1.

Explain the Von Neumann architecture of the computer

Ans: The Von Neumann architecture is a fundamental concept in computer science
and architecture, named after the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann. It
describes a computer architecture where the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory,
input/output devices, and control unit are all interconnected using a shared bus.

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit):

 The CPU is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations.
 It consists of the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) which performs arithmetic and
logical operations, and the CU (Control Unit) which manages the execution of
instructions.
2. Memory:
 In the Von Neumann architecture, memory is a crucial component. It stores
both data and instructions that the CPU needs to execute.
 Memory is divided into two main types: RAM (Random Access Memory) and
ROM (Read-Only Memory).
 RAM is volatile memory used for storing data and program instructions
temporarily during execution.
 ROM is non-volatile memory that stores the computer's BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System) and other essential firmware.
3. Input/Output Devices (I/O):
 These devices allow users to interact with the computer system. Examples
include keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and networking devices.
 Input devices allow users to input data into the computer, while output
devices display or provide results to the user.
4. Control Unit (CU):
 The control unit manages the execution of instructions fetched from memory.
It decodes the instructions and coordinates the operation of the CPU's
components.
 It controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
5. Bus:
 The bus is a communication pathway that allows data and instructions to be
transferred between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
 In the Von Neumann architecture, there is typically a single shared bus that
connects all these components.

2. Define chipset
Ans: A chipset is a set of integrated circuits (ICs) or chips that work together to
control the communication between various components of a computer system. It
serves as the bridge between the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory,
input/output devices, and other peripheral components. The chipset manages data
flow, facilitates the exchange of information, and coordinates the operation of
different hardware components within the computer.

The structure of a chipset typically consists of two main components:

1. Northbridge: The Northbridge is responsible for high-speed communication between
the CPU, memory (RAM), and graphics card (GPU). It handles tasks such as memory
access and data transfer between the CPU and RAM, as well as managing the
graphics processing functions.
2. Southbridge: The Southbridge manages lower-speed communication between the
CPU and other peripheral devices, including USB ports, disk drives (such as hard
drives and solid-state drives), networking interfaces, audio devices, and various
expansion slots (such as PCI and PCIe slots). It handles functions such as data transfer
between the CPU and peripheral devices, as well as providing interfaces for input and
output operations.

The Northbridge and Southbridge work together to ensure efficient data transfer and
communication within the computer system. Additionally, modern chipsets may
integrate other functionalities, such as audio processing, networking capabilities, and
security features, into their structure to further enhance system performance and
functionality.

3.Explain types of mouse

1. Ans: Mechanical Mouse: Mechanical mice, also known as ball mice, were early types
of computer mice. They contained a rubber ball on their underside that rolled as the
mouse moved across a surface. Inside the mouse, mechanical rollers detected the
ball's movement and transmitted this information to the computer. Mechanical mice
required regular cleaning to prevent dust and debris buildup on the rollers, which
could affect their accuracy.
2. Optical Mouse: Optical mice replaced mechanical components with an optical sensor
and a light-emitting diode (LED). The LED illuminates the surface below the mouse,
while the sensor detects changes in the reflected light pattern as the mouse moves.
Optical mice are more precise and reliable than mechanical mice and don't require
cleaning or maintenance of moving parts.
3. Laser Mouse: Laser mice are similar to optical mice but use a laser diode instead of
an LED for illumination. Laser mice offer even higher sensitivity and precision than
optical mice, making them suitable for gaming and professional applications. They
can track movement on a wider range of surfaces and often feature customizable
sensitivity settings.
4. Wireless Mouse: Wireless mice use radio frequency (RF), Bluetooth, or infrared (IR)
technology to communicate with the computer without the need for a physical
connection. They offer greater freedom of movement and reduce cable clutter on the
desktop. Wireless mice are powered by batteries or rechargeable cells and require a
receiver connected to the computer to receive input signals.

4. Explain BGA workstation and its application

 Ans: A BGA (Ball Grid Array) workstation refers to a workstation computer system
that incorporates a processor packaged in a BGA format. In BGA packaging, the
processor chip is mounted onto the motherboard using an array of solder balls,
rather than the pins used in older packaging formats like PGA (Pin Grid Array). This
design offers several advantages including improved thermal dissipation, electrical
performance, and space efficiency.

