THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

NETWORK AND SUPPLY

COMPONENTS
Introduction
The travel industry is a tourism and hospitality network encompassing both the
public and private sectors. Businesses and organizations can be thought of as components
of the travel industry and categorized as direct providers, support services and tourism
developmental organizations. The first category involves organizations that provide services
or products directly to the travelers. The second category provides goods and services for
both the travelers and for organizations that send goods and services directly but not
exclusively to tourists. The traveler receives the service indirectly through these support
services. The third category affects the other two categories, both directly and indirectly, as
well as the travelers. Thus, all aspects of the tourism and hospitality network are affected
by decisions of government agencies and planners
Macro perspective In Tourism and Hospitality Management
CHAPTER 4

THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITYNETWORK AND SUPPLYCOMPONENTS

Introduction
The travel industry is a tourism and hospitality network encompassing both the public and private
sectors. Businesses and organizations can be thought of as components of the travel industry and
categorized as direct providers, support services and tourism developmental organizations. The first category
involves organizations that provide services or products directly to the travelers. The second category provides
goods and services for both the travelers and for organizations that send goods and services
directly but not exclusively to tourists. The traveler receives the service indirectly through these support
services. The third category affects the other two categories, both directly and indirectly, as well as the
travelers. Thus, all aspects of the tourism and hospitality network are affected by decisions of government
agencies and planners
Tourism and hospitality supply components are classified into five main categories: natural resources,
infrastructure, transportation, superstructure, and hospitality resources. Natural resources include climate,
topography, flora and fauna, lakes, rivers, volcanoes, waterfalls, caves, and canyons. Infrastructure
consists of facilities that are underground or on the surface, such as water, power, communications
systems, sewage and drainage, streets, highways, and bridges. Hospitality resources refer to the general
feeling of being welcomed that tourists receive in a destination area. It can be improved by providing a
program of hospitality training to tourism and hospitality personnel and encouraging positive
feelings toward tourism and hospitality and tourists by the general public. Transportation includes
passenger transportation facilities used on land, air, and sea. Superstructure refers to facilities that are
above the ground. Examples are hostel and other types of accommodation, restaurants, and shopping centers.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. discuss the direct and indirect components of the tourism and hospitality network;
2. explain the tourism and hospitality supply components;
3. compare the different types of tourist accommodations;
4. enumerate and describe the classifications of hotels; and be acquainted with the
basic standard requirements for restaurants.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. discuss the direct and indirect components of the tourism and hospitality network;
2. explain the tourism and hospitality supply components;
3. compare the different types of tourist accommodations;
4. enumerate and describe the classifications of hotels; and be acquainted with thebasic standard
requirements for restaurants.

