Radar System

INTRODUCTION

RADAR is a system, which uses radio waves to detect and fix the

position of distinct objects or targets. RADAR is not a signal instrument but an

electronic device which includes various techniques used for the purpose of detection

and location of distant object or targets. Radar is basically a means of gathering

information about distant objects or targets by sending electromagnetic waves (Radio

waves) at them and analying the echoes.

Radar was developed during second world war, by the scientist of

Great Britain, United states of America, Germany and France simultaneously.

Radar may be put to various uses both civilian and military. The main

civilian uses of Radar is an navigational aid. Various regions such as mountains,

aircrafts, aeroplanes, cities, rivers, oceans etc.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 1

 Radar System

FUNDAMENTALS OF RADAR

Radar consist of a transmitter and a receivers, each connected to a

directional antenna. The transmitter is capable of sending out a large U.H.F. or micro

wave power through the antenna.

The receiver collects as much energy as possible as from the reflected

echoes in it's direction by the target and then treats and displays this information in a

suitable way.

The receiving antenna is very often the same as the transmitting

antenna. This is accomplished through a kind of Time Division Multiplexing

(T.D.M.) arrangements since the radio energy is often sent out in the from of short

pulse.

Objects such as aircrafts, ships, mountains buildings etc. Reflects

some of this energy back to the transmitter. The time it takes the radio wave to

complete it's two way journey indicates the distance between sender and target.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 2

 Radar System

PRINCIPLE OF RADAR

The block diagram of pulsed radar system is shown in fig. Basically a

radar system consist of transmitter which transmit microwave power through a

highly directional antenna, a receiver which collects the echo signal received after

reflection from target, analyses this echo signal and displays it on radar screen.

It is possible to detect in height speed and direction of travel of target

by the time takes for the echo to come back after reflection to indicate the data.

Since, the same directional antenna has to be used for the transmitting

electromagnetic (EM) waves and for receiving it after reflection, there should be

switching system called duplexer. The duplexer should be automatic and disconnect

the unwanted hardware when operated in a particular direction.

Thus radar has five essential component viz. transmitter, receiver,

duplexer, display unit and highly directional antenna.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 3

 Radar System

PULSED RADAR SYSTEM

The block diagram shows the arrangement of a high power pulsed

radar set. it consist of two basic transmitter section and receiver section.

TRANSMITTER SECTION :

It consists of trigger source, Modulator, out put tube, Anti

transmit receiver tube and Transmit receiver tube switch with antenna.

TRIGGER SOURCE :

It provided pulses of particular frequency to modulator and

establish the rate at which pulse are to be transmitted.

MODULATION :

It provides rectangular voltages pulse which are used as supply

voltage for o/p tube. There are two types of modulator used i.e. tine pulsing and

active switch modulator. Generally active switch modulator is used.

OUTPUT TUBE :

The output may be magnetron, Klystron or TWTA amplifier

depending on specific requirement. Magnetron is commonly used because it can

develop large power. Then o/p of this tube give to the ATR switch.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 4

 Radar System

RECEIVER SECTION :

The function of receiver is just like it super heterodyne. It consist of

RF amplifier mixer, local oscillator, If amplifier, detector, video amplifier and

display unit.

DUPLEXER :

The information obtained from Antenna is feed to receiver section by

switching CKT called duplexer. it consist of TR and ATR switch. During

transmission ATR acts as short CKT and during reception TR act's as short CKT.

While ATR is open CKT.

RF AMPR :

It is generally low noise TWTA amplifier which amplifies the

echo signal received from target. The capacity of TWTA 250 kw and to effective

between 0.5 GH and95G Hz.

MIXER STAGE :

Mixer gets two signals from RF amplifier and local oscillator. The

frequency of local oscillator is greater than RF signal. The o/p from mixer is selected

at difference I frequency is about 30 MHZ.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 5

 Radar System

LOCAL OSCILLATOR:

The local oscillator in Radar is reflex klystron with narrow band filter

and reduces noise. It belongs to klystron with narrow band filter and reduces noise. It

belongs to klystron family of microwave generator. It is one effective variable

frequency oscillator having range 1 GHz to 100 GHz.

Fig shows MTI Radar system compare a set echo received during

screen the echo in phase are cancelled out this applic to due to stationary object but

for moving target there is change in phase so they are not cancelled in less time. It

also the detection of moving target whose shoce are t100 times smaller than

stationary target.

Transmitted frequency in MTI system is a sum of o/p of two oscillator

produced in mix - The first is stable local oscillator and second is conetent oscillator.

