TLE Reviewer

Types of Drawing

Drawing

According to F.E. Giesecke, drawing is a g-raphic representation of a real thing, an idea or a proposed design for
construction later. Until the present time, the graphic method of representation is still used to communicate information
and ideas. This method is universal and timeless in character.

Drawing is particularly important to engineers and it is in this subject that the different types of drawing are observed.

Basically, the purpose of an engineering drawing is to convey information about an engineering component in a clear and
concise manner.

Line Drawing

One method of drawing is to construct an object from lines out of simple figures or geometric shapes.

Steps in making a Line Drawing

1. Choose the best possible view showing most of the component.

2. Whenever possible proceed from figures which can be easily drawn.
3. Keep the sketch in good proportion.
4. Learn to guess an inch length and parts of an inch.
5. Do not press on the pencil to obtain a black line. Use a 2H or 3H for preliminary work and finish the sketch with
a 2B or 3B pencil.
6. Do not hurry about the sketching to avoid mistakes.
7. Do not shade.

Pictorial Drawing

Drawings that show objects as they would appear in a photograph are called pictorial drawings. The most
common of these are known as perspective, isometric, and oblique drawings.

-Perspective Drawings

These drawings more nearly represent an object as it would appear to the eye than do isometric and oblique
drawings. A classic example of perspective can be seen in railroad tracks. As one looks down the tracks, the rails
appear to come closer together until they appear to meet at the distant point- vanishing point (V.P).

-Isometric Drawings

Isometric drawings seem more nearly like

perspective. Horizontal lines are drawn to recede 30 degrees to the right 30 degrees too the left. Unlike
perspective drawings, the receding lines are parallel.

-Oblique Drawings

The receding line in oblique drawings do not converge but remain parallel with each other. The face of the object
is shown in true form.

Orthographic Projection

Working drawings must show a great deal of information and detail; therefore the pictorial drawings are
prepared in a different manner- the object is viewed from the top, the front, and the side (usually the right) and a
drawing is made of each view.
Drawing Instruments, Material and Tools

Reminders on the use of Drawing Instruments

•Don’t use the scale as a ruler.

•Don’t use the head of the T- square as a hammer.
•Don’t put oil on joints of compasses.
•Don’t sharpen a pencil over the drawing board.
•Cork the ink bottle all the time.
•Never put away instruments without relieving the spring tension.
• Never fill up a pen over the drawing board.
• Always clean the instruments and the drawing table before beginning your work.
• Don’t fold drawing or tracing paper.
• Don’t use the divider as pincers or picks
• Never use the same thumbtacks or picks.
• Don’t use the edge of the T- square as a guide in cutting the edge of paper.

Instruments, Materials and Equipment

1. T- square is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines. It is usually of the permanent or fixed head and the
movable or adjustable head.
a. FIXED HEAD T-SQUARE
b. ADJUSTABLE HEAD T- SQUARE

2. Triangles are used as guide in drawing vertical and inclined lines.

a. 30 ⁰ x 60 ⁰
b. 45⁰ x 45 ⁰

3. Set of drawing instruments

-Ruling pen is used in inking lines and arcs.
-Compass is used in drawing circles and arcs in pencil.
-Divider is used in transferring measurements form one place to another or dividing lines into any number
or equal parts.
-Bow instruments are used for small drawing, dimensions or circles.
-Bow pencil is used for drawing small circles and dimension.

SETS of DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

A. SMALL SET- containing at least a ruling pen, compass, and divider.

B. LARGE SET- containing a ruling pen, compass , a bow pen, bow divider and extension bar.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

A RULING PEN
COMPASS WITH A PENCIL POINT
PROTRACTOR
FRENCH CURVE
ERASING SHIELD
PENCIL SHARPENER
SAND PAPER PAD
NT KNIFE/CUTTER

Drafting Terminologies
Lettering
-The process by which letters and numbers are formed through writing in comparison to printing to the use
of machine and devices.
-Considered as the written language of industry.
Letters style
1. Single Stroke Gothic letters
-All letters having elementary strokes or stem of even width or thickness.
-The stem of single –stroke gothic letters are made with one stroke of the pencil , ordinary pen or style A or
B speedball pen.

Classification of Gothic Letters

a. Single – stroke Gothic Vertical Uppercase Letters and Numbers.
b. Single –stroke Gothic Vertical lowercase Letters
c. Single –stroke Gothic Inclined Uppercase Letters and Numbers.
d. Single –stroke Gothic Inclined Lowercase Letters and Numbers.

2. Roman Letters
All letters in this style have accented strokes made up thin and thick elements.
There are two kind of Roman Letters:
-Old Roman
-Modern Roman
Parts of the Modern Roman Letters A
Serifs – The horizontal thin stroke added to the end of the thin or thick stems.
Fillet- The curved line which connects the stem to the serif.

3. Text Letters
These includes all styles of old English text, church text, block text, German text, and are made with
style C or D speedball pen.

4. Italic Letters
These slanting letters used in the headings of newspaper, columns and advertisement.

5. Script Letters
-These are composed of script elements.
-These are used in making wedding invitations, diplomas, and certificates and Christmas card.

Definition of Geometric Terms and Figures

•POINT- This refers to a geometric figure without any dimension. It only shows position.

•LINE- This is a figure made by a moving point. It has length.

-Perpendicular lines are lines that are drawn 90⁰ in relation to horizontal line.
-Horizontal lines are lines parallel to the horizon or the lower edge of the drawing paper.
-Vertical lines are lines which are parallel to the vertical edge of the paper.
-Inclined lines are lines which are neither vertical nor horizontal.

•ANGLE- This refers to the space or opening between to straight lines that meet.
-Right angle is an angle that contains 90 ⁰
-Acute angles are angles that are less than 90⁰
-Obtuse angles are angles that are more than 90 ⁰ but less than 180 ⁰
-Reflex angles are angles that are more than 180 ⁰
-Straight angle is an angle having 180 ⁰

•TRIANGLE- a figure having three (3) angles and three sides.

-Scalene is a triangle with unequal sides.
-Isosceles is a triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles.
-Equilateral/equiangular is a triangle which has 3 equal sides and 3 equal angles.
-Right triangle is a triangle with a right angles.

•PARALLEL LINES- two or more lines equidistant from each other at all points and they never met.

•BISECT- to divide a line into two equal parts.

•TRISECT- to divide a line into three equal parts.

•TANGENT- a line which touches the circumference of a circle at only one point.

•ARC- a portion or a segment of circumstances of the circle.

•CIRCUMFERENCE- the entire length of the circular extremities of the circle.

•RADIUS- the shortest distance from a point and the circumference to the center of the circle.

•SECTOR- a segment of a circle bounded by two radii and the are between the radii.

•DIAMETER- the distance from two points of the circumference passing through the center.

•CENTER- a place figure bounded by the circumference which is equidistant from a common point, the
center.

•REGULAR POLYGONS- having equal sides and angles.

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