z+c z+ c c
=0 [ since C 1=C2 ]

| |
a−b b−c c−a
2. b−c c−a a−b =0
c−a a−b b−c

| |
a−b b−c c−a
Solution: L.H.S = b−c c−a a−b
c−a a−b b−c

| |
a−b+ b−c+ c−a b−c c−a
= b−c +c−a+a−b c−a a−b applying C 1 → C1 +C 2+C 3
c−a+a−b+ bc a−b b−c

| |
0 b−c c−a
= 0 c−a a−b = 0 = R.H.S [ since C 1=0 ]
0 a−b b−c
= R.H.S

| |
2 7 65
3. 3 8 75 =0
5 9 86

| |
2 7 65
Solution: L.H.S = 3 8 75
5 9 86

| |
2 7 0
= 3 8 0 applying C 3 → C3 −(9 C 2+ C1 )
5 9 0
=0 [ since C 3=0 ]
= R.H.S

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1 bc a(b+c )
4. 1 ca b(c+ a) =0
1 ab c (a+ b)

| |
1 bc a(b+c )
Solution: L.H.S = 1 ca b(c+ a)
1 ab c (a+ b)

| |
1 bc a ( b +c ) +bc
= 1 ca b ( c+ a ) +ca applying C 1 → C1 +C 2
1 ab c ( a+b ) + ab

| |
1 bc 1
= ( ab+ bc+ ca ) 1 ca 1 Taking ( ab+ bc+ ca ) common from C 1
1 ab 1
= 0 = R.H.S [ since C 1=C1 ]

| | | |
b+c q +r y+z a p x
5. c+ a r+ p z+x = 2 b q y
a+b p +q x+ y c r z

| |
b+c q +r y+z
Solution: L.H.S = c+ a r+ p z+x
a+b p +q x+ y

| |
2c 2r 2z
= c+ a r+ p z + x [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 −R 3
a+b p +q x+ y

| |
c r z
=2 c+ a r+ p z+x [taking 2 common ¿ R1 ]
a+b p +q x+ y

| |
c r z
=2 a p x [Applying R2 → R2 −R 1]
a+b p +q x+ y

| |
c r z
=2 a p x [Applying R3 → R 3−R2]
b q y

| |
a p x
= −2 c r z [Applying R1 ↔ R2]
b q y

| |
a p x
=2b q y [Applying R2 ↔ R3 ]
c r z
= R.H.S

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
0 a −b
6. −a 0 −c = 0
b c 0

| |
0 a −b
Solution: L.H.S = −a 0 −c Expanding along R1
b c 0
= 0−a ( 0+bc ) −b(−ac−0) = abc−abc=0=R . H . S

| |
−a2 ab ac
2
7. ba −b bc = 4 a2 b2 c 2
2
ca cb −c

| |
−a2 ab ac
2
Solution: L.H.S = ba −b bc
2
ca cb −c

| |
−a b c
¿ abc a −b c [ Taking a, b, c common from R1, R2 and R3]
a b −c

| |
−1 1 1
2 2 2
¿a b c 1 −1 1 [ Taking a, b, c common from C 1, C 2 and C 3]
1 1 1

| |
0 0 2
¿ a b c 1 −1 1
2 2 2
[Applying R1 → R1 + R2 ]
1 1 1
¿ a b c [ 2(1+ 1) ] =4 a b c =R . H . S
2 2 2 2 2 2

By using properties of determinants, in Exercises 8 to 14, show that:

| |
1 a a2
8. (i) 1 b b2 = ( a−b ) ( b−c )( c−a )
2
1 c c

| |
1 1 1
(ii) a b c =(a−b)(b−c )(c−a)(a+b+ c)
3 3 3
a b c

Solution:

| |
1 a a2
( i ) L . H . S= 1 b b 2
2
1 c c

| |
1 a a2
= 0 b−a b2 −a2 applying R2 → R2 −R 1 and R3 → R 3−R1
2 2
0 c−a c −a

| |
2
1 a a
= ( c−a ) ( b−a ) 0 1 b+a
0 1 c +a

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
= ( c−a ) ( b−a ) [ ( c +a )−(b+a) ] Expanding along C 1
= ( a−b )( b−c ) ( c−a ) Rearranging
= R.H.S

| |
x x 2 yz
2
9. y y zx =(x− y)( y −z)(z−x )(xy + yz + zx )
2
z z xy

| |
x x 2 yz
2
Solution: L.H.S = y y zx
2
z z xy

| |
x− y x 2− y 2 yz− zx
y−z y −z zx−xy [applying R1 → R1 −R 2∧R2 → R2 −R 3 ¿
2 2
=
2
z z xy

| |
1 x + y −z
= (x− y )( y−z ) 1 y+ z −x [ Taking ( x− y ) , ( y−z ) common ¿ R1∧R2 ¿
2
z z xy

| |
0 x− z x−z
= (x− y )( y−z ) 1 y + z −x [ applying R1 → R1 −R 2]
2
z z xy

| |
0 −1 −1
= (x− y )( y−z )(z−x ) 1 y + z −x [ Taking ( z−x ) common ¿ R1
2
z z xy
= (x− y )( y−z )(z−x ) [ 0+ ( xy + xz ) −(z 2− yz −z 2) ]
(x− y )( y−z )(z−x ) ( xy + xz + yz ) = R.H.S

| |
x +4 2x 2x
2
10. (i ) 2 x x+4 2 x =( 5 x+ 4 )( 4−x )
2x 2x x+ 4

| |
y+k y y
2
(ii) y y+k y =k (3 y+ k )
y y y +k

| |
x+4 2x 2x
Solution: (i ) L . H . S= 2 x x+ 4 2x
2x 2x x+ 4

| |
5 x +4 5 x +4 5 x +4
= 2x x +4 2 x [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ¿
2x 2x x +4

| |
1 1 1
= (5 x+ 4) 2 x x +4 2x [Taking (5 x+ 4) common from R1]
2x 2x x+4

Page 15 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1 0 0
= (5 x+ 4) 2 x 4−x 0 applying C 2 → C2−C 1 and C 3 → C3 −C1
2x 0 4−x

| |
1 0 0
2
= ( 5 x+ 4 )( 4−x ) 2 x 1 0 [Taking (4−x ) common from C 2 and C 3]
2x 0 1
= ( 5 x+ 4 )( 4−x )2 expanding along R1
= R.H.S

| |
y+ k y y
(ii) L . H . S= y y+ k y
y y y+k

| |
3 y +k 3 y +k 3 y+ ky
¿ y y +k y [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ¿
y y y +k

| |
1 1 1
= ( 3 y +k ) y y +k y
y y y+ k

| |
1 0 0
= ( 3 y +k ) y k 0 applying C 2 → C2−C 1 and C 3 → C3 −C1
y 0 k

| |
1 0 0
2
= ( 3 y +k ) k y 1 0 [Taking k common from C 2 and C 3]
y 0 1
= ( 3 y +k ) k 2 Expanding along R1
= R.H.S

| |
a−b−c 2a 2a
3
11. (i ) 2b b−c−a 2b =( a+ b+c )
2c 2c c−a−b

| |
x + y +2 z x y
3
(ii) z y + z +2 x y =2 ( x + y + z )
z x z+ x +2 y

| |
a−b−c 2a 2a
Solution: (i ) L . H . S= 2b b−c−a 2b
2c 2c c−a−b

| |
a+b+ c a+ b+c a+b+ c
= 2b b−c−a 2b [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ¿
2c 2c c−a−b

| |
1 1 1
= (a+ b+c ) 2b b−c−a 2b [Taking (a+ b+c ) common from R1]
2c 2c c−a−b

Page 16 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1 0 0
= (a+ b+c ) 2b −b−c−a 0 applying C 2 → C2−C 1 and C 3 → C3 −C1
2c 0 −c−a−b

| |
1 0 0
3
= ( a+ b+c ) 2 b −1 0 [Taking (a+ b+c ) common from C 2 and C 3]
2 c 0 −1

= ( a+ b+c )3 (1−0) Expanding along R1

= R.H.S

| |
1 x x2
2
x 1 x = ( 1−x 3 )
2
12.
2
x x 1

| |
1 x x2
Solution: L . H . S= x 2 1 x
2
x x 1

| |
1+ x + x 2 1+ x + x 2 1+ x+ x 2
= x
2
1 x [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ¿
2
x x 1

| |
1 1 1
= ( 1+ x + x ) x
22
1 x [Taking (1+ x + x 2) common from R1]
2
x x 1

| |
1 0 0
¿ ( 1+ x + x ) x 2 1−x 2
2
x−x applying C 2 → C2−C 1 and C 3 → C3 −C1
2

2
x x −x 1−x

| |
1 0 0
¿ ( 1+ x + x ) ( 1−x ) x 1+ x x
2 2
2
[Taking (1−x ) common from C 2 and C 3]
x −x 1

= ( 1+ x + x 2 ) ( 1−x )2 [ 1+ x + x 2 ] Expanding along R1

= ( 1−x 3 )
2
[ ∵ ( 1+ x+ x2 ) ( 1−x ) =(1−x 3 )]

| |
1+ a2−b 2 2 ab −2 b
3
13. 2 ab
2
1−a + b
2
2a = ( 1+a 2+ b2 +c 2 )
2 2
2b −2 a 1−a −b

| |
1+ a2−b 2 2 ab −2 b
2 2
Solution: L . H . S= 2 ab 1−a +b 2a
2 2
2b −2 a 1−a −b

Page 17 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1+ a2 +b 2 0 −2b
= 0
2
1+a +b
2
2a applying C 1 → C1−bC3 , C 2 → C2 +a C 3
2 3 3 2 2 2
b +b a +b −a−a −a b 1−a −b

| |
2
1 0 −2 b
= ( 1+a + b ) 0
2 2
1 2a [Taking (1+a 2+ b2) common from C 1 and C 2]
2 2
b −a 1−a −b

= ( 1+a 2+ b2 ) [ 1 ( 1−a2−b2 +2 a2 ) +0−2 b(−b) ]

2

3
= ( 1+a 2+ b2 )

= R.H.S

| |
a2+ 1 ab ac
2
14. ab b +1 bc = 1+a 2+ b2 +c 2
2
ca cb c + 1

| |
a2+ 1 ab ac
2
Solution: L.H.S = ab b +1 bc
2
ca cb c + 1

| |
2 2
1 a (a¿¿ 2+1)¿ a b a c 2
= 2 b c ¿c 2 a¿c 2 b¿c (c2 +1)¿
abc ab ¿
[ multiplying by a, b, c to R1, R2 and R3 respectively ]

| |
2 2
abc (a¿¿ 2+1)¿ a a 2 2 2 2
== 2 b ¿ c ¿ c ¿(c + 1)¿ [ Taking a, b, c common from C 1, C 2 and
abc b ¿
C 3]

| |
1+ a2+ b2 +c 2 1+ a2+ b2 +c 2 1+a 2+ b2 +c 2
= b2 ( b 2+ 1 ) b2 [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ¿
2 2 2
c c (c +1)

| |
1 1 1
= ¿) b ( b +1 )
2 2
b2 [Taking (1+a 2+ b2 +c 2) common from R1 ]
c2 c2 (c 2+1)

| |
1 0 0
= ¿) b 2 1 0 applying C 2 → C2−C 1 and C 3 → C3 −C1
2
c 0 1
= ¿) [ 1−0 ] Expanding along R1
2 2 2
= (1+a + b +c )
= R.H.S
Choose the correct answer in Exercises 15 and 16.
15. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then | kA| is equal to

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
(A) k| A | (B) k 2 | A | (C) k 3 | A | (D) 3k |A|
Solution: If B is a square matrix of order n × n then |kB|=k |B| n

Therefore,| kA| = k 3| A|=k 3| A|

Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
16. Which of the following is correct?
(A) Determinant is a square matrix.
(B) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix.
(C) Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
(D) None of these
Solution: Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.
Area of a Triangle.
The area of a triangle whose vertices are ( x 1 , y 1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 ),

| |
x y1 1
1 1
∆= x y2 1 … (1)
2 2
x3 y3 1
Remarks.
(i) Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the
determinant in (1).
(ii) If area is given, use both positive and negative values of the determinant for calculation.
(iii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.