The first category, direct providers, include businesses that are associated with
travel, such as airlines, hotels, restaurants, ground transportation, travel agencies' and
retail shops. These businesses provide services, activities, and products that are consumed
and/or purchased directly by travelers. They represent the sectors of the industry that are
visible to the travelers.
The first category, direct providers, include businesses that are associated with travel, such as
airlines, hotels, restaurants, ground transportation, travel agencies' and retail shops. These businesses
provide services, activities, and products that are consumed and/or purchased directly by travelers. They
represent the sectors of the industry that are visible to the travelers.
The second category, support services, lend support to direct providers. 11t includes specialized services
such as tour organizers, travel and trade publications, hotel management firms, and travel research
firms. It also includes basic supplies and services, such as contract laundry and contract food services. Support
services provide goods and services for both the traveler and for organizations that sell goods and services
directly but not exclusively to tourists. A good example are tour wholesalers who prepare tours and instead
of selling them directly to the public, they sell the tours through a travel agency. Thus, the traveler receives the
service indirectly through these support services.
The third category, tourism developmental organizations, is different from the first two, since it includes
planners, government agencies, financial institutions, real estate developers, and educational and
vocational training institutions. These organizations deal with tourism and hospitality development, which tend
to be more complex and broader in scope than the production of daily travel services. The decisions and
results of tourism and hospitality development are more long-term in nature than the first two categories
which deal more with operators.
Tourism and Hospitality Supply Components
Tourism and hospitality supply components are classified into five main categories:
1. Natural resources — include elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such as climate,
landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty, and water supply for drinking,
sanitation, and similar uses; 2. Infrastructure — consists of all' underground and surface
developmental construction such as water supply systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical and
communications systems, drainage systems, and other constructed facilities such as highways, airports,
railroads, roads, drives, parking lots, parks, night lighting, marinas and dock facilities, bus and train station
facilities, and similar tourist service installations;
3. Superstructure — is the above ground facility services such as airport buildings, passenger traffic
terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of entertainment, museums, stores,
and similar structures;
4. Transportation and transportation equipment — include items such as ships, airplanes, trains, buses,
limousines, taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar passenger transportation facilities; and
Hospitality resources include the cultural wealth of an area which makes possible the successful hosting of
tourists. Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourist business employees, attitudes of the
residents toward visitors, courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to serve and to get
better acquainted with visitors, and other manifestations of warmth and friendliness. Also included are
the cultural resources of an area such as fine arts, literature, history, music, dramatic art, dancing, and
shopping.
Natural Resources
The natural resources of a destination area provide an excellent asset to sell to tourists. The
physical characteristics of an area can be generalized as natural scenery climate, and environment.
The natural scenery is a combination Of the general topography, flora and fauna, proximity to lakes, rivers,
seas, islands and islets, hot and mineral water springs, caverns, waterfalls, and the like. The greater the variety
and uniqueness of the scenery, the more appealing it is. The appeal can be increased if the area
has a "comfortable" climate. A comfortable cold climate is determined by the wind-chill factor—a term used
to express how temperature feels to the exposed skin. A comfortable warm climate is determined
by the combination of humidity, temperature, and wind. A notable example is the Caribbean because,
although many of its islands are in the tropical zone, the wind currents make it more comfortable than the
temperature and humidity would show. Water plays an important role in forming an attractive landscape. The
sea, lakes, and rivers not only add to the visual beauty of the region, but also offer the possibility of swimming,
sailing, canoeing, and fishing. Thus, large bodies of water have become popular such as Taal Lake in the
Philippines and Lake Geneva in Switzerland
Specific natural phenomena such as volcanoes, waterfalls, caves, and canyons also attract tourists. Examples
are the Pagsanjan Falls in the Philippines, Grand Canyon in the US, Niagara Falls in the US and Canada, and the
Great Barrier Reef of Australia
The particular fauna or flora of a region often draws tourists. Kenya and other countries of
Southern Africa and their wildlife safaris are increasing in popularity, the camera being substituted
for the gun. The Amazon, with its exotic rainforest-vegetation andits wildlife, is attracting several tourists. The
same is true with the tulip fields Of Holland and the cherry blossoms of Japan.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure consists of all the underground and surface developmental construction of a region,
which is made up of water systems, communication networks, healthcare facilities, transportation
terminals, power sources, sewage/drainage areas,
1. Water. Sufficient quantity of pure water is essential. A typical resort requires350 to 400 gallons of water per
room per day. An 18-hole golf course will require 600,000to 1 million gallons of water per day, depending on
the region on which
2. Power. The important things to consider are that adequate supply of power is available to meet peak load
requirements, that continuity of service is and that the type of power supplied is compatible with that used by
the target market of the destination.
3. Communication. It is necessary that the telephone and/or telegraph service is available.
4. Sewage/drainage. Sewer demand is often placed at 90% of domestic water demand. Although
water storage reservoir and sewage treatment plants can be designed on the basis of maximum average
demand, transmission lines must be designed on the basis of maximum peak demand.
5. Healthcare. The type of healthcare facilities provided will depend on the number of visitors expected, their
ages, the type of activities in which they will engage, and local geographical factors.
6. Streets/highways. The availability of first-Class roads adds greatly to the accessibility of a region.
The following are certain ways to make the use of highways more interesting to tourists:
a. provide close-up range views of local scenes;
b. change the elevation;
c. develop viewpoints and overlooks;
d. independently align dual-lane highways to fit into the land contour; and
e. select thin trees to reveal views. Design a dual system of higher speed lanes flanked by roads for low-speed
local traffic. Roads should be engineered for safety, taking appropriate measures designed to safeguard the
highway user.
7. Transportation terminals. The following are the problems in terminal facilities and ground transportation:
a. General. There is an almost complete lack of Coordination among the three modes of air, rail, and bus. There
is also a noticeable lack of consistency in standards and procedures within each mode. Directional and
informational signs are not uniform throughout the system; public address announcements are often
unintelligible.
b. Air. Long walks are required.in many terminals.
c. Rail. Parking is inconvenient and inadequate near larger terminals; use offacilities by local
transients and inadequate cleaning procedures lead to crowded and unsanitary waiting rooms and
restrooms; security to prevent thefts is lacking; information and directional maps are not provided in most rail
terminals; special transportation to and from rail terminals is not provided; and urban transit and taxi service
are often inadequate.
d. Bus. Terminals are dirty and crowded due to use by unauthorized people and to inadequate cleaning
procedures; boarding gates lack a system of orderly procedures resulting in crowding when passengers
are boarding; and inadequate protection is afforded to passengers against traffic
The following suggestions with regard to terminals and ground facilities may serve as a guide in providing
adequate services:

 Full information about facilities, terminal location, and local transportation at destination should be
made available to all originating passengers; A security system should be provided to prevent
theft and misleading of checked baggage at terminals;
 The information system should provide data on connecting or alternative rail and bus service, -including
information on fares and schedules;
 A system of standard signs and symbols should be developed and installed in all air terminals;
 Rapid updated arrival and departure information should be available on posted information
boards, through public address announcements and to telephone callers;
 Personnel should always be available to assist passengers especially the aged,handicapped, and non-
English speakers;
 Complete information should be provided on the locations, fares, schedules, and routes of local
transportation services; and
 City maps should be made available to tourists
8. Security. While on vacation, tourists are in an unfamiliar environment. Because of this, the need for
assurance regarding their safety is -important. The image gained of the destination may be distorted. In
addition, the costs of medical care are so expensive that concern about health in foreign countries may
generate additional fears. Insecurities about food, water, or police protection may prevent visitors from
visiting. It is necessary that the basic need for security and safety be considered and assumed to make the
potential tourist feel secure before and during the vacation.
Hospitality Resources
Hospitality resources refer to the general feeling of being welcomed that the visitors receive while visiting a
destination area. It is the Way that tourist services are delivered by service providers, as well as the
general feeling of Warmth from the local population. Tourists will have a more enjoyable vacation if
they feel welcomed by the host population and will certainly feel awkward and unhappy if they feel rejected.
Hospitality resources can be improved by training tourism and hospitality personnel to be hospitable to
encourage positive feelings toward tourism and hospitality and tourists by the general public.
Hospitality Training
Hospitality training aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing with tourists. It is assumed
that providing more hospitable services will result to a more satisfied tourist who will be inclined to
return and advertise to other potential tourists through word of mouth.
To enable service providers to render hospitable services, it is necessary to change their present behavior. This
change of behavior is brought about by a change in attitude and an increase in the level of knowledge. The
three aspects of attitudes are toward self, toward others, and toward the tourism and hospitality industry
Attitude Toward Self
If an individual's self-esteem or attitude toward self is low, that individual will tend to behave in such a way
that the feedback from others will confirm the low opinion of himself. Hence, it is necessary to change the
individual's perception of self in order to improve his behavior. If service providers can be made to
believe that they and their work are important, their work and their actions toward tourists will reflect
this feeling. If service providers can be viewed as hosts and hostesses rather that Just" employees, their self-
image may be raised. The fact that dealing with and serving people is a very difficult task should be stressed.
Although it is relatively easy to deal with a satisfied guest, it is very challenging to deal with visitors who are
dissatisfied or are very demanding. The ability to satisfy guests is a very demanding task. People who can do
this have skills that should be highly regarded by themselves and by others.
Attitude Toward Others
The second aspect is the attitude toward others. Service providers should be assisted in developing positive
feelings toward fellow employees and tourists that will result in positive behavior toward the
tourists. This can be achieved by training the individual regarding teamwork and interdependencies in
getting the job done.
The key to the development of positive attitudes toward visitors is to be able to develop the ability to put
oneself in the visitor's place. Role-playing can be used for this purpose. If the service providers can empathize
with the tourists, accept tourists as they are, understand that for tourists, the vacation is something that they
have saved up for the whole year or for a lifetime, and appreciate how tired they may be after a long trip, then,
the attitude is likely to be more positive
Attitude Toward the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
The third aspect is the attitude toward the tourism and hospitality industry. A positive attitude
as service providers toward tourists can be brought about only when employees are made aware of
how important tourism and hospitality is to their country, city, and community. By being aware of the amount
of revenue, jobs, taxes generated, and the dispersion of the tourist dollar throughout the community
employees may become convinced of the economics and social significance of the industry of which they are
a part of.
To facilitate a change in attitude, it is necessary to raise the level of knowledge of the individual. This may
be done in group sessions or through a variety of audiovisual means. To be able to give advice
or directions to tourists, employees can familiarize themselves with the surrounding attractions
and services through familiarization tours. Employees should be instructed in group sessions with
regard to verbal and nonverbal behavior since many of them are unaware of the negative messages their
facial expressions or posture give to tourists. With increasing the level of knowledge and teaching hospitable
behavior, it is hoped that the hospitality behavior level of service providers will be raised
Community Awareness Programs
Although the tourists are most directly affected by the degree of hospitality shown by service providers, the
overall feeling of being welcomed within a community will also enhance or detract from the vacation
experience. Residents of a destination area cannot be trained to act in a hospitable manner toward tourists,
but a community awareness program can help develop a more positive attitude toward the tourists. The aims
of the program are to build acceptance of tourism and to build an understanding of the tourists.
An acceptance of tourism and hospitality cannot be built unless the benefits of tourism and
hospitality are made clear to the members of the community. The benefits of tourism and hospitality are
many, yet many people do not realize that they are positively affected by it. It is necessary to convince the local
citizens of the importance and relevance of tourism and hospitality to them.
An understanding of who the tourist is can bring about a greater acceptance Of the visitor. Knowing why
people visit may result in a stronger civic pride.
There are various ways to communicate with the local community. Public meetings can be held to discuss
particular problems. A speakers' bureau composed of tourism community leaders who can talk to
community groups may be organized. Information sheets and newsletters can be distributed
throughout the destination area. Whatever method is used, the main objective is to create a feeling of
being welcomed for the tourists within the community.
Transportation
Transportation is of paramount importance in developing tourism and hospitality Tourists need easy
access to various forms of transportation, such as road, rail, air, and water. Thus, the amount of time
from major population centers via each mode of transportation is important. It is important to have
convenient access and quality service. The cost of reaching the destination and staying there must also be
considered. This should include special needs, such as road tolls, gasoline stations, repairs, parking, car rentals
and charter, and scheduled bus services.
Land Travel
1. Taxi and Limousine Service
Adequate taxi and limousine service are important in a tourist area. Taxis should have removable and
washable seat covers so that they will present a clean appearance to the passenger. The taxi driver
should always be courteous and helpful. He should open the door for the passenger and assist him in
getting the baggage from the trunk. Taxi drivers should be trained in foreign language. If the drivers are
generally weak in foreign language ability, hotels can cooperate by providing written directions for the
tourists to give to the taxi driver regarding his destination and another written direction for the tourists
to give to the taxi driver to return to the hotel at the end of the trip.
2. Bus Service
Tour buses should have large windows, comfortable seats, air-conditioning unit, and restroom
facilities. Springs and other suspension systems in the tour buses should be carefully
designed to prevent joggling of passengers. Multilingual services or multilingual tape-recording facilities
with earphones for each passenger are desirable for touring areas where an interpretation of the points
of interest is necessary.