Applications of BGA workstations are diverse and often require high computational
power and reliability. Here are some common applications:

1. Professional Workstations: BGA workstations are commonly used in professional

settings such as engineering, architecture, and graphic design. These workstations
excel in tasks that demand heavy computation, such as computer-aided design
(CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and architectural modeling. The high
processing power and multi-core capabilities of BGA processors enable smooth and
efficient handling of complex projects.
2. Scientific Research: In scientific research fields such as physics, chemistry, and
biology, BGA workstations are utilized for data analysis, simulations, and
computational modeling. Their processing power is crucial for running complex
simulations, analyzing large datasets, and conducting numerical calculations.
3. Content Creation and Multimedia: BGA workstations are popular among content
creators, including video editors, animators, and graphic designers. They provide the
necessary horsepower for rendering high-resolution videos, 3D animations, and
graphic-intensive designs. BGA workstations equipped with powerful GPUs (Graphics
Processing Units) are especially well-suited for tasks like video editing, 3D rendering,
and visual effects production.
4. Gaming and Virtual Reality (VR): Gaming enthusiasts often opt for BGA
workstations for their gaming rigs due to their high-performance processors and
graphics cards. These workstations deliver smooth gaming experiences and support
immersive virtual reality (VR) environments with high frame rates and minimal
latency.
5. Financial Analysis and Data Processing: In the finance sector, BGA workstations are
used for financial modeling, quantitative analysis, and algorithmic trading. Their
processing power enables fast execution of complex financial algorithms, risk
assessments, and data mining tasks, facilitating quick decision-making and analysis.

5. Explain MFM recording technique

Ans: MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) recording is a magnetic recording

technique used in early hard disk drives (HDDs) to store digital data. It was
commonly employed in HDDs during the 1970s and 1980s before being largely
replaced by more advanced recording methods like RLL (Run Length Limited)
encoding.
 In MFM recording, each bit of digital data is represented by a magnetic transition on
the disk surface. Unlike simpler techniques like FM (Frequency Modulation), MFM
encoding uses transitions to represent both 1s and 0s, leading to a higher data
density and more efficient use of disk space.

Here's how MFM encoding works:

1. Clocking Scheme: MFM encoding utilizes a clocking scheme to synchronize the

reading and writing of data on the disk. The clock signal ensures that data can be
reliably read from and written to the disk surface.
2. Data Encoding: In MFM encoding, the presence or absence of magnetic transitions
is used to encode digital data. Each bit of data is represented by a transition on the
disk surface, occurring either between two consecutive clock pulses (if the bit is a 0)
or at the midpoint between clock pulses (if the bit is a 1).
3. Data Density: MFM encoding achieves higher data density compared to simpler
encoding techniques by allowing transitions to represent both 1s and 0s. This means
that consecutive 1s can be stored more densely on the disk surface, leading to
increased storage capacity.
4. Error Correction: While MFM encoding is more efficient than FM encoding, it is still
susceptible to errors caused by factors like magnetic interference and read/write
inaccuracies. To mitigate these errors, HDDs employing MFM recording often use
error correction techniques to ensure data integrity.

6.what are the characteristics of the CRT monitor

Ans: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors were once the dominant display technology
before being largely replaced by flat-panel displays such as LCDs and LEDs. Here are
the main characteristics of CRT monitors:

1. Cathode Ray Tube: The CRT monitor's display technology relies on a vacuum tube
called a cathode ray tube. Inside the CRT, an electron gun emits a stream of electrons
toward a phosphor-coated screen. When the electrons strike the phosphor, they
cause it to emit light, creating the images seen on the screen.
2. Size and Shape: CRT monitors are typically bulky and heavy compared to modern
flat-panel displays. They have a deep, curved shape due to the cathode ray tube's
design, which requires significant depth to accommodate the electron gun and
phosphor-coated screen.
3. Resolution: CRT monitors are capable of various resolutions, including standard
resolutions such as 640x480, 800x600, and 1024x768 pixels. However, they are
limited in terms of high-definition resolutions compared to modern displays.
4. Refresh Rate: CRT monitors offer high refresh rates, typically ranging from 60 Hz to
120 Hz or higher. A higher refresh rate reduces flickering and provides smoother
 motion, making CRT monitors well-suited for tasks such as gaming and video
playback.
5. Color Depth: CRT monitors are capable of displaying a wide range of colors, typically
ranging from 16-bit to 32-bit color depth. This allows for vibrant and accurate color
reproduction, making CRT monitors popular for graphic design and multimedia
applications.
6. Viewing Angle: CRT monitors have relatively limited viewing angles compared to
modern flat-panel displays. The image quality may degrade when viewed from off-
center angles, which can be a drawback in settings where multiple people need to
view the screen simultaneously.
7. Resolution Flexibility: CRT monitors are less sensitive to changes in resolution
compared to LCD monitors. They can display non-native resolutions without
significant loss of image quality, making them more versatile in certain applications.
8. Flicker: CRT monitors are susceptible to flickering, especially at lower refresh rates.
This can cause eye strain and fatigue, particularly during prolonged use. However,
higher refresh rates help mitigate this issue.