Example 17. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (– 4, 2) and (5, 1).
Solution:
The area of triangle is given by

| |
3 8 1
1
∆= −4 2 1
2
5 1 1
1
= [ 3 ( 2−1 )−8 (−4−5 ) +1(−4−10) ]
2
1 61
= [ 3+72−14 ] =
2 2
Example 18. Find the equation of the line joining A (1, 3) and B (0, 0) using determinants and
find k if D (k, 0) is a point such that area of triangle ABD is 3sq units.
Solution: Let P (x, y) be any point on AB. Then, area of triangle ABP is zero. As the point are
Collinear.

| |
0 0 1
1
So, 1 3 1 =0
2
x y 1
1
This gives, ( y−3 x )=0or y = 3x
2
which is the equation of required line AB.
Also, since the area of the triangle ABD is 3 sq. units, we have

Page 19 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
1 3 1
1
0 0 1 =± 3
2
k 0 1
3k
This gives ,− =±3 i . e . , k=∓ 2
2
EXERCISE 4.3
1. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following:
(i ) (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) (ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)
(iii) (–2, –3), (3, 2), (–1, –8)

| |
x y1 1
1 1
Solution: Area of a Triangle = 2 x 2 y 2 1
x3 y3 1
(i ) A(1, 0), B(6, 0),C (4, 3)

| |
1 0 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = 6 0 1
2
4 3 1
1 1
2
[ ( 0−3 )−0 ( 6−4 ) +1 ( 18 ) ] = ( 15 )=7.5 square units.
2
(ii) A (2, 7), B (1, 1) , C (10, 8)

| |
2 7 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = 1 1 1
2
10 8 1

1 1
2
[ 2 ( 1−8 ) −7 ( 1−10 ) +1 ( 8−10 ) ] = ( 47 )=23.5 square units.
2
(iii) A (–2, –3), B (3, 2), C (–1, –8)

| |
−2 −3 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = 3 2 1
2
−1 −8 1
1 1
=
2
[ −2 ( 2+ 8 ) +3 ( 3+1 ) +1 (−24+2 ) ] = (−30 )=−15 square units.
2
Area of a Triangle ABC = 15 square units.
2. Show that points A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear.
Solution: If the points A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear, then the area of
triangle ABC will be zero

| |
a b +c 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = b c+ a 1
2
c a+ b 1

| |
a a+ b+c 1
1
¿ b a+ b+c 1 applying C 2 → C2 +C 1
2
c a+ b+c 1

| |
a 1 1
1
¿ (a+b+ c) b 1 1 [ Taking ( a+ b+c ) common ¿ C 2 ]
2
c 1 1

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
¿0 [ ∵ C2=C 3 ]
Hence, the points A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear.

3. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are

(i ) (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) (ii) (–2, 0), (0, 4), (0, k)
Solution: (i ) A (k, 0), B (4, 0), C (0, 2)

| |
k 0 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = 4 0 1
2
0 2 1
1 1
= [ k ( 0−2 )−0 ( 4−0 ) +1 ( 8−0 ) ] = (−2 k +8 )=−k + 4
2 2
According to question. Area of triangle ABC = 4 square units
Therefore, |−k +4|=4 ⇒−k + 4=± 4
⇒−k + 4=4∨−k +4=−4
⇒ k=0∨k =8
Hence , the values of k are 0∧8
(ii) A (–2, 0), B (0, 4), C (0, k)

| |
−2 0 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = 0 4 1
2
0 k 1
1 1
= [ −2 ( 4−k )−0 ( 0−0 ) +1 ( 0−0 ) ] = (−8+2 k )=−4 +k
2 2
According to question. Area of triangle ABC = 4 square units
Therefore, |k−4|=4 ⇒ k−4=± 4
⇒ k−4=4 ork −4=−4
⇒ k=8∨k =0
Hence , the values of k are 0∧8
4. (i ) Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants.
(ii) Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants.
Solution: (i ) Let P (x , y ) be any point lie on the line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6). Hence, the
points
A, B and P will be collinear and area of triangle will be zero.

| |
1 2 1
1
Therefore, Area of a Triangle ABP = 3 6 1 =0
2
x y 1
1
⇒ [ 1 ( 6− y ) −2 ( 3−x ) + ( 3 y−6 x ) ] = 0
2
⇒ 6− y−6+2 x+3 y −6 x=0
⇒−4 x+2 y=0
⇒ 2 x= y

(ii) Let P (x , y ) be any point lie on the line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6). Hence, the points
A, B and P will be collinear and area of triangle will be zero.

| |
3 1 1
1
Therefore, Area of a Triangle ABP = 9 3 1 =0
2
x y 1

Page 21 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
1
⇒
2
[ 3 ( 3− y ) −1 ( 9−x ) +1 ( 9 y−3 x ) ] = 0
⇒ 9−3 y + x+ 9 y−3 x=0
⇒−2 x+ 6 y=0
⇒ x=3 y
5. If area of triangle is 35 Sq. units with vertices (2, – 6), (5, 4) and (k, 4). Then k is
(A) 12 (B) –2 (C) –12, –2 (D) 12, –2
Solution. A (2, – 6), B (5, 4), C (k, 4).

| |
2 −6 1
1
Area of a Triangle ABC = 5 4 1
2
k 4 1
1 1
= [ 2 ( 4−4 ) +6 ( 5−k ) +1 ( 20−4 k ) ] = ( 30−6 k +20−4 k )=25−5 k
2 2
According to question. Area of triangle ABC = 35 square units
Therefore, |25−5 k|=35 ⇒ 25−5 k=± 35
⇒ 25−5 k=35∨25−5 k=−35
⇒−5 k =10∨−5 k =−60
⇒ k=−2∨k=12
Hence , The option (D) is the correct answer.
Minors and Cofactors.
Definition 1. Minor of an element a ij of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith
row and jth column in which element a ij lies. Minor of an element a ij is denoted by M ij
Remark. Minor of an element of a determinant of order n (n ≥ 2) is a determinant of order n – 1
Definition 2. Cofactor of an element a ij, denoted by Aij is defined by Aij = (−1 )i+ jMij ,
Where M ijis minor of a ij.

| |
1 2 3
Example 19 Find the minor of element 6 in the determinant Δ = 4 5 6
7 8 9
Solution. Since 6 lies in the second row and third column, its minor M 23is given by
M 23=
1 2
7 8| | =8−14=−6

Example 20. Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the determinant | 1 −2
4 3 |
Solution. Minor of the element a ij is M ij
Here, a 11=1. So , M 11 =3
M 12 = 4
M 21 = −2

M 22 = 1

Now, cofactor of a ij is Aij . So

1+1 2
A11 =(−1 ) M 11=(−1 ) ( 3 )=3
1 +2 3
A12=(−1 ) M 12=(−1 ) ( 4 )=−4
2 +1 3
A21=(−1 ) M 21=(−1 ) (−2 )=2

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
2 +2 2+ 2
A22=(−1 ) M 22=(−1 ) ( 1 )=1

Example 22. Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant

| |
2 −3 5
6 0 4 and verify that a 11 A 31 + a 12 A 32+ a13 A 33 = 0
1 5 −7

Solution. We have M 11= |05 47|=−20 ; A =( 0−20)=−20

11

M 12= |61 −74 |=46 ; A =−(−42−4 )=46

12

=|
1 5|
6 0
M 13 =30 ; A =( 30−0 )=30
13

=|
5 −7|
−3 5
M 21 =( 21−25 )=−4 ; A =−(−4 )=4 21

=|
1 −7|
2 5
M 22 =(−14−5 )=−19 ; A =(−19 )=−19 22

=|
1 5|
2 −3
M 23 = ( 10+3 )=13 ; A =−( 13 )=−13
23

=|
0 4|
−3 5
M 31 = (−12−0 )=−12; A = (−12 )=−12 31

=|
6 4|
2 5
M 32 = ( 8−30 )=−22 ; A =−(−22 )=22 32

=|
6 0|
2 −3
M 33 =( 0+18 )=18 ; A =( 18 )=18 33

Now, a 11 A 31 + a 12 A 32+ a13 A 33 = 2 (−12 ) + (−3 ) ( 22 ) + ( 5 ) ( 18 )=24−66+ 90=0

EXERCISE 4.4
Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

1. ( i ) |20 −43 | | |
( ii ) a c
b d

Solution. ( i ) |20 −43 |

Minor of an element a ij is M ij, and the cofactor is Aij = (−1 )i+ j M ij therefore,
Minor of an element a 11 is M 11=3 , and the cofactor is A11= M 11=3
Minor of an element a 12 is M 12=0, and the cofactor is A12= (−1 )1+2 M 12=0
Minor of an element a 21 is M 21=−4 , and the cofactor is A21= −M 21=4
Minor of an element a 22 is M 22=2, and the cofactor is A22= M 22=2

Page 23 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
( ii ) a c
b d
Minor of an element a ij is M ij, and the cofactor is Aij = (−1 )i+ j M ❑therefore,
Minor of an element a 11 is M 11=d , and the cofactor is A11= M 11=d
1+2
Minor of an element a 12 is M 12=b, and the cofactor is A12= (−1 ) M 12=−b
Minor of an element a 21 is M 21=c , and the cofactor is A21= −M 21=−c
Minor of an element a 22 is M 22=a, and the cofactor is A22= M 22=a

| | | |
1 0 0 1 0 4
2. ( i ) 0 1 0 ( ii ) 3 5 −1
0 0 1 0 1 2
Solution.

| |
1 0 0
(i) 0 1 0
0 0 1

M 11= |10 01|= (1−0)=1, M =|00 01|=( 0−0)=0, M =|00 01|=( 0) =0

12 13

=|
1 0|
=( 0−1 )=−1, M =|
0 1|
=( 1−0 )=1, M =|
0 0|
0 0 1 0 1 0
M 21 22 =( 0 ) =0
23

=| |=0, M =| |=0=¿, M =|
0 1|
0 0 1 0 1 0
M 31 32 =1
33
1 0 0 0

Aij = (−1 )i+ j M ❑therefore

A11 =( 1 )=1, A12=−( 0 )=0 , A13=( 0 )=0
A21=− (−1 )=1 , A22=( 1 ) =1 , A23=− ( 0 )=0
A31=( 0 )=0 , A32=−( 0 ) 0 , A33=( 1 ) =1

| |
1 0 4
( ii ) 3 5 −1
0 1 2
Here ,
M 11= | |
5 −1
1 2
=( 11) =11, M 12= |
3 −1
0 2 | | |
= ( 6 ), M 13=
3 5
0 1
=3

M 21= | |
0 4
1 2
= ( 0−4 ) =−4 , M 22=
1 4
0 2| | | |
=2, M 23=
1 0
0 1
=( 1−0 )=1

M 31= | |
0 4
5 −1
= ( 0−20 )=−20, M 32=
1 4
| |
3 −1 | |
=(−13 ), M 33=
1 0
0 1
=( 1−0 )=1

Aij = (−1 )i+ j M ❑therefore

A11 =( 11 ) =¿, A12=−( 6 )=−6 , A13=( 3 )=3
A21=− (−4 )=4 , A22=( 2 ) =2 , A23=− (1 )=−1
A31=(−20 )=−20 , A32=−(−13 )=13 , A33=( 1 ) =1

Page 24 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
5 3 8
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate Δ = 2 0 1
1 2 3

| |
5 3 8
Solution. Δ = 2 0 1
1 2 3
Here, a 21=2, a 22=0 , a23=1 and
A21=− | |
3 8
2 3
=−( 9−16 )=7

A22= | |
5 3
1 3
= 15−3=12

A23=− | |
5 3
1 2
= −( 10−3 )=−7

Now a 21 A 21+ a22 A 22+ a23 A 23=2 ( 7 )+ 0 ( 12 )+ ( 1 )(−7 )=7

| |
1 x yz
4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate Δ = 1 y zx
1 z xy

| |
1 x yz
Solution. Δ = 1 y zx = a 13 A13+ a 23 A23 +a3 A3
1 z xy
Here, a 13= yz ,a 23=zx , a33=xy
A13= | |
1 y
1 z
=( z− y )

A23=− | |
1 x
1 z
=− ( z−x )=x−z

A33= | |
1 x
1 y
=( y−x )

| |
1 x yz
Therefore, Δ = 1 y zx = a 13 A13+ a 23 A23 +a3 A3
1 z xy
= ( zy ) ( z− y ) + ( zx ) ( x−z )+ xy ( y−x )
= ( y z 2− y 2 z + x 2 z− z2 x+ x y 2−x 2 y )
= z x 2−x 2 y−x z 2 + x y 2+ y z 2− y 2 z
= x 2 ( z− y )−x ( z 2− y 2) + yz ( z− y )
= ( y− z) [ x 2−xz −xy + yz ]
= ( y− z) [ x ( x−z )− y ( x −z) ]
= ( x− y ) ( y−z ) ( z−x )

| |
a11 a12 a13
5. If Δ = a21 a22 a23 and Aij is cofactor of a ij, then value of Δ is given by
a31 a32 a33
(A) a 11 A 31 + a 12 A 32 + a 13 A33 (B) a 11 A 11 + a 12 A 21 + a 13 A31

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
(C) a 21 A 11 + a 22 A 12 + a 23 A13 (D) a 11 A 11 + a 21 A 21 + a 31 A 31

| |
a11 a12 a13
Solution. The value of Δ = a21 a22 a23 is given by a 11 A 11 + a 21 A 21 + a 31 A 31
a31 a32 a33
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.
Adjoint of a matrix.
Definition 3. The Adjoint of a matrix A = [ a ij ]n × n is defined as the transpose of the matrix[ Aij ]n ×n
where Aij is the cofactor of the element a ij, Adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj A

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
Let A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

[ ][ ]
A11 A12 A 13 A11 A21 A 31
Then adj A=Transpose of A 21 A22 A 23 = A 12 A22 A 32
A 31 A32 A 33 A 13 A23 A 33

Example 23. Find adjA for A = [ 21 34]

Solution. We have A 11=4 , A12=−1, A21=−3 , A22=2

[ ][ ]
'
4 −1 4 −3
adj A= =
−3 2 −1 2

Remark. For a square matrix of order 2, given by

A= [ a11 a12
a21 22 ]
The adjA can be obtained by interchanging a 11 and a 22 and by changing the sighs of a 12 and a 21

Theorem 1 If A be any given square matrix of order n, then

A ( adj A )= ( adj A ) A=¿ A∨I where I is the identity matrix of order n.
Definition 4 A square matrix A is said to be singular if A = 0.