Persons assigned to the buses should be selected for their appropriate temperament, courtesy, and
hospitality. Tour guides and interpreters should be properly trained and educated for their
job to avoid the faulty interpretations of the tourist attractions. A program of certification
for tour guides should be conducted by a special school or provided in the curriculum of an
institution of higher learning. In such a program, competent instructors should be hired to
educate future guides in the history, culture, and the political and economic systems of the tourist
areas. Adequate knowledge of difficult languages is also an important qualification.
3. Rail Services
The majority of seasoned travelers prefer to travel by train because of its safety record and the
convenience and satisfaction of viewing the scenery from a comfortable air-conditioned car. The
appeal of rail travel has been further enhanced by the recent introduction of high-speed
train.
 Adequate taxi, limousine, or bus services from the railroad station to the hotels are very important.
These services must be frequent enough to avoid fear on the part of the traveler that he will not reach
his hotel at once. Such services should also be available to transport him from the hotel to the railroad
station to allow him to board his train
Air Travel
Porter service is important at air terminals. The porters' helpful behavior and attitude are essential and their
training and supervision should be adequate.
Although airport facilities differ from place to place; the comfort of travelers should always be kept in mind. In
a hot climate, the airport must be completely air. Conditioned and in a cold climate, adequate heat should be
provided
Large airports provide comfortable and attractive waiting areas, as well as information regarding
flight details
Sea Travel
Sea travel is a major factor in tourism and hospitality. Examples of these are the Manila Bay Sunset Cruise in
the Philippines, the Miami Cruise in Florida, the Rhine River Cruise in Germany, and the Canal Cruise in
Holland.
Cruise ships have developed into "floating resorts" or "floatels." Because of this idea, the demand for sea travel
has increased and cruises became popular in recent years. The luxurious way of life will have a large market as
soon as wealth and leisure time increases.
Superstructure
Accommodation
While away from home, the tourist needs to eat and sleep. Sleeping accommodations range from hotels of
international standards and condominiums to campgrounds and the homes of relatives and friends. For a
tourist region to succeed, a sufficient quantity of accommodations of the right quality should be
provided for the needs of the tourists.
The demand for accommodations varies according to the price the guests are willing to pay, services required,
and similar considerations. The type of accommodations provided is also partly determined by what
competitors are providing. An important thing to remember in marketing is that the facilities should at
least equal those provided by the competition for the same market.
Appropriate accommodations should be available for all segments of the market Expensive hotel
accommodations may be demanded by those who want the best and are willing and able to pay accordingly.
On the other hand, tourists who are unable or unwilling to pay for expensive accommodations should have
cheap facilities available.
In planning accommodations, the nature of the environment, the destination, the expected markets, the
mode of transportation, the type of activities engaged in at the destinations, and other related factors
determine the type of accommodations which shall be made available
ACCOMODATIONS
-The term accommodation refers to a room, building or lodging which provides shelter for a person to stay,
sleep and live.
Hotel Classifications
There are different ways bf classifying hotels. One way is by location, such as city center, suburban, airport,
highway, and resorts. Another way is by type Of guest, such as commercial, convention, and resort. A more
meaningful classification is one based on price such as economy or budget, standard or midscale, first-class, or
deluxe.
A star rating system is often used to classify hotels in Europe and other parts of the world outside the United
States. Stars are assigned according to the quality of restaurants, rooms, amenities, and service. The highest is
the five-star hotel and the lowest is the one-star hotel. Other classifications are deluxe, first-class, standard,
and economy.

