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DC Machine Formula Collections

The document discusses important formulas and concepts related to DC machines including generator and motor types, armature and field windings, emf and torque equations, speed and voltage regulation, shunt, series and compound generator and motor operation, losses and efficiency calculations.

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sahulipunku2001
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241 views7 pages

DC Machine Formula Collections

The document discusses important formulas and concepts related to DC machines including generator and motor types, armature and field windings, emf and torque equations, speed and voltage regulation, shunt, series and compound generator and motor operation, losses and efficiency calculations.

Uploaded by

sahulipunku2001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC Machine Important Formula

Two Types of DC Machine


Generator: Converts Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy
Motor: Converts Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy

Depending on Armature Winding two different types are available:


a) Lap Winding: Suitable for high current application. Number of
Parallel Path (A=P)
b) Wave Winding: Suitable for high Voltage application. Number of
Parallel Path (A=2)

Depending on Field Connection different types are:


Separately Excited or Permanent Magnet: Field Winding is energized
from a separate source.
Features: Flux constant, allows use of simple formula for torque and emf
calculation.

Shunt Field: Field winding is connected in parallel with armature winding.


Features: In case of Motor, field flux remain constant. In case of
generator, the field flux varies with loading condition.

Series Field: Field Winding is connected in series with the armature


winding.

Features: Flux depends on the armature current, i.e. on the loading


condition.

Basic Equations
Emf Equation: 𝐸 in Volt
P: number of poles
Φ: Effective flux per pole
Z: Total number of conductors
N: Speed in RPM
A: number of parallel paths.
i) The above equation is valid for all types of induced emf whether in
case of generator as generated voltage or in motor as back emf.
ii) Mindful observation reveals that apparently this expression has no
dependency on the physical size of the machine. Neither on
diameter, nor on the axial length. However, a tangible change in
machine size or volume may affect ϕ.

Torque Equation: 𝑇 in N-m


P: number of poles
Φ: Effective flux per pole
Z: Total number of conductors
I: armature terminal current
A: number of parallel paths.
→ The resulting electric power produced Pconv = EA IA
→ The power balance equation of the DC Machine is Tind ωm = EA IA
∅ZNP
→ The induced emf in the armature is Ea = 60A
PZ
→ Torque developed in Dc machine , Te = 2πA ∅ Ia
Where ∅ = Flux\pole , Z = No of armature conductors , P = No of poles , N = Speed in rpm ,
A = No of armature parallel paths, Ia = Armature current
→ The terminal voltage of the DC generator is given by Vt = Ea - Ia R a
→ The terminal voltage of the DC motor is given by Vt = Ea + Ia R a
ωnl− ωfl Nnl− Nfl
→ Speed regulation of dc machine is given by ,SR = ωfl
* 100 % = Nfl
* 100 %
Vnl− Vfl
→ Voltage regulation , VR = Vfl
* 100 %
Shunt Generator:
→ For a shunt generator with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia and
armature resistance Ra, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Ea - IaRa
→ The field current I f for a field resistance R f is:
If = V / Rf
→ The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux Φ at angular
speed ω are:
Ea = k fΦω = kmω
T = k fΦIa = kmIa
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.
Note that for a shunt generator:
- induced voltage is proportional to speed,
- torque is proportional to armature current.
→ The airgap power Pe for a shunt generator is:
Pe = ωT = EaIa = kmω Ia
Series Generator:

→ For a series generator with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia,
armature resistance Ra and field resistance R f, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Ea - ( IaRa + IaR f )= Ea - Ia(Ra + R f)
The field current is equal to the armature current.
→ The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux Φ at angular
speed ω are:
Ea = k fΦω Ia = kmω Ia
T = k fΦIa2 = kmIa2
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.
Note that for a series generator:
- induced voltage is proportional to both speed and armature current,
- torque is proportional to the square of armature current,
- armature current is inversely proportional to speed for a constant Ea
→ The airgap power Pe for a series generator is:
Pe = ωT = EaIa = kmω Ia2
→ Cumulatively compounded DC generator : - ( long shunt)
(a) Ia = If + IL
(b) Vt = Ea - Ia (R a + R s )
V
(c) Isf = Rx = shunt field current
f
(d) The equivalent effective shunt field current for this machine is given by
Nse Armature reaction MMF
Isf =Isf + Ia - ( )
Nf Nf

Where Ns e = No of series field turns


Nf = = No of shunt field turns

→ Differentially compounded DC generator : - ( long shunt)


(a) Ia = If + IL
(b) Vt = Ea - Ia (R a + R s )
Vx
(c) Isf = = shunt field current
Rf
(d) The equivalent effective shunt field current for this machine is given by
Nse Armature reaction MMF
Isf =Isf - Nf
Ia - ( Nf
)

Where Ns e = No of series field turns , Nf = = No of shunt field turns

Shunt Motor:
→ For a shunt motor with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia and
armature resistance Ra, the terminal voltage V is:
V = Ea + IaRa
The field current I f for a field resistance R f is:
If = V / Rf
→ The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux Φ at angular
speed ω are:
Ea = k fΦω = kmω
T = k fΦIa = kmIa
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.
Note that for a shunt motor:
- induced voltage is proportional to speed,
- torque is proportional to armature current.
→ The airgap power Pe for a shunt motor is:
Pe = ωT = EaIa = kmω Ia
V Ra PZ
→ The speed of the shunt motor , ω = K∅ - (K∅)2T Where K =
2πA
Series Motor :

→ For a series motor with armature induced voltage Ea, armature current Ia,
armature resistance Ra and field resistance R f, the terminal voltage V is:

V = Ea + IaRa + IaR f = Ea + Ia(Ra + R f)

The field current is equal to the armature current.


→ The armature induced voltage Ea and torque T with magnetic flux Φ at angular
speed ω are:
Ea = k fΦω Ia = kmω Ia
T = k fΦIa2 = kmIa2
where k f and km are design coefficients of the machine.

Note that for a series motor:


- induced voltage is proportional to both speed and armature current,
- torque is proportional to the square of armature current,
- armature current is inversely proportional to speed for a constant Ea

→ The airgap power Pe for a series motor is:


Pe = ωT = EaIa = kmω Ia2
Losses:

→ constant losses (P k) = Pw f + Pi o

Where, Pio = No of load core loss

→ Pwf = Windage & friction loss


→ Variable losses (Pv ) = Pc + Ps t + Pb
2
where Pc = Copper losses = Ia R a

Ps t = Stray load loss = α I2

Pb = Brush Contact drop = Vb Ia , Where Vb = Brush voltage drop


→ The total machine losses , PL = Pk +Vb Ia + K v Ia 2

Efficiency

→ The per-unit efficiency η of an electrical machine with input power Pin, output
power Pout and power loss Ploss is:

η = Pout / Pin = Pout / (Pout + Ploss) = (Pin - Ploss) / Pin

→ Rearranging the efficiency equations:


Pin = Pout + Ploss = Pout / η = Ploss / (1 - η)

Pout = Pin - Ploss = ηPin = ηPloss / (1 - η)

Ploss = Pin - Pout = (1 - η)Pin = (1 - η)Pout / η

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