For example, the determinant of matrix A = [ 14 28] is zero. Hence A is singular matrix.
Definition 5 A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if A ≠ 0

Let A = [ 13 24] then |A|=|13 42|=4−6=−2 ≠0, Hence A is non-singular matrix.

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
Theorem 2 If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are also
non-singular matrices of the same order
Theorem 3 The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their respective
determinants, that is, | AB|= |A| |B| , where A and B are square matrices of the same order

Note: If A is a square matrix of order n, then |adj A|=| A|n−1

Theorem 4 A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular matrix

−1 1
If A is non- singular matrix then its invers is given by A = adj A
| A|

[ ]
1 3 3
Example 24. If A = 1 4 3 , then verify that adj A=| A| I .Also find A−1
1 3 4

Solution. We have | A|=1 ( 16−9 )−3 ( 4−3 )+ 3 ( 3−4 )=7−3−3=1 ≠ 0

|43 34|=( 16−9)= 7 , A =−|11 34|=−( 4−3) =−1

Now A11 = 12

A =| |=( 3−4 ) =−1 , A =−| |=−( 12−9 )= -3 , A =|

1 4|
1 4 3 3 1 3
13 21 22 =1
1 3 3 4

A =−| |=0 , A =| |= ( 9−12 ) =−3 , A =−|

1 3|
1 3 3 3 1 3
23 31 32 =0
1 3 4 3

A =|
1 4|
1 3
33 =( 4−3 ) =1

[ ]
7 −3 −3
adj A= −1 1 0
−1 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
1 3 3 7 −3 −3 7−3−3 −3+3+ 0 −3+0+3
Now A . adj A= 1 4 3 −1 1 0 = 7−4−3 −3+4 +0 −3+0+3
1 3 4 −1 0 1 7−3+4 −3+3+ 0 −3+0+1

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 1 0 =I 0 1 0 =| A|
0 0 1 0 0 1

−1 1
A =

[ ][ ]
7 −3 −3 7 −3 −3
Also 1
¿ A∨¿ adj A= −1 1 0 = −1 1 0 ¿
1
−1 0 1 −1 0 1

Theorem 5. If A and B are non-singular matrices then ( AB )−1=B−1 A−1

Example 25. If A = [ 21 −43 ] and B =[−11 −23 ] , then verify that ( AB ) −1 −1

=B A
−1

Page 27 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

Solution. We have AB = [ 2 3
][
1 −2 −1
1 −4 −1 3
=
5
][
5 −14 ]
| AB| = −11≠ 0 , ( AB )−1 ∃ and is given by

( AB )−1=
1
| AB|
adj( AB) =
−1 −14 −5
11 −5 −1 [
… (1) ]
Further| A|=−11≠ 0∧|B|=1 ≠ 0. Therefore A−1 and B−1both exists. And are given by

−1
A =
[
−1 −4 −3
11 −1 2
−1
,B = ] [ ]
3 2
1 1

11 [ 1 1 ] [−1 2 ] 11 [ −4−1 ] [ ]
−1 −1 −1 3 2 −4 −3 −1 −12−2 −9+ 4 −1 −14 −5
B A = = = … (2)
−3+ 2 11 −5 −1

¿ (1) and (2)

( AB )−1=B−1 A−1
Hence , verified .

Example 26. Show that the matrix A = [ 21 32] satisfies the equation A −4 A+ I =O ,
2

Where I is a 2 ×2 identity matrix and O is 2 ×2 Zero matrix . Using this equation, find A−1

Solution. We have A = [ 21 32] [ 21 32]=[ 4+3

2
2+2 3+4
6+6
] =
[ 4 7]
7 12

Hence, A −4 A+ I =[ ] [ ] +[
0 1]
2 7 12 8 12 1 0
−
4 7 4 8

=[ ] =[
0 0]
7−8+ 1 12−12+0 0 0
=O
4−4+0 7−8+1

Now, A2−4 A+ I =O
A . A−4 A+ I =O

Or −1 −1
A . A A −4 A A + I A =O A
−1 −1
(Post multiplying by A−1 because | A|≠ 0 )
−1
Or A . I −4 I + A =O

Or
−1
A =( 4 I − A )=
[ 40 04 ]−[ 21 32]=[−12 −32 ]
Hence, A =
−1
[−12 −32 ]
EXERCISE 4.5
Find adjoint of each of the matrices in Exercises 1 and 2.

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

1. [ 13 24]
Solution. Here, A= [ 13 24], therefore, A = 4, A
11 12=¿−3 , A21 =−2 , A 22 =1 ¿

Adj A=
[−34 −21 ]

[ ]
1 −1 2
2. 2 3 5
−2 0 1

[ ]
1 −1 2
Solution. Here, A= 2 3 5
−2 0 1

|30 51|=3, A =−|−22 51|=−12 , A =|−22 30| = 6

A11 = 12 13

A =−| |=1 , A =| | =5 , A =−|

−2 0 |
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
21 22 = 2,
23
0 1 −2 1
A =| |=−11, A =−| |=−1 , A =|
2 3|
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
31 32 =5 33
3 5 2 5

[ ]
3 1 −11
Adj A= −12 5 −1
6 2 5

Verify A ( Adj A )= ( Adj A ) A in Exercises 3 and 4

[ ]
1 −1 2
3.
2
[ 3
−4 −6 ] 4. 3 0 −2
1 0 3

Solution.

Solution. Here, A= [−42 −63 ], therefore, A = −6, A 11 12=¿4 , A21 =−3 , A22 =2 ¿

| A|=−12+12=0

Adj A=
[−64 −32 ]
A ( adjA ) =¿= [
−4 −6 ][ 4 2 ] [ 24−24 ][ ]
2 3 −6 −3 −12+12 −6+ 6 0 0
= =
12−12 0 0

| A| I =0 [ 1 0 ]=[ 0 0 ]
0 1 0 0

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

4 [
( adjA ) A= −6 −3 2 3
2 −4 −6
= ][
−12+12 −18+18
8−8 12−12
=
0 0
0 0 ][ ][ ]
Hence, A ( Adj A )= ( Adj A ) A

[ ]
1 −1 2
4. Solution: Here A= 3 0 −2
1 0 3

| A|=1 ( 0 ) +1 ( 9+2 ) +2 ( 0 )=11

|00 −2
A11 =
−2|= 0, A =−|
3 −2
1 3 | = -11, A =|
21
1 0|
3 0
=0 13

A =−| |=2 A =| |=1 A =−|

1 0|
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
21 22 =−1 23
1 0 1 3

A =| |=2 A =−| |=6 , A =|

3 0|
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
31 32 =3 33
0 −2 3 0

[ ]
0 2 2
Adj A= −11 1 6
0 −1 3

[ ][ ]
1 −1 2 0 2 2
A ( adjA )=¿ 3 0 −2 −11 1 6
1 0 3 0 −1 3

[ ][ ]
0+ 11+0 3−1−2 2−8+6 11 0 0
¿ 0+0+ 0 9+0+ 2 6+ 0−6 = 0 11 0
0+0+ 0 3+0−3 2+9 0 0 11

[ ][ ]
0 2 2 1 −1 2
( adjA ) A= −11 1 6 3 0 −2
0 −1 3 1 0 3

[ ][ ]
0+ 9+2 0+0+0 0−6+ 6 11 0 0
= −11+3+8 11+ 0+0 −22−2+24 = 0 11 0
0−3+3 0+0+0 0+2+9 0 0 11

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 11 0 0
| A| I =11 0 1 0 = 0 11 0
0 0 1 0 0 11

Hence, A ( Adj A )= ( Adj A ) A

Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists) given in Exercises 5 to 11.

5. [ 24 −23 ]
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

Solution. Here, A= [ 24 −23 ] therefore, A = 3, A

11 12=¿− 4 , A 21=2 , A 22 =2¿

| A|=6+ 8=14 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.

−1
A =
1
| A|
adjA=
[
1 3 2
14 −4 2 ]
6. [−1
−3 2 ]
5

Solution.

Here, A= [−1
−3 2 ]
5
therefore, A = 2, A
11 12=¿3 , A21 =−5 , A 22 =−1¿

| A|=−2+15=13 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.
−1
A =
1
| A|
adjA=
[
1 2 −5
13 3 −1 ]

[ ]
1 2 3
7. 0 2 4
0 0 5

[ ]
1 2 3
Solution. Here, A = 0 2 4
0 0 5
| A|=10−2 ( 0 ) +3 ( 0 )=10 ≠ 0

| |
A11 =
2 4
0 5 | |
=10, A12= | |
0 4
0 5
=0 A13=
0 2
0 0
=0

A21= | |
2 3
0 5
=−10 A22= | | | |
1 3
0 5
=5 , A23=
1 2
0 0
=0

A31= | |
2 3
2 4 | |
=8−6=2 , A32= | |
1 3
0 4
=−4. A33=
1 2
0 2
=2

−1 1
A =

[ ]
10 −10 2
1
¿ A∨¿ adj A= 0 5 −4 ¿
10
0 0 2

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
1 0 0
8. 3 3 0
5 2 −1

[ ]
1 0 0
Solution. Here, A = 3 3 0
5 2 −1
| A|=1 (−3 ) +0+ 0=−3 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.

|32 −10 |=−3, A =−|35 −10 |=3, A =|35 32|=¿ −9

A11 = 12 13

A =| |=0, A =| | =−1, A =|
5 2|
0 0 1 0 1 0
21 22 =−2 23
2 −1 5 −1
A =| | =0 , A =| |=0 , A =|
3 3|
0 0 1 0 1 0
31 32 =3 33
3 0 3 0

[ ]
−3 0 0
1 −1
∴ A−1= adjA = 3 −1 0
| A| 3
−9 −2 3

[ ]
2 1 3
9. 4 −1 0
−7 2 1

Solution.
| A|=2 (−1−0 )−1 ( 4−0 )+3 ( 8−7 ) =−2−4+3=−3 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃
A11 = |
−1 0
2 1 |
=−1, A12=−
4 0
−7 1
=−4 , A13= |
4 −1
−7 2
=8−7=1 | | |
A21=− | |
1 3
2 1
=−( 1−6 )=5, A22=
2 3
−7 1
=23 , A23=−
2 1
−7 2 |
=−11 | | |
A31= | |
1 3
−1 0
=3, A32=−
2 3
4 0
=12, A33=
2 1
4 −1 | |
=−6 | |
[ ]
−1 5 3
1 −1 −1
∴ A = adjA = −4 23 12
| A| 3
1 −11 −6

[ ]
1 −1 2
10 . 0 2 −3
3 −2 4

Solution.
| A|=¿ 1 ( 8−6 ) +1 ( 0+9 ) +2 ( 0−6 )=2+ 9−12=−1≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃
A11 = |
2 −3
−2 4
=2, A12=−| 0 −3
−2 4
=6 , A13=|0 2
3 −2
=−6 | | |
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

|−1
A21=
−2 4|
2
=0, A =|
3 4|
1 2
=4−6=−2, A =−|
22
3 −2|
1 −1
=−(−2+3 )=−1 23

A =|
2 −3|
=−1, A =−|
0 −3|
=3 , A =|
0 2|
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
31 =2
32 33

[ ][ ]
2 0 −1 −2 0 1
1
∴ A−1= adjA = − −9 −2 3 = 9 2 −3
| A| −6 −1 2 6 1 −2

[ ]
1 0 0
11. 0 cos α sin α
0 sin α −cos α

Solution.
| A|=¿ 1 ¿) = −¿) = −1 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃

|cos
A11 =
α sin α
sin α −cos α |= (−cos α −sin α )=−1 , A =|
20
0
2
12
sin α
−cos α |
=¿0

, A =|
0 sin α |
0 cos α
13 =¿ 0

A21= |sin0 α 0
−cos α |
=0, A22=
1 0
0 −cos α |
=−cos α , A23=−
1
|0
0 sin α
=−sin α | |
A31= |cos0 α 0
sinα|=0 , A32=−
1 0
0 sinα |
=−sin α , A33=
1
| 0
0 cosα
=cos α | |

[ ][ ]
−1 0 0 1 0 0
1
∴ A−1= adjA = −1 0 −cos α −sin α = 0 cos α sin α
| A|
0 −sin α cos α 0 sin α −cos α

12. Let A = [ 32 75 ] and B = [ 67 89], verify that ( AB ) −1

=B A
1 −1

Solution. A11= 5, A12=−2 , A21=−7 , A22=3

| A|=15−14=1 ∴ A −1 ∃.
A =
−1
[−25 −73 ]
. B11= 9 , B12=−7 , B 21=−8 , B22=6
|B|=54−56=−2 ≠ 0 ∴ B−1 ∃.
B =
−1
[
−1 9 −8
2 −7 6 ] [−25 −73 ]= −12 [−47
61 −87
67 ]
… (1)