Mixes 1 &2 are identical and both use same local oscillator which makes doppler

ship at intermediate frequency. The conetent oscillator is used to generate RF signals

as well as for a reference of phase detector and the Mix 2 do not produce change in

phase. So the transmitted and reference signal are lock in phase and sent to be

content the phase different between transmitted and receiving signal may be constant

for fixed target which vary for moving target to doppler ship and thus the position of

moving target is detected according to change in Reflected frequency in small time.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 6

 Radar System

CONTINUOUS WAVE RADAR

IF AMPLIFIRES :

It is generally low noise transistorized amplifier operates between

30 MHz to 60 MHz.

DETECTOR :

Since the vacuum tube or transistor do not operates at microwave

frequency we use short key diode or crystal diode.

VIDEO AMPLIFIRES :

Video Amplifiers has same band width as that of if Amplifiers it

amplifies the detector o/p and then feed to display Unit.

DISPLAY UNIT:

The o/p of Radar Receiver is presented to the operator in the form the

mutual indication. Such as C.R.T which shows the position of target.

In this way pulse Radar system works.

A simple Doppler Radar is shown in fig. 5.1. It sends out continues

sine waves rather than pulse. It uses the Doppler effect to detect the frequency

change caused by a moving target and displays this as a relative velocity.

Government Polytechnic, Washim 7

 Radar System

Because the transmission is continuous, the circular is used to

provided isolation between the transmitter and receiver. The isolation of atypical

circulator is of the order of 30 dB, so that some of the transmitted signal leaks into

the receiver. This is quite alright as the signal can be mixed in the detector with

returns from the target and the difference is the Doppler frequency. This frequency

being in the audio range hence the detector output can be amplified with an audio

amplifier before feeding it to frequency counter. The counter is a normal one, except

that its output is shown as Kilometers or Miles per hour, rather actual than actual

frequency in hertz.

The disadvantage of simple Doppler cw radar is that it is not sensitive.

It can be modified by using a local oscillator. The type of diode detector which has

been used to accommodate the high incoming frequency is not a good device at the

audio output frequency because to the modulation noise which exhibits at a low

frequency such a modified version of radar set is shown in fig. 5.2

A small portion of transmitter output is mixed with the O/P of a local

oscillator, and the sum is fed to the receiver mixer. This also receives the Doppler

shifted signal from its antenna and presents an output difference frequency that is

typically 30 MHz + or - the Doppler frequency AF . The output of this mixer is

amplified and demodulated again and the signal from second detector is Doppler

frequency. When its sign is lost then it is not possible to say the target is going or

Government Polytechnic, Washim 8

 Radar System

approaching away. The overall receiver system is same as superhetrodyne. Extra

sensitivity is obtained by low noise.

A separate transmitting and receiving antennas are shown in Fig. but

this is not compulsion, instead of two antenna single antenna with circulator can be

used. Separate antennas increase the isolation between transmitter and receiver

section of radar, since there is no longer mixers there was in simpler Doppler radar

(see Fig. 5.1). Sue leakage is undesirable because it brings with it the hum an noise

from the transmitter and thus degrade the receive performance.

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATION OF CW RADAR

SYSTEM

Government Polytechnic, Washim 9

 Radar System

ADVANTAGES:

1) CW radar gives accurate measurement of relative velocity of the target, using

low transmitted power .

2) Power consumption is very low unlike a pulse radar because of low transmitted

power.

3) CW doppler radar receiver is working all time and pulses loss does not occurs.

4) Simple circuitry and smaller size than that of pulsed radar system.

5) Stationary target cannot affect results will not yield doppler frequency.

6) A large range of target velocities can be measured quickly and accurately.

DISADVANTAGE OF CW DOPPLER RADAR.

1) It is limited in the maximum power it transmits and this places a limit on its

maximum range.

2) If a number of simultaneous target are presents, the doppler frequency will be

incorrect.

APPLICATION OF CW RADAR :

1) CW doppler radar is used in o/r craft navigation for speed measurement.

2) It is used in echo of climb meter for vertical take off planes.

3) It is used in radar speed meters used by police.

BIBLOGRAPHY

1. Electronic Communication System

Government Polytechnic, Washim 10

 Radar System

- George Keneddy

2. Communication Electronic

- D. A. Deshpande

- N. D. Deshpande

- P. K. Rangole

3. Electronics Engineers Reference Book

- F. F. Mazda

Government Polytechnic, Washim 11