7.what is LCD monitor

Ans: An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitor is a type of flat-panel display commonly used

in computer monitors, televisions, and other electronic devices. Instead of using cathode ray

tubes (CRTs) like older monitors, LCD monitors utilize a thin film transistor (TFT) array to

control individual pixels on the screen.

 LCD monitors are known for their slim profile, lightweight design, and energy efficiency

compared to CRT monitors. They produce images by selectively blocking light using

liquid crystals, which are controlled by an electric current. This allows for sharper

images, higher resolutions, and better color accuracy compared to CRT monitors.

 LCD monitors come in various sizes, resolutions, and aspect ratios to suit different

needs, from small desktop monitors to large high-definition televisions. They have

become the standard display technology in most consumer electronics due to their

versatility, performance, and affordability.

9. Explain the terms related to Hard Disk

 Ans: some common terms related to hard disks are:

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A hard disk drive is a non-volatile storage device that stores
and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage and one or more rigid rapidly
rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.
2. Solid State Drive (SSD): A solid-state drive is a storage device that uses integrated
circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory, and
functioning as secondary storage in the hierarchy of computer storage.
3. Storage Capacity: Storage capacity refers to the amount of data that a hard disk can
hold. It is usually measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB).
4. RPM (Revolutions Per Minute): RPM refers to the rotational speed of the hard disk
platters, typically measured in revolutions per minute. Higher RPM values generally
indicate faster data access speeds.
5. Seek Time: Seek time is the time it takes for the hard disk's read/write head to move
to the correct location on the disk to access or retrieve data. Lower seek times
indicate faster performance.
6. Cache: A cache is a small amount of high-speed memory located on or close to the
hard disk drive that stores recently accessed data. It helps improve read and write
performance by reducing access times.
7. Interface: The interface is the method by which the hard disk connects to the
computer's motherboard. Common interfaces include SATA (Serial ATA), PCIe
(Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), and NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory
Express).
8. Form Factor: The form factor refers to the physical size and shape of the hard disk
drive. Common form factors for internal hard drives include 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch
drives, while external hard drives can vary in size and shape.

9. What is modem , Explain internal and external modem

Ans: A modem, short for modulator-demodulator, is a device that allows computers
to transmit data over communication lines. It converts digital signals from a
computer into analog signals suitable for transmission over telephone lines and vice
versa. Here's an explanation of both external and internal modems:

1. **External Modem**:
- An external modem is a standalone device that connects to a computer via a
cable, typically a serial or USB connection.
- It is housed in a separate casing that sits outside the computer system, often
placed near the computer or on a desk.
- External modems are user-friendly and easy to install. They can be easily
connected or disconnected from the computer, making them portable and
convenient for use with multiple devices.
- They may offer additional features such as LEDs for status indication and built-in
hardware-based security features.
 2. **Internal Modem**:
- An internal modem is a modem card installed inside a computer system, usually
connected to the motherboard via an expansion slot such as PCI or PCIe.
- It is integrated into the computer's hardware, which means it is not visible
externally and does not require additional cables or connections.
- Internal modems are typically used in desktop computers where space is not a
constraint. They are commonly found in older computer systems.
- Installation of internal modems may require technical expertise and opening the
computer case, but they offer the advantage of being less susceptible to physical
damage or theft compared to external modems.

Both external and internal modems perform the same function of facilitating
communication between computers and networks. The choice between them
depends on factors such as portability, ease of installation, and the specific
requirements of the user's computing setup.