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
−1
B A =
−1
[ ]
−1 9 −8
2 −7 6

AB = [ ][ ] [
3 7 6 8
2 5 7 9
=
67 87
47 61 ]
| AB|=| A||B|=1 (−2 ) =−2≠ 0 ∴ ( AB )−1 ∃.
C 11= 61 , C 12=−47 , C 21=−87 , C 22=67
( AB )−1=
−1 61 −87
2 −47 67 [ … (2) ]
−1 1 −1
Hence , ( AB ) =B A

13. If A = [−13 12], show that A −5 A+ 7 I =O. Hence find A

2 −1

Solution. Here,[
−1 2 ]
3 1

2
L . H . S= A −5 A +7 I =
[−13 12][−13 12]−5[−13 12]+ 7[ 10 01]
¿
[−5 3] [−5 10] [0 7] [ −5+5 3+ 7−10 ] [ 0 0 ]=O=R . H . S
8 5
−
15 5
+
7 0
=
15−15 5−5
=
0 0

14. For the matrix A= [

1 1]
3 2 2
, find the numbers a and b such that A +aA +bI =O

Solution. Given that A2 +aA +bI =O

[ 31 21] [31 21]+ a[ 31 21]+ b[ 10 01]=[ 00 00]

⇒
[114 83 ]+[ 3aa 2aa]+[ b0 0b]=[ 00 00]
¿ equality of matrices .
⇒ 11+ 3 a+b=0 , 4 +a+0=0 , 8+2 a+ 0=0 , 3+a +b=0
⇒ a=−4 ,
¿ 3−4+ b=1 , ⇒ b=1

[ ]
1 1 1
15. For matrix A = 1 2 −3
2 −1 3

Verify that A3 −6 A 2 +5 A +11 I =O∧¿ hence find A−1

[ ][ ]
1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution. A2 = 1 2 −3 1 2 −3
2 −1 3 2 −1 3

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ][ ]
1+ 1+ 2 1+2−1 1−3+3 4 2 1
¿ 1+2−6 1+ 4+3 1−6−9 = −3 8 −14
2−1+ 6 2−2−3 2+3+ 9 7 −3 14

[ ][ ]
4 2 1 1 1 1
3 2
¿ A = A A= −3 8 −14 1 2 −3
7 −3 14 2 −1 3

[ ]
4+2+2 4+ 4−1 4−6+3
¿ −3+ 8−28 −3+16+ 14 −3−24−42
7−3+28 7−6−14 7+ 9+42

[ ]
8 7 1
= −23 27 69
32 −13 58
L.H.S = A3 −6 A 2 +5 A +11 I

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
8 7 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
¿ −23 27 69 −6 −3 8 −14 +5 1 2 −3 +11 0 1 0
32 −13 58 7 −3 14 2 −1 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
8 7 1 24 12 6 5 5 5 11 0 0
¿ −23 27 69 − −18 48 −84 + 5 10 −15 + 0 11 0
32 −13 58 42 −18 84 10 −5 15 0 0 11

[ ]
8−24 +5+11 7−12+5+ 0 1−6+5+ 0
¿ −23+ 18+5+0 27−48+10+11 −69+ 84−15+ 0
32−42+10+0 −13+18−5+ 0 58−84 +15+11

[ ]
0 0 0
¿ 0 0 0 =O=R . H . S
0 0 0
3 2 3 2
A −6 A +5 A +11 I =O ⇒ A −6 A +5 A=−11I
3 2
⇒ 11 I =− A + 6 A −5 A
−1 −1 2 −1 −1
3
⇒ 11 I A =− A . A +6 A A −5 AA Post multiplying by A−1
−1 2 −1 −1
⇒ 11 A =− A . A . A + 6 A . A . A −5 I
−1 2
⇒ 11 A =− A +6 AI −5 I

[ ][ ][ ]
4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
−1
⇒ 11 A =¿ - −3 8 −14 +6 1 2 −3 −5 0 1 0
7 −3 14 2 −1 3 0 0 1

[ ]
6−5−4 −2+6+0 −1+ 6+0
−1
⇒ 11 A = 3+6−0 −8+12−5 14−18−0
−7+ 12−0 3−6−0 −14 +18−5

[ ]
−3 4 5
−1
⇒ 11 A = 9 −1 −4
5 −3 −1

[ ]
−3 4 5
−1 1
⇒A = 9 −1 −4
11
5 −3 −1

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
2 −1 1
16. If A = −1 2 −1
1 −1 2
Verify that A3 −6 A 2 +9 A−4 I =O∧¿ hence find A−1

[ ][ ]
2 −1 1 2 −1 1
Solution. A = −1 2 −1 −1 2 −1
2

1 −1 2 1 −1 2

[ ][ ]
4 +1+ 1 −2−2−1 2+1+2 6 −5 5
=
−2−2−1 1+4 +1 −1−2−2 −5 6 −5
2+1+2 −1−2−2 1+1+ 4 5 −5 6

[ ][ ]
6 −5 5 2 −1 1
2
A A= −5 6 −5 −1 2 −1
5 −5 6 1 −1 2

[ ][ ]
12+5+5 −6−10−5 6+ 5+10 22 −21 21
= −10−6−5 5+ 12+5 −5−6−10 = −21 22 −21
10+5+ 6 −5−10−6 5+ 5+12 21 −21 22
3 2
L.H.S = A −6 A +9 A−4 I

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
22 −21 21 6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
= −21 22 −21 −6 −5 6 −5 + 9 −1 2 −1 −4 0 1 0
21 −21 22 5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
22 −21 21 36 −30 36 18 −9 9 4 0 0
= −21 22 −21 − −30 36 −30 + −9 18 −9 − 0 4 0
21 −21 22 30 −3 36 9 −9 18 0 0 4

[ ]
22−36+18−4 −21+30−9+0 21−30+ 9+ 0
= −21+30−9−0 22−36+18−4 −21+30−9
21−30+ 9−0 −21+30−9−0 22−36+18−4

[ ]
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =O = R.H.S
0 0 0
3 2 3 2
A −6 A +9 A−4 I =O ⇒ 4 I = A +6 A + 9 A
−1 −1 −1 −1
2
⇒ 4 I A = A A A . −6 A . A A +9 A A Post multiplying by A−1
−1 2
⇒ 4 I A = A −6 A +9 I

[ ][ ][ ]
6 −5 5 2 −1 1 9 0 0
−1
⇒ 4 I A = −5 6 −5 −6 −1 2 −1 + 0 9 0
5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 9

[ ]
6−12+ 9 −5+ 6+0 5−6+ 0
−1
⇒ 4 A = −5+6+ 0 6−12+9 −5+6+ 0
5−6 +0 −5+ 6+0 6−12+ 9

[ ]
3 1 −1
−1 1
⇒A = 1 3 1
4
−1 1 3

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

17. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then |adj A| is equal to

2 3
(A) | A | (B) | A| (C) | A| (D) 3|A|
n−1
Solution. For a non-singular square matrix of order n × n, |adj A|=| A|
2
Therefore for non-singular square matrix of order 3 × 3, |adj A|=| A|
Hence, the option (B) is the correct answer.
18. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det ( A−1) is equal to
1
(A) det ( A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 0
det ⁡( A)
−1 1
Solution. Given matrix is i invertible, hence A = adj A
| A|
The order of matrix is 2, so let A =
a b
c d [ ]
Therefore, | A|=ad −bc

[ ]
a b
−1
A =
1
| A|
adj A=
| A| −c a
=
[
1 d −b | A| | A|
c d ]
| A| | A|
1 1 1
−1
det ( A ) = ( ad−bc ) = | A|=
| A|
2
| A|
2
| A|
Hence, the option (B) is the correct answer.

Applications of Determinants and Matrices

Consistent system. A system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution (one or more) exists.
Inconsistent system. A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not exist.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS USING A MATRIX

Consider the system of equations
a1 x + b1 y+ c1 z= d1

a2 x + b2 y+ c2 z= d2

a 3 x+ b 3 y + c 3 z= d 3

[ ] [] [ ]
a1 b1 c1 x d1
Let A = a2 b2 c2 X = y and B = d 2
a3 b3 c3 z d3

Then the system of equations can be written as AX = B. i.e.,

Page 37 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ][ ] [ ]
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a2 b2 c2 y = d2
a3 b3 c3 z d3

Case 1: If A is a non - singular matrix then its inverse exists. Now

AX = B
−1 −1
A (AX ) = A B
¿ ¿ . A )X = A−1B

I X.= A−1B or

X.= A−1B
This matrix equation provides unique solution for the given system of equations as inverse of a
matrix is unique. This method of solving system of equations is known as Matrix Method.
Case II : If A is a singular matrix then | A| = 0
In this case we calculate ( AdjA).B
If ( Adj A).B ≠ 0 O being null matrix then solution does not exist and the system is called
inconsistent
If ( Adj A).B ¿ O , O being null matrix then solution ,then system may be either consistent or
inconsistent , according as the system have either infinitely many solutions or no solution.
Type 1 problems based on solution of linear equations using inverse of co-efficient of matrix
Example 28. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method.
3 x−2 y +3 z=8
2 x+ y−z=1
4 x−3 y +2 z=4
Solution The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where

[ ] [] []
3 −2 3 x 8
A = 2 1 −1 , X = y and B = 1
4 −3 2 z 4

We see that
| A|=3 ( 2−3 )+ 2 ( 4+ 4 ) +3 (−6−4 )=−3+16−30=−17 ≠ 0
Hence, A−1 exists.

A11 =|−31 −1
−2|=(−2−3 ) =−5, A =−|
2 −1
4 2 |
12=−8, A =|
4 −3|
2 1
=−10 13

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
A21=−|−2
−3 2|
3
=−(−4+ 9 )=−5 , A =|
4 2|
3 3
=−6 , A =|
4 −3|
3 −2
22 =−(−9+ 8 )=1,23

A =|
1 −1|
=−1, A =|
2 −1|
=9, A =|
2 1|
−2 3 3 3 3 −2
31 32 =7, 33

[ ]
−1 −5 −1
−1 −1
Therefore , A = −8 −6 9
17
−10 1 7

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
−1 −5 −1 8 −17 1
−1 −1 −1
So, X= A B= −8 −6 9 1 = −34 = 2
17 17
−10 1 7 4 −51 3

[][]
x 1
Or y = 2
z 3

Hence, x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
Example 29. The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add second
number to it, we get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the second number.
Represent it algebraically and find the numbers using matrix method.
Solution. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and z, respectively. Then, according
to given conditions, we have
x+y+z=6
y + 3z = 11
x + z =2y or x – 2y + z = 0
The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where

[ ] [] [ ]
1 1 1 x 6
A = 0 1 3 , X = y and B = 11
1 −2 1 z 0

Here, | A| = 1 ( 1+ 6 )− ( 0−3 )+ ( 0−1 )=9≠ 0

A11 =7 , A12=−(−3 )=3 , A13=−1

A21=− (3 )=−3 , A 22=0 , A 23=−(−3 )=3

A31=2 , A 32=−( 3 ) =−3 , A 33=1

[ ]
7 −3 2
adj A= 3 0 −3
−1 3 1

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
7 −3 2
−1 1 1
Therefore , A =¿ = 3 0 −3
¿ A∨¿ adjA ¿ 9
−1 3 1

[ ][ ]
7 −3 2 6
−1 1
Since, X =A B= 3 0 −3 11
9
−1 3 1 0

[ ] [ ][]
42−33+0 9 1
1 1
¿ 18 = 18 = 2
9 9
−6+33+0 27 3

Thus , x=1 , y=2 , z =3

Type 2.