Type of Accommodation
1. Hotels- A hotel is an establishment providing paid accommodation. Hotels used to offer basic
accommodation in the past, but nowadays they mostly provide rooms with modern facilities, en-suite
bathrooms, air-conditioning, a telephone, a TV set, an Internet connection; a mini-bar including a small
refrigerator with drinks and snacks. Hotels have been designed and built to meet almost any kind of budget
or comfort level that the traveling public might want.

2. Motels- The word is an abbreviation of motor – hotel and the concept originates from the USA. Motels
differ from hotels in their location: they are mostly situated along highways. Usually they are in a shape of
connected rooms with their doors facing the parking lot. Sometimes they are a series of small cabins with a
common parking. They have small reception rooms and not much attention is paid to the interior of the
buildings. Some motels also have restaurants and dining rooms or even swimming pools.

3. Resort Hotels- resort hotels are intended for vacation travelers. These hotels range from budget to luxury
and can accommodate these travelers and even convention delegates. These are usually located near
beaches and offer more amenities, shops, recreation opportunities

4. Pensions- pensions are found principally in Europe. These are usually family-owned accommodation
facilities. In German speaking parts of Europe, a pension is also called Gasthaus. Pensions and Gasthaus
usually offer continental breakfast but do not have facilities for other meals.

5. Paradors- paradors are unique to Spain. These are generally old castles, conventions, or monasteries that
have been converted into hotels by the government and are operated by the government.

6. Condominium Hotels- A condo hotel, also known as a condotel, hotel condo or a condotel, is a building
which is legally a condominium but which is operated as a hotel, offering short term rentals, and which
maintains a front desk. Condo hotels are typically high-rise buildings developed and operated as luxury
hotels, usually in major cities and resorts. These hotels have condominium units which allow someone to
own a full-service vacation home.