10. Describe the working of SMPS with diagram

Ans: Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are efficient and commonly used power
supply units in electronic devices. They convert electrical power from one form to
another, typically from mains AC to a lower DC voltage. Here's a description of how
they work along with a basic diagram:

Working of SMPS:

1. Rectification: The input AC voltage from the mains is first rectified to convert it into
pulsating DC voltage. This is typically done using a bridge rectifier.
2. Filtering: The pulsating DC voltage is then smoothed out using a capacitor to reduce
the ripple and obtain a relatively stable DC voltage.
3. Conversion: The smoothed DC voltage is then fed into a high-frequency switching
circuit, which chops the DC voltage into high-frequency pulses. This switching is
usually done using MOSFETs or transistors.
4. Transformer: The high-frequency pulses are then fed into a transformer. Unlike
traditional transformers, the transformer in an SMPS operates at high frequencies,
allowing for smaller and lighter transformers.
5. Rectification (Again): The transformer output is rectified again to convert it back to
DC voltage. This rectification is followed by filtering to further smooth out the
voltage.
6. Voltage Regulation: The output voltage is regulated using feedback control. A
feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and adjusts the switching frequency to
maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in input voltage or load.
7. Output: The regulated DC voltage is then provided as output to power the electronic
device.
Here's a basic diagram illustrating the components and working principle of an
SMPS:
 +----------------+ +--------------+
| | Input | |
| Mains AC +------------>+ Rectification|
| | | Filter |
+----------------+ +--------------+
|
v
Conversion
|
v
Transformer
|
v
+----------------+ +--------------+
| | Output | |
| Rectification<-------------+ Voltage |
| & Filter | | Regulation |
+----------------+ +--------------+
|
v
Load

11.What is SCSI
Ans: SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface. It's a set of standards for physically
connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices like hard
drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, and scanners. SCSI was developed in the early
1980s and has gone through several revisions, with each iteration offering improvements in
speed, data transfer rates, and features.

Here are some key points about SCSI:

1. **Parallel Interface**: SCSI originally used a parallel interface to transfer data between
devices. Multiple data lines allowed for faster data transfer rates compared to other
interfaces of the time, like serial ports.

2. **Multiple Device Support**: One of the significant advantages of SCSI is its ability to
support multiple devices on the same bus. Each device has a unique ID, allowing the host
computer to communicate with and control multiple SCSI devices simultaneously.

3. **Device Types**: SCSI supports various types of devices, including hard drives (SCSI
HDD), tape drives (SCSI tape), CD-ROM drives (SCSI CD-ROM), printers (SCSI printers), and
scanners (SCSI scanners).
 4. **Termination**: Proper termination is critical in SCSI setups to prevent signal reflections
and ensure reliable communication. SCSI devices at both ends of the SCSI bus need
termination.

5. **SCSI Standards**: Over the years, SCSI has evolved through several standards,
including SCSI-1, SCSI-2, SCSI-3, Ultra-SCSI, Ultra2-SCSI, Ultra3-SCSI (also known as Ultra160
SCSI), Ultra320 SCSI, and Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). Each standard introduced
improvements in speed, data transfer rates, and features.

6. **Compatibility**: SCSI devices are generally backward compatible, meaning newer SCSI
standards can typically communicate with devices using older standards. However, for
optimal performance, it's best to use devices and controllers that support the same or
compatible SCSI standards.

7. **Usage**: While SCSI was prevalent in the past, it has largely been supplanted by other
interfaces like SATA (Serial ATA) and SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) for storage devices due to
their higher data transfer rates, simpler cabling, and lower cost. However, SCSI is still used in
some specialized applications where its features, such as support for multiple devices and
high reliability, are advantageous.

12. Write advantages/features of Bluetooth.

Ans: Bluetooth technology offers a range of advantages and features that make it a
widely adopted wireless communication standard for short-range data exchange
between devices. Here are some of its key advantages:

1. Wireless Connectivity: Bluetooth enables wireless connectivity between devices

without the need for cables, allowing for more flexible and convenient device
interactions.
2. Universal Compatibility: Bluetooth is a standardized technology supported by a
wide range of devices, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, desktop computers,
printers, headphones, speakers, and more. This universal compatibility ensures
seamless connectivity between different devices from various manufacturers.
3. Short-Range Communication: Bluetooth is designed for short-range
communication, typically within a range of up to 10 meters (30 feet), making it
suitable for personal area networks (PANs) and localized device interactions.
4. Low Power Consumption: Bluetooth technology is optimized for low power
consumption, making it ideal for battery-powered devices such as smartphones,
wearables, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) further
reduces power consumption, extending battery life in connected devices.
5. Ease of Use: Bluetooth features automatic pairing and connection between devices,
often with minimal user intervention. Once paired, devices can establish connections
automatically when they are within range, enhancing user convenience.
6. Secure Connections: Bluetooth utilizes encryption and authentication mechanisms
to ensure secure data transmission between devices, protecting against unauthorized
access and data interception.
7. Versatile Applications: Bluetooth technology supports various applications and use
cases, including wireless audio streaming (e.g., Bluetooth headphones, speakers), file
transfer between devices, wireless printing, tethering for internet access, hands-free
calling in vehicles, and IoT connectivity for smart home devices.
8. High Data Transfer Rates: Bluetooth technology has evolved over the years to
support higher data transfer rates, enabling faster exchange of data between devices
for improved performance in tasks such as file sharing and audio streaming.
9. Continuous Development: Bluetooth technology is continually evolving with new
features and enhancements introduced through updates to the Bluetooth
specification. This ongoing development ensures that Bluetooth remains relevant and
capable of supporting emerging use cases and technologies.

13. Difference in PCI and PCI express bus

S.NO PCI PCI express

An advanced version of PCI bus that

PCI is a computer bus that
1. connects graphic ports, Wifi and other
connects hardware devices.
devices.

It was introduced in the year It was introduced in the year 2003 by Intel,
2.
1992 by Intel. Dell and other organizations.

3. It is a parallel bus interface It is a serial bus interface.

Conventional PCI is the other PCI-e is the abbreviated name for PCI
4.
name for PCI. Express.

5. It works slower. It works faster.

PCI provides a slower data

6. PCI Express provides faster data rate.
rate

The PCI slots are The PCI-e slots depends upon number of
7.
standardized lanes.

The speed of a PCI slot is upto

8. The speed of a PCI-e slot is upto 16 GB/s.
133MB/s.
 S.NO PCI PCI express

9. It has less features. It has more features.

It may or may not have hot

10. It has the hot swapping feature.
swapping feature.

14. What is cache memory

Ans: Cache memory is a type of high-speed volatile computer memory that stores
frequently accessed data and instructions to improve the overall performance of the
system. It acts as a buffer between the CPU (central processing unit) and the slower
main memory (RAM), reducing the time needed to access data and instructions that
are frequently used by the CPU.

Cache memory is typically smaller in size compared to RAM but much faster in terms
of access speed. It is divided into several levels, typically referred to as L1, L2, and
sometimes L3 cache, each level being larger but slower than the preceding one.
Here's a brief overview of each level:

1. L1 Cache: This is the smallest and fastest cache, located directly on the CPU chip. It
stores a small amount of data and instructions that the CPU is currently using or is
likely to use in the near future. Access to L1 cache is extremely fast, usually in just a
few cycles.
2. L2 Cache: Located on the CPU chip or on a separate chip connected closely to the
CPU, L2 cache is larger but slightly slower than L1 cache. It stores additional data and
instructions that may be needed by the CPU. Access to L2 cache is still very fast
compared to accessing main memory.
3. L3 Cache: Some CPUs also have an additional level of cache called L3 cache, which is
larger but slower than L2 cache. It acts as a shared cache for multiple CPU cores
within a processor. Access to L3 cache is slower than L1 and L2 cache but still faster
than accessing main memory.

15. what is video accelerator card

Ans: A video accelerator card, also known as a graphics accelerator card or a

graphics processing unit (GPU), is a specialized hardware component designed to
offload and accelerate tasks related to rendering graphics and processing visual data.
These cards are essential components in computers, especially for tasks such as
gaming, multimedia editing, CAD (Computer-Aided Design), and other graphics-
intensive applications.

Here are some key functions and features of video accelerator cards:
1. Graphics Rendering: Video accelerator cards are responsible for rendering and
displaying graphics on a computer's monitor or display device. They perform tasks
such as geometry processing, texture mapping, shading, and rasterization to create
the visual elements seen on the screen.
2. 3D Graphics Acceleration: Many modern video accelerator cards include dedicated
hardware for accelerating 3D graphics rendering. This allows for smooth and
immersive 3D gaming experiences, as well as efficient rendering of 3D models in
applications like CAD and animation software.
3. Video Playback Acceleration: Video accelerator cards often include hardware
decoding capabilities for popular video codecs, such as H.264 and HEVC (H.265). This
offloads the decoding process from the CPU, leading to smoother playback of high-
definition video content and reduced power consumption.