[ ]
2 −3 5
If A= 3 2 −4 , find A−1. Using A−1 solve the system of equations
1 1 −2

2 x−3 y +5 z =11
3 x+ 2 y −4 z=−5
x + y−2 z=−3
Solution.
| A|=2 (−4 +4 ) +3 (−6+ 4 ) +5 (3−2) = −6+5=−1 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.

|21 −4
A11 =
−2|
=(−4+ 4 )=0 ,

A =−|
1 −2|
3 −4
12 =−(−6+ 4 )=2

A =|
1 1|
3 2
13 =( 3−2 )=1

A =−|
1 −2|
−3 5
21 =−( 6−5 )=−1

A =|
1 −2|
2 5
22 =(−4−5 )=−9

A =−|
1 1|
2 −3
23 =−( 2+3 )=−5

A =|
2 −4|
−3 5
31 =( 12−10 )=2

A =−|
3 −4|
2 5
32 =−(−8−15 )=¿ 23

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
A33= |23 −32 |=( 4+9 )=13
[ ]
0 −1 2
∴ adj A= 2 −9 23
1 −5 13

[ ]
0 −1 2
−1 1
A =¿ 2 −9 23
¿ A∨¿ adjA=−1 ¿
1 −5 13

The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where

[ ] [] [ ]
2 −3 5 x 11
A = 3 2 −4 , X = y and B = −5
1 1 −2 z −3

[ ][ ] [ ][]
0 1 −2 11 1 1
Since, X =A −1 B=¿ −2 9 −23 −5 = −22−45+69 = 2
−1 5 −13 −3 −11−25+39 3

Thus , x=1 , y=2 , z =3

[ ]
3 2 1
Example If A = 4 −1 2 , then find A−1 and hence solve the following system of equations:
7 3 −3

3 x+ 4 y +7 z=14 ,
2 x− y +3 z=4
x ++2 y−3 z=0

[ ]
3 2 1
Solution. Given A = 4 −1 2
7 3 −3

| A| = 3 ( 3−6 )−2 (−12−14 ) +1 (12+7 )=−9+52+ 19=62 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃. Now

|−13 −32 |=−3, A =−|47 −32 |=−(−26 )=26 A =|47 −13 |=( 19)=19
A11 = 12 13

A =−| |=−(−9 )=9 , A =| |=(−16 ) , A =−|

7 3|
2 1 3 1 3 2
21 22=− (−5 )=5 23
3 −3 7 −3

A =| |=5 , A =−| |=−( 6−4 )=−2 A =|

4 −1|
2 1 3 1 3 2
31 32 =(−11)=−11 33
−1 2 4 2

[ ]
−3 9 5
∴ adj A= 26 −16 −2
19 5 −11

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
−3 9 5
−1 1
A = 26 −16 −2
62
19 5 −11

The given system of equations can be written in matrix form as

[ ] [] [ ]
3 2 1 x 14
A X=B , where A = 4 −1 2 , X = y and B = 4
'

7 3 −3 z 0

⇒ X=( A ) B
' −1 −1 '
⇒( A ) B [∵ ( A ' ) −1
=( A−1 ) ]
'

[] [ ][ ]
'
x −3 9 5 14
1
⇒ y= 26 −16 −2 4 ,
62
z 19 5 −11 0

[] [ ][ ]
'
x −3 26 19 14
1
⇒ y= 9 −16 5 4
62
z 5 −2 −11 0

[] [ ] []
x −42+36+ 0 62
1 1
⇒ y = 126−64 +0 = 62
62 62
z 70−8+ 0 62

[][]
x 1
⇒ y=1
z 1

⇒ x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
Type II1 problems based on solution of linear equations using product of two matrices to find
Inverse.

[ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
Example 31.Use product 0 2 −3 9 2 −3 to solve the system of equations:
3 −2 4 6 1 −2

x− y +2 z=1 , 2 y −3 z =1, 3 x−2 y +4 z =2 [ CBSE ( F ) 2011]

Solution.
Given system of equation can be written in matrix form as:
AX=B, ⇒ X= A−1 B … (1)

[ ] [] []
1 −1 2 x 1
Where , A= 0 2 −3 , X = y and B = 1
3 −2 4 z 2

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
−2 0 1
Let C = 9 2 −3
6 1 −2

[ ][ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 0 1 −2−9+12 0−2+2 1+3−4
AC = 0 2 −3 9 2 −3 = 0+1818 0+4−3 0−6+6
3 −2 4 6 1 −2 −6−18+24 0−4 +4 3+ 6−8

[ ]
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 =I
0 0 1

Or ( A−1 A ) C= A−1 I

I C= A−1

[ ]
−2 0 1
−1
⇒ A =C = 9 2 −3
6 1 −2

Now from (1)

[] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
x −2 0 1 1 −2+ 0+2 0
y =¿ 9 2 −3 1 = 9+2−6 = 5
z 6 1 −2 2 6+1−4 3

⇒ x=0 , y =5 , z=3

[ ][ ]
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
Example: Use product −7 1 3 1 −2 −2 to solve the system of equations:
5 −3 −1 2 1 3

x− y + z=4 , x−2 y−2 z=9 , 2 x+ y +3 z=1 [ CBSE ( AI ) 2017 ]

Solution.
Given system of equation can be written in matrix form as:
AX=B, ⇒ X= A−1 B … (1)

[ ] [] []
1 −1 1 x 4
Where , A= 1 −2 −2 , X = y and B = 9
2 1 3 z 1

[ ]
−4 4 4
Let C = −7 1 3
5 −3 −1

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ][ ][ ]
−4 4 4 1 −1 1 −4+ 4+ 8 4−8+ 4 4−8+12
CA= −7 1 3 1 −2 −2 = −7 +1+ 6 7−2+3 −7−2+ 9
5 −3 −1 2 1 3 5−3−2 −5+ 6−1 5+6−3

[ ]
8 0 0
= 0 8 0 =8 I
0 0 8

1 1 −1 −1
⇒ CA = I,⇒ CA A =I A [ post multiplying by A−1
8 8

[ ]
−4 4 4
1
−1 1
⇒ A = C= −7 1 3
8 8
5 −3 −1

Now from (1)

[] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
x −4 4 4 4 −16+ 36+4 24
1 1 1
y = −7 1 3 9 = −28+9+3 = −16
8 8 8
z 5 −3 −1 1 20−27−1 −8

[][ ]
x 3
y = −2
z −1

⇒ x=3 , y=−2 , z=−1

[ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
Use product 0 2 −3 9 2 −3 to solve the system of equations:
3 −2 4 6 1 −2

x−3 z=9 ,−x+ 2 y −2 z=4 , 2 x−3 y +4 z=−3 [ CBSE ( AI ) 2017 ]

Solution.

[ ][ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 0 1 −2−9+12 0−2+ 2 1+3−4
0 2 −3 9 2 −3 = 0+18−18 0+ 4−3 0−6+6
3 −2 4 6 1 −2 −6−18+24 0−4+ 4 3+6−8

[ ]
1 0 0
= = 0 1 0 =I
0 0 1

[ ] [ ]
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
Let A= 0 2 −3 and C = 9 2 −3
3 −2 4 6 1 −2

Or AC=I

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
−1
⇒ A =C
Given system of equation can be written in matrix form as:

A X=B , ⇒ X=¿
'
… (1)

[ ] [] [ ]
1 0 −3 x 9
Where , A = −1 2 −3 , X = y and B = 4
'

2 −3 4 z −3

⇒ X=( A ) B
' −1
⇒( A ) B
−1 '
[∵ ( A ' ) −1
=( A ) ]
−1 '

[][ ][ ]
'
x −2 0 1 9
⇒ y = 9 2 −3 4
z 6 1 −2 −3

[][ ][ ] [ ]
x −2 9 6 9 −18+36−18
⇒ y= 0 2 1 4 = 8−3
z 1 −3 −2 −3 9−12+6

[][]
x 0
⇒ y=5
z 3

⇒ x=0 , y =5 , z=3
Home work:

[ ][ ]
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
1. Use the product 0 2 −3 . 9 2 −3 . To solve the system of equations:
3 −2 4 6 1 −2

X –y + 2z = 1, 2y – 3z = 1, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2
Answers: x= 0, y = 5 and z = 3

[ ] [ ]
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
2. If A= 2 3 4 and B = −4 2 −4 are two square matrices , find product AB and
0 1 2 2 −1 5
hence solve the system of equations: x – y = 3, 2x + 3y 4z = 17 , y + 2z = 7
Answers: x = 2, y = - 1 and z = 4
3. A school wants to award its students for values of Honesty, Regularity and Hard work with a
total of cash award of Rs6,000. Three times the award money for hard work added to that given
for honesty amounts to Rs11000.The award money given for Honesty and hard work together is
double the one given for regularity. Represent the above situation algebraically and find the
award money for each value using matrix method Apart from these values namely Honesty,
Regularity and Hard work, suggest one more value school must include for award (CBSE Delhi
2013)
Answers: Rs500, Rs.2000, Rs.3500

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
4. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members say
(x) for honesty, some for say (y) for helping others and some others say (z) for supervising the
workers to keep the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the
sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for
honesty is 3. If The sum of the awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of
awardees for helping others, using matrix method, find the number of awardees for each
category. Apart from these values, namely honesty, cooperation, supervision suggest one more
value which management of colony must include for award (AI CBSE 2013)
Answers: No. of awards honesty = 3: No. of awards for helping others = 4,
No. of awards for supervising = 5
Value: The persons who work in the field of health and hygiene should also be awarded.
5. . Ten students were selected from a school on the basis of values for giving awards and were
divided into three groups. The first group comprises hard workers, the second group has honest
and law abiding students and third group contains vigilant and obedient students. Double the
number of students of first group added to the number in the second group is 13, while the
combined strength of first and second group is four times that of third group. Using matrix
method, find the number of students in each group. Apart from the values, hard work, honesty
and respect for the law, vigilance and obedience, suggest one more value, which in your opinion,
the school should consider for awards. (CBSE(F) 2013) answers: first group = 5, 2nd group =
3 3rd group = 2
Value: Apart from these values the school should consider is “disciplined behavior”
6. Two schools P and Q wants to award their selected students on the values of tolerance ,
kindness and leadership .The school P wants to award x rupees each , y rupees each and z rupees
each for three respective values to 3,2and 1 students respectively with a total award money of
2,200 rupees .School Q wants to spend rupees 3,100 to award 4,1and 3 students on respective
values ( by giving same award money to three values as school P ) If total amount of award
money for one prize on each value is rupees 1200, using matrices, find the award money for
each value . Apart from these values, suggest one more value, which in your opinion, the school
should consider for awards.
(CBSE(F) 2014) Answers: Tolerance RS.300, Kindness RS. 400, Leadership RS.500
Value: One more value like punctuality, honesty etc. may be awarded.
7. Two schools P and Q wants to award their selected students on the values of discipline ,
politeness and Punctuality .The school P wants to award x rupees each , y rupees each and z
rupees each for three respective values to 3,2and 1 students respectively with a total award
money of 1,000 rupees . School Q wants to spend rupees 1,500 to award 4,1and 3 students on
respective values ( by giving same award money to three values as school P ) If total amount of
award money for one prize on each value is rupees 600, using matrices, find the award money
for each value . Apart from these values, suggest one more value, which in your opinion, the
school should consider for awards.
(CBSE Delhi 2014)
Answers: rupees 100 for Discipline: rupees 200 for politeness and rupees 300 for Punctuality.
Page 46 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4
Value: One more value like sincerity, truthfulness etc. can be awarded.
8. . The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add second number to it,
we get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the second number. Represent it
algebraically and find numbers using matrix method.
Answers: let the three numbers be x, y, z
∴ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
EXERCISE 4.6
Examine the consistency of the system of equations in Exercises 1 to 6.
1. x +2 y=2 ,
2 x+3 y =3
x +2 y=2
Solution: The given system of equations are:
2 x+3 y =3
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where
A=
1 2
2 3[ ] []
X=
x
y
and B = ¿

| A|=3−4=−1 ≠ 0⇒ A isnon−singular so , A−1exists.

Hence , the system of equations is consistent.
2. 2x – y = 5,
x+y=4
2 x− y=5
Solution: The given system of equations are: x+ y=4
¿

This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

A=
[
2 −1
1 1 ] []
X=
x
y
and B =
5
4[]
| A|=2+1=3≠ 0 ⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
−1

Hence , the system of equations is consistent.

3. x +3 y =5 ,
2x + 6y = 8
Solution:
x +3 y=5
The given system of equations are: 2 x+ 6 y=8
¿
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where
A=
[ ] []
1 3
2 6
X=
x
y
and B =
5
8 []
| A|=6−6=0 ⇒ A is singular so , A does not exists. Now,
−1

adj A=
[ 6 −3
−2 1 ]
Page 47 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ][ ] [
( adj A ) B= 6 −3 5 = 30−24 = 6 ≠ 0 .
−2 1 8 −10+8 −2 ][ ]
So, there is no solutions of the given equations.
Hence , the system of equations is inconsistent
4. x + y + z = 1,
2x + 3y + 2z = 2,
a x + ay + 2az = 4
x+ y + z=1
Solution: The given system of equations are: 2 x +3 y+ 2 z=2
ax + ay+ 2az =4
¿
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
1 1 1 x 1
A= 2 3 2 X = y and B = 2
a a 2a z 4

| A|=1 ( 6 a−2 a )−1 ( 4 a−2a ) +1 ( 2 a−3 a ) =4 a−2 a−a=a ≠ 0

−1
⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
Hence , the system of equations is consistent
5. 3x–y – 2z = 2,
2y – z = –1,
3x – 5y = 3
3 x – y – 2 z =2
Solution: The given system of equations are: 2 y – z=– 1
3 x−5 y=3
¿
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
3 −1 −2 x 2
A= 0 2 −1 X= y and B = −1
3 −5 0 z 3
| A|=3 ( 0−5 ) +1 ( 0+3 )−2 ( 0−6 ) =−15+3+12=0
−1
⇒ A is singular so , A does not exists. Now,
A11 =¿ | 2 −1
−5 0 |
=−5, A12=¿ −
0 −1
3 0 | |
=−( 3 )=-3, A13=¿
0 2
3 −5 |
=( 0−6 )=−6 |
A21=¿ − |
−1 −2
−5 0 |
=−(−10 ) =10 , A22=¿
3 −2
3 0 | |
=( 6 ), A23 =¿ −
3 −1
3 −5
=12 | |
A31=¿ | −1 −2
2 −1 |
=5 , A32=¿ −
3 −2
3 0 | |
=−6, A33=¿
3 −1
0 2
=6 | |
[ ]
−5 10 5
adj A= −3 6 3
−6 12 6

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
−5 10 5 2 −10−10+15 −5
( adj A ) B= −3 6 3 −1 = −6−6+ 9 = −3 ≠0
−6 12 6 3 −12−12+18 −6
So, there is no solutions of the given equations.
Hence , the system of equations is inconsistent
6. 5x – y + 4z = 5,
2x + 3y + 5z = 2,
5x – 2y + 6z = –1
Solution:
5 x− y+ 4 z=5
The given system of equations are: x +3 y+ 5 z =2
2
5 x−2 y +6 z=−1
¿
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
5 −1 4 x 5
A= 2 3 5 X = y and B = 2
5 −2 6 z −1
| A|=5 ¿
−1
⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
Hence , the system of equations is consistent
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method, in Exercises 7 to 14.
7. 5x + 2y = 4,
7x + 3y = 5
5 x+ 2 y =4
Solution. The given system of equations are:
7 x +3 y=5
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where
A=
[ ] []
5 2
7 3
X=
x
y
and B =
4
5[]
| A|=15−14=1≠ 0 ⇒ A is non−singular so , A−1exists.
Hence , the system of equations is consistent.
Now , A11 =3 , A12=−7 , A 21=−2, A22=5
−1
A =
1
| A| [
adj A=¿ 3 −2 = 3 −2
−7 5 ][
−7 5 ]
[
3 −2 4
][ ] [
X =A B = −7 5 5 = −28+25 = −3
−1 12−10
][ ]2

[]
x
⇒ =¿
y
⇒ x=2 , y=−3

8. 2x – y = –2,
3x + 4y = 3
2 x− y=−2
Solution. The given system of equations are:
3 x+ 4 y=3
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

Page 49 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
A=
[
2 −1
3 4
X=
] []
x
y
and B =
−2
3 [ ]
| A|=8+3=11≠ 0 ⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
−1

Hence , the system of equations is consistent.