16. Explain types of printers

Ans: Printer are categorised by the technology used in printer. This may vary the speed; quality and
feasibility of printer. Printers are available in following types.

 Laser Printers

 Solid Ink Printers

 LED Printers

 Business Inkjet Printers

 Home Inkjet Multifunction Printers

 Dot Matrix Printers

 3D Printers

 Dot Matrix Printer- Dot matrix printing sometimes called impact matrix printing, A dot
matrix is a 2D matrix of dots that can represent images, symbols, or characters. They are
used for electronic displays, such as computer monitors and LED screens, as well as printed
output.

 Inkjet- Inkjet printers are the most common type of consumer printers. The inkjet
technology works by spraying very fine drops of ink on a sheet of paper. These droplets are
"ionized" which allows them to be directed by magnetic plates in the ink's path.

 Laser - Laser printing is digital printing process to produces high-quality text and graphics by
repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a
"drum" to define a differentially charged image.

17. Explain zone recording with suitable diagram.

 Ans: Zone recording is a technique used in magnetic storage devices (hard disk drives, HDDs) to
optimize storage capacity and performance for different data access patterns. It divides the storage
surface of the disk into concentric circles called zones. Each zone has a different track density
(number of tracks per unit radius) due to the physics of magnetic recording.

1. Storage Device: Represents the physical storage hardware, such as a hard disk drive
(HDD) or a solid-state drive (SSD).
2. Platter: In the case of a HDD, it represents the circular disk inside the drive where
data is stored magnetically. In an SSD, it represents the storage cells.
3. Zones: The storage space is divided into several zones, each depicted by a different
color. These zones may differ in their characteristics such as data density, rotational
speed (for HDDs), or flash memory type (for SSDs).
4. Outer Zone: Typically, the outer zones of a disk have higher data transfer rates and
are used for storing frequently accessed data or data requiring high performance.
5. Inner Zone: Inner zones may have slower data transfer rates compared to outer
zones due to factors like reduced linear velocity in HDDs. They are often used for
storing less frequently accessed data or archival data

18. Explain UPS

Ans: An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer to keep running for at
least a short time when the primary power source is lost. UPS devices also provide protection from
power surges. A UPS contains a battery that "kicks in" when the device senses a loss of power from
the primary source.
  Online UPS

1.An online UPS is the one that provides power supply to the load.

2. The supply provided to the load is of uninterruptible nature because initially, load draws current
from the main supply source however, in case of power failure the load draws current from battery
backup, and that too with zero transfer time.

 Offline UPS

1. Offline UPS – also referred to as VFD (Voltage and Frequency Dependent) or Standby UPS – offer
the most basic level of power protection.

2. When the mains supply fails or fluctuates outside of the UPS’s operating window, a relay connects
the load to the inverter output (resulting in a 4-8ms transfer time).

3. In normal operation, with mains supply present, both output voltage and frequency will track the
input voltage and frequency respectively.

19. what are the symptoms of power supply problem.

Ans: The power light is off and/or the device won’t turn on.

The power supply fan does not turn when the computer is powered on.

The computer sounds a continuous beep. (This could also be a bad motherboard or a stuck key on
the keyboard.)

When the computer powers on, it does not beep at all. (This could also be a bad motherboard.)

When the computer powers on, it sounds repeating short beeps. (This could also be a bad
motherboard.)

During POST, a 02X or parity POST error code appears (where X is any number); one of the POST
checks is a power good signal from the power supply; a 021, 022, . . . error message indicates that
the power supply did not pass the POST test.

The computer reboots or powers down without warning.

The power supply fan is noisy.

The power supply is too hot to touch.

The computer emits a burning smell.

The power supply fan spins, but there is no power to other devices.

21. List four firewire features

 It is brand name for the IEEE 1394 high speed serial bus interface.

• It was developed in thelate1980s and early1990s by Apple, who called it FireWire.