Now , A11 = 4 , A12=−3 , A21=1 , A 22=2
−1
A =
1
| A|
adj A =
1 4 1
[
11 −3 2 ]
[]
−5
1 4 1
[−2 1 −8+3
][ ] [
11
X =A B = 11 −3 2 3 = 11 12 = 12
−1
]
11

[]
−5

[]
⇒ =
x
y
11
12
11
−5 12
⇒ x= , y=
11 11

9. 4x – 3y = 3,
3x – 5y = 7
4 x−3 y=3
Solution. The given system of equations are:
3 x−5 y =7
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where
A=
[
4 −3
3 −5
X=
x
y] []
and B =
3
7 []
| A|=−20+ 9=−11≠ 0 ⇒ A is non−singular so , A−1exists.
Now , A11 =−5 , , A12=−3 , A21=3 , A22=4
−1
A =
1
| A|
adj A =
−1 −5 3
11 −3 4 [ ]
[]
6
−1 −5 3
[3 −1 −15+21
][ ] [
11
X =A B = 11 −3 4 7 = 11 −9+28 = −19
−1
]
11

[]
6

[]
⇒ =
x
y
11
−19
11
6 −19
⇒ x= , y=
11 11

10. 5x + 2y = 3,
3x + 2y = 5

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 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4
5 x+ 2 y =3
Solution. The given system of equations are:
3 x+ 2 y =5
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where
A=
5 2
3 2 [ ] []
X=
x
y
and B =
3
5 []
| A|=10−6=4 ≠ 0 ⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
−1

Hence , the system of equations is consistent.

Now , A11 = 2 , A12=−3 , A21=−2 , A22=5
−1
A =
1
| A|
adj A =
1 2 −2
4 −3 5 [ ]
[
1 2 −2 3 1 6−10
X =A B = 4 −3 5 5 = 4 −9+ 25 = 4
−1
][ ] [ −1
][ ]
[][ ]
⇒ =
x −1
y 4
⇒ x=−1 , y=4

11. 2x + y + z = 1,
2x – 4y –2 z = 3,
3y – 5z = 9
2 x + y + z=1
Solution. The given system of equations are: 2 x−4 y−2 z=3
3 y−5 z=9
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
2 1 1 x 1
A= 2 −4 −2 X= y and B = 3
0 3 −5 z 9
| A|=2 ( 26 ) −1 (−10 )+1 ( 6 )=68 ≠ 0⇒ A isnon−singular so , A−1exists.
Hence , the system of equations is consistent.
Now , A11 = |
−4 −2
3 −5 |
=26, A12= | |
2 −2
0 −5 | |
=10, A13=
2 −4
0 3
=6

A21=− |
1 1
3 −5 |
=8 , A22=
2 1
0 −5| | | |
=−10 , A 23=−
2 1
0 3
=−6

A31= | 1
−4 −2
1
|
=2 , A 32=−
2 1
2 −2| | | |
=6 , A33=
2 1
2 −4
=−10

[ ]
1 26 8 2
−1
A = adj A = 10 −10 6
| A|
6 −6 −10

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
26 8 2 1 26+24+ 18 68
−1 1 1 1
X =A B= 10 −10 6 3= 10−30+54 = 34
68 68 68
6 −6 −10 9 6−18−90 −102

Page 51 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[]
1

[]
x 1
⇒ y= 2
z −3
2
1 −3
⇒ x=1 , y= , z=
2 2

12. x – y + z = 4,
2x + y – 3z = 0,
x+y+z=2
x − y+ z=4
Solution. . The given system of equations are: 2 x+ y−3 z=0
x + y + z=2
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
1 −1 1 x 4
A= 2 1 −3 X = y and B = 0
1 1 1 z 2
| A|=1 ( 1+3 ) +1(2+3)+1 ¿
−1
⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
Now , A11 =
1 1|
1 −3
|
=4 , A12=−
2 −3
1 1 | | | |
=−5, A13=
2 1
1 1
=1

A21=− |
−1 1
1 1 |
=2 , A 22=
1 1
1 1 | |
=0 , A 23=−| |
1 −1
1 1
=−2

A31= |
−1 1
1 −3 |
=2 , A 32=−
1 1
2 −3 | | | |
=5 , A33=
1 −1
2 1
=¿ 3

[ ]
4 2 2
−1 1 1
A = adj A = −5 0 5
| A| 10
1 −2 3

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
4 2 2 4 20 2
1 1
X =A B =
−1
−5 0 5 0 = −20+10 = −1
10 10
1 −2 3 2 4+ 0+6 1

[][ ]
x 2
⇒ y = −1
z 1
⇒ x=2 , y=−1 , z=1

13. 2x + 3y +3 z = 5,
x – 2y + z = – 4,
3x – y – 2z = 3
2 x+3 y +3 z=5
Solution. . The given system of equations are: x−2 y + z=−4
3 x− y−2 z=3

Page 52 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
2 3 3 x 5
A= 1 −2 1 X = y and B = −4
3 −1 −2 z 3
| A|=2 ( 4 +1 )−3 (−2−3 ) +3 (−1 )+ 6 ¿=10+ 15+15=40 ≠ 0
−1
⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
Now , A11 = |
−2 1
−1 −2 |
=5 , A12=−
1 1
3 −2 |
=5, A13= |
1 −2
3 −1
=¿5 | |
A21=− |3
−1 −2
3
|
=3 , A 22=
1 1
3 −2 | |
=−5 , A23=−
2 3
3 −1
=11 | |
A31= | 3 3
−2 1 |
=9 , A 32=−
2 3
1 1 | |
=1, A33=
2 3
1 −2
=−7 | |
[ ]
5 3 9
−1 1 1
A = adj A= 5 −13 1
| A| 40
5 11 −7

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
5 3 9 5 25−12+27 40 1
1 1 1
X =A B =
−1
5 −13 1 −4 = 25+52+3 = 80 = 2
40 40 40
5 11 −7 3 25−44−21 −40 −1

[][ ]
x 1
⇒ y= 2
z −1
⇒ x=1 , y=2 , z=−1

14. x – y + 2z = 7,
3x + 4y – 5z = – 5,
2x – y + 3z = 12
x− y+ 2 z=7
Solution. The given system of equations are: 3 x+ 4 y −5 z =−5
2 x− y+3 z=12
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
1 −1 2 x 7
A= 3 4 −5 X = y and B = −5
2 −1 3 z 12
| A|=1 ( 12−5 ) +1 ( 9+10 )+2 (−3−8 )=7 +19−22=4 ≠ 0
−1
⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists.
Now , A11 = |
4 −5
−1 3 |
=7 , A12=−
3 −5
2 3 |
=−19, A13=| 3 4
2 −1
=−11 | |
A21=− |
−1 2
−1 3 |
=1 , A 22=
1 2
2 3 | |
=−1 , A 23=−
1 −1
2 −1
=1 | |
A31= |−1 2
4 −5 |
=−3 , A 32=−
1 2
3 −5 | |
=11, A33=
1 −1
3 4
=7 | |

Page 53 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
7 1 −3
−1 1 1
A = adj A= −19 −1 11
| A| 4
−11 −1 7

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][]
7 1 −3 7 49−5−36 4 1
1 1 1
X =A B =
−1
−19 −1 11 −5 = −133+5+ 132 = 4 = 1
4 4 4
−11 −1 7 12 −77+5+84 12 3

[][]
x 1
⇒ y=1
z 3
⇒ x=1 , y=1 , z=3

[ ]
2 −3 5
15. If A= 3 2 −4 , find A−1. Using A−1 solve the system of equations
1 1 −2
2 x−3 y +5 z =113 x +2 y−4 z=−5 x + y−2 z=−3

[ ]
2 −3 5
Solution A= 3 2 −4
1 1 −2

| A|=2 (−4 +4 ) +3 (−6+ 4 ) +5 (3−2) = −6+5=−1 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.

|21 −4
A11 =
−2|
=(−4+ 4 )=0 ,

A =−|
1 −2|
3 −4
12 =−(−6+ 4 )=2

A =|
1 1|
3 2
13 =( 3−2 )=1

A =−|
1 −2|
−3 5
21 =−( 6−5 )=−1

A =|
1 −2|
2 5
22 =(−4−5 )=−9

A =−|
1 1|
2 −3
23 =−( 2+3 )=−5

A =|
2 −4|
−3 5
31 =( 12−10 )=2

A =−|
3 −4|
2 5
32 =−(−8−15 )=¿ 23

A =|
3 2|
2 −3
33 =( 4+9 )=13

Page 54 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
0 −1 2
∴ adj A= 2 −9 23
1 −5 13

[ ]
0 −1 2
−1 1
A =¿ 2 −9 23
¿ A∨¿ adjA=−1 ¿
1 −5 13

The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where

[ ] [] [ ]
2 −3 5 x 11
A = 3 2 −4 , X = y and B = −5
1 1 −2 z −3

[ ][ ] [ ][]
0 1 −2 11 1 1
Since, X =A B=¿ −1
−2 9 −23 −5 = −22−45+69 = 2
−1 5 −13 −3 −11−25+39 3

Thus , x=1 , y=2 , z =3

16. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is Rs60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and
6 kg rice is Rs90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is Rs70. Find cost of each item
per kg by matrix method.
Solution.
Let the cost of 1kg of onion = ₹ x ,
Let the cost of 1kg of wheat = ₹ y ,
Let the cost of 1kg of rice = ₹ z ,
The cost of 4 kg of onion, 3kg wheat and 2kg rice is ₹ 60. so , 4 x +3 y+ 2 z=60
The cost of 2 kg of onion, 4kg wheat and 6kg rice is ₹ 90. so , 2 x +4 y+ 6 z=90
The cost of 6 kg of onion, 2kg wheat and 3kg rice is ₹ 70. so ,6 x +2 y +3 z=70

4 x+ 3 y+ 2 z=60
. The given system of equations are: 2 x+ 4 y +6 z=90
6 x+2 y +3 z=70
This system of equation equations can be written as AX=B, where

[ ] [] []
4 3 2 x 60
A= 2 4 6 X = y and B = 90
6 2 3 z 70
| A|=4 ( 12−12 )−3 ( 6−36 )+ 2 ( 4−24 ) =0+90−40=50 ≠0
−1
⇒ A is non−singular so , A exists Now,

| |
Now , A11 =
4 6
2 3| | | |
=0, A12=−
2 6
6 3
=30 , A13=
2 4
6 2
=¿-20

A21= | |
3 2
2 3 | | | |
=0 , A 22=
4 2
6 3
=0 , A 23=−
4 3
6 2
=10

A31= | |
3 2
4 6 | | | |
=10 , A 32=−
4 2
2 6
=−20, A33=
4 3
2 4
=¿ 10

Page 55 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

[ ]
0 −5 10
−1 1 1
A = adj A = 30 0 −20
| A| 50
−20 10 10

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ][]
0 −5 10 60 0−450+700 250 5
−11 1 1
X =A B= 30 0 −20 90 = 1800+ 0−1400 = 400 = 8
50 50 50
−20 10 10 70 −1200+ 900+700 400 8

[][]
x 5
⇒ y=8
z 8

⇒ x=5 , y=8 , z=8

Hence , the cost of 1 kg of onion is ₹ 7 ,the cost of 1 kg of wheat is ₹ 8 and cost of 1 kg of rice is
₹8

Miscellaneous Examples
Example 30. If a, b, c, are positive and unequal, show that value of the determinant.