 • IEEE 1394 is a serial bus architecture for high-speed data transfer. FireWire is a serial bus, meaning
that information is transferred one bit at a time

High Speed: FireWire offers high-speed data transfer rates, making it suitable for transferring large
files or streaming multimedia content. It supports speeds of up to 400 Mbps (FireWire 400) or even
up to 800 Mbps (FireWire 800), depending on the version.

Hot Plugging: FireWire supports hot plugging, allowing devices to be connected and disconnected
from the bus without powering down the system. This feature enables users to add or remove
devices without disrupting the operation of other connected devices or the computer itself.

Peer-to-Peer Communication: FireWire supports peer-to-peer communication, meaning that devices

connected to the FireWire bus can communicate directly with each other without involving the
computer's CPU. This feature enables efficient data transfer between devices, such as transferring
files directly between two digital cameras or connecting a digital video camera to a computer for
real-time video capture.

Bus Powering: FireWire provides bus powering, allowing connected devices to draw power from the
FireWire bus itself, eliminating the need for separate power adapters for some devices. This feature
is particularly useful for portable devices like external hard drives or digital cameras, as it reduces
cable clutter and simplifies connectivity.

22. construction and working of touch screen display

Ans: The touch sensor is a panel, usually made of glass that has a touch responsive surface. Different
touch screens are built based on different types of sensors. The most common sensors are resistive,
capacitive , and acoustic wave sensors.

Resistive Touch Screen:

Construction: A resistive touch screen typically consists of multiple layers. The top layer is a flexible,
transparent film made of polyester or similar material. This layer is coated with a conductive
material such as indium tin oxide (ITO) on its underside. Below this layer is a rigid panel with a
similar conductive coating.

Working Principle: When a user touches the screen with their finger or a stylus, it causes the top
flexible layer to make contact with the rigid panel underneath. This contact creates a circuit between
the two conductive layers, resulting in a change in electrical resistance at the point of contact. The
touch screen controller detects this change and calculates the coordinates of the touch point based
on the resistance values. Resistive touch screens can detect input from any object that applies
pressure to the screen.

23. explain working of key switches in keyboard.

Ans: Key switches in a keyboard are the mechanical or membrane-based components that register
keystrokes when keys are pressed. The types of key switches used in keyboards are mechanical
switches membrane switches, capacitive switches, dome switches.

a) Mechanical Switch Keyboard

These keyboards use standard spring-loaded momentary-on switches. Pressing a key
compresses a spring and causes a plunger on the bottom of the key to make physical contact
 to close the connection. When the key is released, the spring forces it back into rest position.
Mechanical keyboards also have a longer lifespan than membrane or dome-switch
keyboards, with an expected lifespan of 50 million clicks.
b) Capacitive Keyboard
These keyboards are unique in that pressing a key does not make electrical contact to
complete the circuit. Instead, movement of the plunger on the bottom of a key alters the
state of a capacitive circuit, which the keyboard controller recognizes as a key press.
Keyboards with capacitive switches provide clacky feedback, are even more durable than
mechanical keyboards.

24. list protection devices for power supply and explain them.

Ans: A power supply is a device or system that converts electrical energy from a power source into a
form suitable for powering electronic devices or equipment. It provides the necessary voltage,
current, and frequency required by the load (the device or equipment being powered).The two types
of protection device in power supply are as follows:

I.circuit breaker

1. A circuit breaker is a device that automatically stops the flow of electricity in an electrical circuit
when it detects a fault, such as an overload or a short circuit.

2. It helps prevent damage to electrical equipment and reduces the risk of electrical fires.

3. When a fault occurs, the circuit breaker trips, cutting off the electricity flow, and can be reset
manually after the issue is fixed.

4. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household
appliance up to large switch gear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

II. surge suppressor

1. A surge suppressor, is a device designed to protect electronic devices and appliances from voltage
spikes or surges in electrical power.

2. These spikes can occur due to lightning strikes, power grid fluctuations, or sudden changes in
electrical load.

3. The surge suppressor works by diverting excess voltage away from connected devices, ensuring
that they receive only the amount of electricity they need to operate safely.

4. Surge suppressors are commonly used with sensitive electronic equipment such as computers,
TVs, and home entertainment systems to prevent damage to their internal components caused by
voltage surges.

5. They usually plug into wall outlets and provide multiple outlets for connecting various devices,
offering an additional layer of protection against unexpected power fluctuations.