| |
a b c
∆= b c a is negative.
c a b

Solution. Applying C 1 → C1 +C 2+C 3 to the given determinant, we get

| |
a+b+ c b c
∆= b+c +a c a
a+b+ c a b

| |
1 b c
¿ ( a+ b+c ) 1 c a
1 a b

| |
1 b c
¿ ( a+ b+c ) 0 c−b a−c Applying R 2 → R2−R1 ∧R 3 → R3−R 1
0 a−b b−c
¿(a+b+ c) [ ( c−b )( b−c ) −(a−c )(a−b) ] Expanding along C 1
¿(a+b+c) [−a 2−b2 −c 2+ ab+bc +ca ]
1 2 2 2
¿−¿ ( a+ b+c ) [2 a +2 b +2 c −2 ab−2 bc−2 ca ]
2
1
= −¿ ( a+ b+c ) ¿
2
which is negative (since a + b + c > 0 and ( a−b )2+ ( b−c )2 + ( c−a )2 >0
Example 31. If a, b, c, are in A.P, find value of

| |
2 y + 4 5 y +7 8 y + a
3 y+ 5 6 y +8 9 y + b
4 y +6 7 y +9 10 y+ c

Solution. Applying R1 → R1 + R3 −2 R 2

Page 56 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
0 0 0
¿ 3 y+ 5 6 y +8 9 y +b =0 (since 2b = a + c)
4 y +6 7 y +9 10 y+ c

Example 32. Show that

| |
( y + z )2 xy zx
2
∆= xy (x + z ) yz
xz yz ( x + y )2

Solution. Applying R1 → xR 1 , R2 → yR 2, R3 → zR 3 to ∆∧dividing by xyz , we get

| |
x ( y+ z )2 x2 y z x2
1 2 2 2
∆= xy y( x+z) y z
xyz
x z2 y z2 z ( x + y )2

Taking common factors x, y, z from C 1, C 2 and C 3 respectively, we get

| |
( y + z )2 x2 x2
xyz 2
∆= y ( x + z )2 y
2
xyz
z2 z2 ( x + y )2

Applying C 2 → C2−C 1, and C 3 → C3 −C1

| |
( y + z )2 x2 −( y+ z )2 x 2−( y + z )2
∆= y 2 ( x + z ) 2− y 2 2
y −y
2

z2 z2 −z2 ( x+ y )2−z 2

| |
( y + z )2 (x+ y + z)(x− y −z) ( x + y + z)( x − y−z)
¿ y2 (x + y + z)(x + z− y ) 0
2
z 0 (x + y + z )(x+ y−z)

= ( x + y + z )2 ¿

taking ( x + y + z ) common ¿C 2∧C 3 respectively.

Applying R1 → R1 −(R2 + R3 )

| |
2 yz −2 z −2 y
2
2
= ( x+ y+z) y (x + z− y ) 0
2
Z 0 ( x+ y −z)

1 1
Applying C 2 → C2 + C 1 and C 3 → C3 + C 1
y z

Page 57 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
2 yz 0 0
2
2 y
2 y (x + z)
= ( x+ y+z) z
2
2 z
Z (x + y )
y

Finally expanding along R1, we have

( x + y + z )2 (2 yz ) [ ( x + z )( x + y )− yz ]

= ( x + y + z )2 (2yz ) ( x 2 + xy + zx + zy−zy )

= 2 xyz ( x + y + z )2 ( x + y + z )=2 xyz ( x + y + z )3

Example 34. Prove that

| | | |
a+bx c+ dx p+qx a c p
2
∆= ax+ b cx+ d px+ q =(1−x ) b d q
u v w u v w

Solution. Applying R1 → R1 −xR2 to ∆ we get

|
a(1−x ) c (1−x ) p ( 1−x )
|
2 2 2

∆= ax +b cx + d px+ q
u v w

| |
a c p
2
∆=(1−x ) ax +b cx + d px+ q
u v w

| |
a c p
2
∆=(1−x ) b d q applying R2 → R2 −x R1
u v w

Miscellaneous Exercises on Chapter 4

| |
x sin θ cos θ
1. Prove that the determinant −sin θ −x 1 is independent of θ
cos θ 1 x

| |
x sin θ cos θ
Solution. ∆= −sinθ −x 1 Expanding along R1
cos θ 1 x
= x ( −x2 −1 )−sinθ (−xsinθ−cosθ ) +cosθ (−sinθ+ xcosθ )
= −x 3−x + xsi n2 θ+ sinθcosθ−sinθcosθ+ xco s 2 θ
= −x 3−x + x ¿ = −x 3−x + x=−x 3 which is independent of θ

Page 58 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| || |
a a 2 bc 1 a2 a3
2. Without expanding the determinant, prove that b b 2 ca = 1 b2 b3
2 2 3
c c ab 1 c c

| |
a a 2 bc
Solution. L.H.S = b b 2 ca
2
c c ab

| |
a 2 a3 abc
1 2 3
= b b abc Applying R1 → aR1, R2 →bR 2 , R3 → cR3
abc 2 c
c c abc

| |
a 2 a3 1
abc 2 3
= b b 1 Taking a b c common from C 3
abc 2 c
c c 1

| |
1 a3 a2
1
= (−1 ) 1 b 3 b 2 Applying C 1 ↔ C3
3 2
1 c c

| |
1 a 2 a3
2
= (−1 ) 1 b 2 b3 Applying C 2 ↔ C3
2 3
1 c c

| |
1 a2 a3
= 1 b2 b3 = R.H.S
2 3
1 c c

| |
cos α cos β cos α sin β −sin α
3. Evaluate −sin β cos β 0
sin α cos β sin α sin β cos α

| |
cos α cos β cos α sin β −sin α
Solution. −sin β cos β 0
cos α cos β sin α sin β cos α
= cos α cos β ( cos α cos β−0 ) −cos α sin β ¿
= cos 2 α cos2 β+ cos2 α sin 2 β +sin2 α sin2 β+ sin2 α cos 2 β
= cos 2 α ¿ ¿ + sin2 α ¿ [ ∵ sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ=1]
= cos 2 α +sin2 α = 1

| |
b+c c +a a+b
4. If a, b and c are real numbers, and ∆= c+ a a+b b+c =0
a+b b+ c c+ a
show that either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.

| |
b+c c +a a+ b
Solution. Given that c+ a a+b b+c =0
a+b b+ c c+ a

Page 59 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
2( a+b+ c) 2(a+b +c) 2(a+ b+c )
Or c+ a a+b b+ c =0 applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
a +b b+c c +a

| |
1 1 1
Or (a+ b+c ) c +a a+ b b+c =0 [Taking (a+ b+c ) common from R1]
a+b b +c c+ a

| |
1 0 0
Or (a+ b+c ) c +a b−c b−a =0 applying C 2 → C2−C 1, C 3 → C3 −C1
a+b c−a c−b
Or ( a+ b+c ) [ ( b−c )( c−b )− ( c−a )( b−a ) ] =0 Expanding along R1
Or (a+ b+c ) [− ( b−c )2−(bc−ca−ab+a 2) ] = 0
Or ( a+ b+c ) [−(b2 +c 2−2 bc)−( bc−ca−ab+ a2 ) ]=0
Or ( a+ b+c ) [(a2 +b2 +c 2−bc −ca−ab) ]=0
1
Or ( a+ b+c ) [(2 a +2 b +2 c −2 bc−2 ca−2 ab) ]=0
2 2 2
2

Or ( a+ b+c ) [ ( a−b )2 + ( b−c )2 + ( c−a )2 ]=0

⇒ ( a+b+ c ) =0 , ( a−b )=0 , ( b−c )=0 , ( c−a ) =0 ,

⇒ a+b+ c=0∨a=b ,b=c , c=a
⇒ a+b+ c=0∨a=b=c
Therefore, a+ b+c=0∨a=b=c

| |
x +a x x
5. Solve the equation x x +a x =0 , a ≠0
x x x+ a

| |
x +a x x
Solution. Given that x x +a x =0
x x x+ a

| |
3 x +a 3 x+ a 3 x +a
⇒ x x+ a x = 0 applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
x x x +a

| |
1 1 1
⇒ ( 3 x+ a ) x x +a x =0 Taking (3 x +a) common from R1
x x x +a

| |
1 0 0
⇒ ( 3 x+ a ) x a 0 = 0 applying C 2 → C2−C 1 and C 3 → C3 −C1
x 0 a
⇒ ( 3 x+ a ) ( a 2) =0 Expanding along R1
⇒ 3 x +a=0 [ ∵ a ≠0 ]
−a
⇒ x=
3

Page 60 of 70
 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
a2 bc ac+ c2
2 2 2
6. Prove that a2+ ab b
2
ac =4 a b c
2 2
ab b +bc c

| |
a2 bc ac+ c2
Solution. L.H.S = a2+ ab b
2
ac
2 2
ab b +bc c

| |
2 a2 0 2 ac
2
= a + ab b
2
ac applying R1 → R1 + R2 −R 3
2 2
ab b +bc c

| |
2a 0 2a
= abc a+ b b a Taking a , b , c common from C 1, C 2, and C 3
b b+c c

| |
0 0 2a
= abc 0 b a applying C 1 → C1−C 2−C 3
−2 c b+ c c
= abc ¿ = R.H.S

[ ] [ ]
3 −1 1 1 2 −2
−1
7. If A = −15 6 −5 and B = −1 3 0 find ( AB )−1
5 −2 2 0 −2 1

[ ]
1 2 −2
Solution. Here, B = −1 3 0
0 −2 1
|B|=1 ( 3−0 ) −2 (−1−0 )−2 ( 2−0 )=3+ 2−4=1 ≠ 0 ⇒ B−1 ∃.

|−23 01|=3, B =−|−10 01|=1, B =|−10 −23 |=2

B11= 12 13

B =−| | =2, B =| |=1, B =−|

0 −2|
2 −2 1 −2 1 2
21 22 =2, 23
−2 1 0 1
B =| | =6 , B =−| |=2 , B =|
−1 3|
2 −2 1 −2 1 2
31 32 =¿ 5 33
3 0 −1 0

[ ]
3 2 6
−1 1
B = adj B= 1 1 2
|B|
2 2 5

[ ][ ]
3 2 6 3 −1 1
−1 −1 −1
( AB ) =B . A = 1 1 2 −15 6 −5
2 2 5 5 −2 2

[ ] [ ]
9−30+30 −3+12−12 3−10+12 9 −3 5
¿ 3−15+10 −1+6−4 1−5+ 4 =¿ −2 1 0
6−30+25 −2+12−10 2−10+ 10 1 0 2

[ ]
1 −2 1
8. Let A = −2 3 1 verify that
1 1 5
−1
( i ) [ adj A ] =adj ( A−1 )
−1
( ii ) ( A−1) = A
Page 61 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

Solution.
| A|=1 ( 15−1 ) +2 (−10−1 )+ 1 (−2−3 )=14−22−5=−13 ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.
A11 = | |
3 1
1 5
= 14, A12=−
−2 1
1 5 | |
=11, A13=
−2 3
1 1
= −5 | |
A21=− | |
−2 1
1 5
= 11, A22=
1 1
1 5 | |
= 4, A23=−
1 −2
1 1
=−3 | |
A31= | |
−2 1
3 1
=−5, A32=−
1 1
−2 1 | |
=−3, A33=
1 −2
−2 3
=−1 | |
[ ]
14 11 −5
adj A= 11 4 −3
−5 −3 −1
−1 1
A =

[ ]
14 11 −5
1 … (1)
¿ A∨¿ adj A= 11 4 −3 ¿
−13
−5 −3 −1

[ ]
14 11 −5
Let B=adj A , so B = 11 4 −3 , therefore
−5 −3 −1
|B|=14 (−4−9 )−11 (−11−15 )−5 (−33+ 20 )=−182+286+ 65=169 ≠ 0
∴ B−1 ∃.
B11= |
4 −3
−3 −1 |
=−13 , B12=−
11 −3
−5 −1 |
=26 , B13=
11 4
−5 −3 |
=−13 , | |
B21=− |
11 −5
−3 −1 |
=26 , B22=
14 −5
−5 −1 |
=−39 , B23=− |
14 11
−5 −3
=−13 , | |
B31= |
11 −5
4 −3 |
=−13 , B32=−
14 −5
11 −3 |
=−13 , B33= |
14 11
11 4
=−65 , | |
[ ] [ ]
−13 26 −13 −1 2 −1
−1 1 1
B = 26 −39 −13 = 2 −3 −1
169 13
−13 −13 −65 −1 −1 −5

[ ]
−1 2 −1
1
−1
⇒ ( adj A ) = 2 −3 −1 … (2) [∵ B=adj A ¿
13
−1 −1 −5

[ ]
−14 −11 5
13 13 13

[ ]
14 11 −5
−1 1 −11 −4 3
Let C = A , so C= 11 4 −3 = , therefore
−13 13 13 13
−5 −3 −1
5 3 1
13 13 13
−1 2 −1
C 11= , C 12= , C 13=
13 13 13
2 −3 −1
C 21= , C 22= , C 23=
13 13 13

Page 62 of 70
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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
−1 −1 −5
C 31= , C 32= , C 33=
13 13 13

[ ]
−1 2 −1
13 13 13

[ ]
−1 2 −1
2 −3 −1 1
Adj C= = 2 −3 −1
13 13 13 13
−1 −1 −5
−1 −1 −5
13 13 13

[ ]
−1 2 −1
1
⇒ adjC=( adj A ) =¿−1
2 −3 −1 … (3)
13
−1 −1 −5
¿the equation (2) and (3) we have ( adj A )−1 =adj( A−1)

−1
( ii ) ( A−1) = A
From equation (1) we have,

[ ]
14 11 −5
−1 1
A = 11 4 −3
−13
−5 −3 −1

[ ]
−14 −11 5
13 13 13

[ ]
14 11 −5
1 −11 −4 3
Let D = A−1 so , D = 11 4 −3 =
−13 13 13 13
−5 −3 −1
5 3 1
13 13 13

( 13 ) [ 14 (−4−9) −11 (−11−15 )−5(−33+ 20)]

3
|D|=− 1

( )
3
1 ( −1 −1
¿− 169 )= ≠ 0 , ⇒ D ∃.
13 13

( )| |
2
1 4 −3 −1
D11 = =¿
13 −3 −1 13

( )| |
2
1 11 −3 2
D12=− =
13 −5 −1 13

( )| |
2
1 11 4 −1
D13= =
13 −5 −3 13

( )| |
2
1 11 −5 2
D21= =
13 −3 −1 13

( )| |
2
1 14 −5 −3
D22= =
13 −5 −1 13

( )| |
2
1 14 11 −1
D23=− =
13 −5 −3 13

( )| |
2
1 11 −5 −1
D31= =
13 4 −3 13

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

( )| |
2
1 14 −5 −1
D32=− =
13 11 −3 13

( )| |
2
1 14 11 −5
D33= =
13 11 4 13

[ ]
−1 2 −1
13 13 13

[ ][ ]
−1 2 −1 −1 2 −1
1 1 2 −3 −1 13
D−1= ( adjD )= = 2 −3 −1 = 2 −3 −1
|D| 1 13 13 13 13
−1 −1 −5 −1 −1 −5
13 −1 −1 −5
13 13 13
−1 −1
⇒ D =( A ) = A
−1

| |
x y x+ y
9. Evaluate y x+ y x
x+ y x y

| |
x y x+ y
Solution. Given that y x+ y x
x+ y x y

| |
2( x + y ) x y x+ y
= 2(x+ y) x+ y x Applying C 1 → C1 +C 2+C 3
2(x+ y) x y

| |
1 y x+ y
= 2 ( x+ y ) 1 x+ y x Taking 2 ( x+ y ) common from C 1
1 x y

| |
1 y x+ y
= 2 ( x+ y ) 0 x − y Applying R2 → R2 −R 1, and R3 → R 3−R1
0 x− y −x
= 2 ( x+ y ) [ −x + xy− y ]
2 2
Expanding along R1
¿−2 ( x + y ) ( x 2−xy + y 2 )= −2 ( x 3+ y 3 )

| |
1 x y
10. Evaluate 1 x+ y y
1 x x+ y

| |
1 x y
Solution. Given that 1 x+ y y
1 x x+ y

| |
1 x y
= 0 y 0 Applying R2 → R2 −R 1, and R3 → R 3−R1
0 0 x
= (xy−0) Expanding along R1
= xy

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
α α2 β + γ
11. β β2 γ + α =(β−γ )( γ−α )(α −β )(α + β + γ )
2
γ γ α+β

| |
α α2 β + γ
Solution. L.H.S = β β2 γ + α
2
γ γ α+β

| |
α α 2 α + β +γ
= 2
β β α + β +γ Applying C 3 → C3 +C 1
2
γ γ α + β +γ

| |
α α2 1
= ( α + β+ γ ) β β2 1 Taking ( α + β+ γ ) common ¿C 3
2
γ γ 1

| |
α α2 1
= ( α + β+ γ ) β−α β −α 0 Applying R2 → R2 −R 1, and R3 → R 3−R1
2 2

2 2
γ −α γ −α 0

| α α2
= (α −β )(γ −α ) ( α + β+ γ ) −1 −( α + β ) 0
1 γ+α
1

0
|
Taking ( α −β ) ,(γ−α ) common from R2 and R3 respectively
= (α −β )(γ −α ) ( α + β+ γ ) [ −γ−α + α + β ] expanding along C 3
= (α −β )(γ −α ) ( α + β+ γ ) [ β−γ ]
= ¿( β−γ )(γ −α)(α−β )(α + β+ γ ) = R.H.S

| |
x x 2 1+ p x 3
2 3
12. y y 1+ p y =(1+ pxyz )(x− y)( y −z)(z−x ) where p is any scalar.
2 3
z z 1+ p z

| |
x x 2 1+ p x 3
2 3
Solution. L.H.S = y y 1+ p y
2 3
z z 1+ p z

| || |
x x2 1 x x2 p x3
2 2 3
= y y 1+ y y py
2 2 3
z z 1 z z pz

| || |
1 x2 x x x2 x3
1
= (−1 ) 1 y
2
y +p y y
2
y [ Taking p common from C 3 ]
3

2 2 3
1 z z z z z

| | | |
1 x x2 1 x x2
= (−1 ) 1 y
2
y + p xyz 1 y y [Taking x , y , z common from R1 , R 2 , R3 respectively]
2

2 2
1 z z 1 z z

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| | | |
1 x x2 1 x x2
2 2
= (1+ pxyz ) 1 y y [taking 1 y y common ]
2 2
1 z z 1 z z

| |
0 x− y x2 − y 2
= (1+ pxyz ) 0 y−z
2
y −z
2
Applying R1 → R1 −R 2, and R2 → R2 −R 3
2
1 z z

| |
0 1 x+ y
= (x− y )( y−z )(1+ pxyz) 0 1 y + z Taking ( x− y ) ( y−z ) common ¿ R1 , R 2
2
1 z z
= (x− y )( y−z )(1+ pxyz)( y+ z −x− y ) Expanding along C 1
= ( x− y ) ( y−z ) ( z−x )( 1+ pxyz )=R . H . S

| |
3a −a+ b −a+c
13. −b +a 3b −b+c =3(a+ b+c )(ab+ bc+ ca)
−c+ a −c +b 3c

| |
3a −a+ b −a+c
Solution. L.H.S = −b +a 3b −b+c
−c+ a −c +b 3c

| |
a+b+ c −a+b −a+c
= a+b+ c 3b −b+c Applying C 1 → C1 +C 2+C 3
a+b+ c −c +b 3c

| |
1 −a+ b −a+c
= (a+ b+c ) 1 3b −b+c Taking (a+ b+c ) common from C 1
1 −c+b 3c

| |
0 −a−2 b −a+b
= (a+ b+c ) 0 2 b+c −b−2 c Applying R1 → R1 −R 2, and R2 → R2 −R 3
1 −c +b 3c
= (a+ b+c ) [ ( a+2 b ) ( b+2 c ) +(2 b+ c)( a−b) ]
= (a+ b+c ) [ ab+2 ac +2 b2 +4 bc+(2 ab−2b 2+ ac−bc ) ]
= (a+ b+c ) [ 3 ab+ 3 ac++ 3 bc ]
¿ 3(a+b+ c)(ab +bc +ca) = R.H.S

| |
1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
14. 2 3+2 p 4+3 p+2 q =1
3 6+3 p 10+6 p +3 q

| |
1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
Solution. L.H.S = 2 3+2 p 4+3 p+2 q
3 6+3 p 10+6 p +3 q

| |
1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
= 0 1 2+ p applying R2 → R2 −2 R 1 and R3 → R 3−3 R 1
0 3 7+ 3 p
= ( 7+3 p ) −6−3 p ¿=1 Expanding along C 1

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
sin α cos α cos ⁡(α +δ)
15. sin β cos β cos( β+ δ) =0
sin γ cos γ cos ⁡(γ +δ)

| |
sin α cos α cos ⁡(α +δ)
Solution. L.H.S = sin β cos β cos( β+ δ)
sin γ cos γ cos ⁡(γ +δ)

| |
sin α cos α cos ⁡(α +δ)
= sin β cos β cos( β+ δ)
sin γ cos γ cos ⁡(γ +δ)

| |
sin α cos α cos δ−sin α sin δ cos ⁡(α +δ )
= sin β cos β cos δ−sin β sin δ cos ( β+ δ) [applying C 2 → cosδC 2−sinδ C1 ]
sin γ cos γ cos δ−sin γ sin δ cos ⁡(γ + δ)

| |
sin α cos( α +δ ) cos ⁡(α +δ )
= sin β cos( β +δ ) cos(β +δ )
sin γ cos(γ + δ) cos ⁡(γ +δ)
= 0 [ ∵ C2=C 3 ]
16. Solve the system of equations.
2 3 10
+ + =4
x y z
4 6 5
− + =1
x y z
6 9 20
+ − =2
x y z
Solution. The given system of equations:

2 3 10
+ + =4
x y z
4 6 5
− + =1
x y z
6 9 20
+ − =2
x y z
This system of equations can be written as AX=B, where

[]
1
x

[ ] []
2 3 10 4
1
A= 4 −6 5 ,X= and B = 1
y
6 9 −20 2
1
z

| A|=2 ( 120−45 )−3 (−80−30 ) +10 ( 36+36 )=150+330+ 720=1200 ≠ 0

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DETERMINANTS Ch-4
∴ A−1 ∃.

|−69 −205 |=75, A =−|46 −205 |=110, A =|46 −69 |=72

A11 = 12 13

A =−|
9 −20|
=150 , A =|
6 −20|
=−100 , A =−|
6 9|
3 10 2 10 2 3
21 22 =0 23

A =| | =75, A =−| |=30, A =|

4 −6|
3 10 2 4 2 3
31 32 =−24 33
−6 5 10 5

−1 1
A =

[ ]
75 150 75
1
¿ A∨¿ adj A= 110 −100 30 ¿
1200
72 0 −24

[ ][ ]
75 150 75 4
1 −1
X =A B= 110 −100 30 1
1200
72 0 −24 2

[]
1
2

[ ] [ ]
300+150 +150 600
1 1 1
= 440−100+60 = 400 =
1200 1200 3
288+0−48 240
1
5

[] []
1 1
x 2
1 1
⇒ =¿
y 3
1 1
z 5

⇒ x=2 , y=3 , z=5

| |
x+ 2 x+ 3 x+2 a
17. If a, b, c are in A.P then the determinant x+3 x + 4 x+2 b is
x +4 x+ 5 x +2 c
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) x (D) 2 x

| |
x+ 2 x+ 3 x+2 a
Solution. Given x+3 x + 4 x+2 b
x +4 x+ 5 x +2 c

| |
x+ 2 x +3 x +2 a
= 0 0 2(2 b−a−c) applying R2 →2 R2−R 1−R3 A
x +4 x +5 x +2 c

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 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4

| |
x+ 2 x +3 x+ 2 a
= 0 0 0 [ ∵ 2 b=a+ c , as a , b , c are∈ A . P ]
x +4 x +5 x +2 c
=0 ∵ R 2=0
Hence, option is (A) the correct answer.

| |
x 0 0
18. If x, y, z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A= 0 y 0 is
0 0 z

| | | |
x−1 0 0 x−1 0 0
−1 −1
(A) 0 y 0 (B) x y z 0 y 0
−1 −1
0 0 z 0 0 z

| | | |
x 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
(C) 0 y 0 (D) 0 1 0
xyz xyz
0 0 z 0 0 1

Solution. | A|=x ( yz )+ 0+0=xyz ≠ 0 ∴ A−1 ∃.

A11 = yz , A12=0 A13=0

A21=0 A22=xz A23=0

A31=0 A32=0 A33=xy

[ ][
1
0 0

]
x

[ ]
yz 0 0 x−1 0 0
−1 1 1 1
A = adjA = 0 xz 0 = 0 0 = 0 y
−1
0
¿ A∨¿ ¿ xyz y
0 0 xy 0 0 z −1
1
0 0
z

Hence, option is (A) the correct answer.

| |
1 sin θ 1
19. Let A= −sin θ 1 sin θ , where 0 ≤θ ≤ 2 π then
−1 −sin θ 1

(A) Det (A) = 0 (B) Det ( A ) ∈(2 , ∞)

( C ) Det ( A ) ∈(2 , 4) (D) Det ∈[2 , 4 ]

| |
1 sin θ 1
Solution. A= −sin θ 1 sin θ
−1 −sin θ 1

| |
0 0 2
= −sin θ 1 sin θ applying R1 → R1 + R3
−1 −sin θ 1
= 0+ 0+2 ( 1+ sin2 θ ) = 2 ( 1+sin2 θ ) expanding along R1
Now given that: 0 ≤ θ ≤2 π

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 Rahman sir
DETERMINANTS Ch-4
⇒ 0 ≤ sinθ ≤ 1
2
⇒ 0 ≤ sin θ ≤1
2
⇒ 1 ≤1+ sin θ ≤ 2
2
⇒ 2 ≤ 2(1+sin θ)≤ 4
⇒ det ( A ) ∈ [ 2 , 4 ]

Hence, option is (D) the correct answer.

Page 70 of 70