7. Campground- camping is a popular form of overnight accommodation in both Europe and North America.
In North America, there are at present more than 20,000 campgrounds, some of which are owned by hotels.
Campground usually appeal to families who travel in recreational vehicles RVs. Campground and RVs
stopping spots often found in government parks and forests.

8. Bed and Breakfast- is a guest house that provides bed and breakfast accommodations. Bed and
breakfast is a system of accommodations in a hotel or guest house, in which you pay for a room for the night
and for breakfast the following morning.

9. Tourist Inns- Tourist Inns are lodging establishments that cater to transients. These do not normally meet
the minimum requirements of an economy hotel.

10. Apartment-Hotels (Apartels)- those are buildings which contain several independent and furnished or
semi-furnished apartments. These are leased to tourist and travelers on a long-term basis and offer basic
services to its tenant similar to hotels.
 11. Health Spas- those are hotels and resorts which cater to people who go to spas or mineral springs for
medical treatment or weight reduction. a place where you go to exercise and to take part in activities that
are thought to be good for your health, such as massage.

12. Private Homes- the private homes is the earliest form of overnight lodging for travelers. It provides
lodging to tourist who cannot be accommodated in hotels and motels during peak vacation periods.

13. Time-sharing- time-sharing is more recent unique type of accommodation. Time-sharing is the selling of
vacation lodging, usually condominiums, for specific week or weeks over a given number of years. The resort
would rent the units during the time when the owner was not in residence, thus providing an income to help
with the payment.

14. Hostels- It provide basic amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and bathroom. An
inexpensive lodging facility for usually young travelers that typically has dormitory-style sleeping
arrangements and sometimes offers meals and planned activities.

FOOD AND BEVERAGES SECTORS

-The food and beverage industry represents a huge sector of services within the hospitality industry that
include preparing, presenting, and serving food and beverages to the customers on-premise (at restaurants
and hotels) or off-premise (takeaway, restaurant catering service, and food delivery).

Types of Restaurants
1. Family or Commercial Restaurants- An eating establishment that serves relatively simple food at reasonable
prices, and welcomes children as well as adults. sometimes referred to as “large-format dining”—is when food
is served on large platters meant for sharing, rather than as individual plates.

2. Coffee Shops- a small, informal restaurant where drinks and small meals are served, sometimes in a larger
shop or building. Coffee shops are characterized by a fast-food service. It is usually located in an office building
or shopping mall.

3. Cafeterias- a restaurant in which the customers serve themselves or are served at a counter and take the
food to tables to eat. Cafeterias are usually located in shopping centers and office buildings.

4. Gourmet Restaurants- it generally require a higher initial investment than other types of restaurants
because they require an expensive ambience and decor. They cater to those who want a higher standard and
are willing to pay the price.

5. Ethnic Restaurants- ethnic restaurant feature the food of a specific region or country. They can be Chinese
or classical French cuisine. The decor usually has an ethnic motif. In order to be successful, ethnic restaurants
must serve authentic cuisine of the region or country they are featuring and those who prepare the food must
be well-trained and knowledgeable.

6. Fast-food Restaurants- A fast-food restaurant, also known as a quick-service restaurant (QSR) within the
industry, is a specific type of restaurant that serves fast-food cuisine and has minimal table service. It is a
commercial term, limited to food sold in a restaurant or store with frozen, preheated or precooked ingredients
and served in packaging for take-out/take-away.

7. Deli Shops- A delicatessen, or in short, a “deli,” is a store where people can go to buy ready-to-eat items
such as cold cut meats, sliced cheeses, sandwiches, breads, salads and so much more. Deli shops have low
labor costs because only one or two owners and employees are involved.
8. Buffet Restaurants- buffet restaurants are established on a completely self-serve basis. The food buffet is
usually an “all you can eat” hot and cold food for one price.

9. Transportation Restaurant- there is a natural link between transportation and food service. Several
restaurants are generally found along auto and bus transportation routes. They are also found at bus , rail, and
air transportation buildings, as well as on transportation vehicles as trains and ships.

MENU
The menu is the basic planning documents for a successful restaurant. Several aspects of the restaurant’s
operation depend on the menu. The menu contains what the restaurant offers, the range of offerings, as well
as the selling prices. The menu must portray the style and theme of the restaurant.

FOOD QUALITY
Food quality is the quality characteristics of food that is acceptable to consumers. This includes external factors
as appearance, texture, and flavour

RESTAURANT PROMOTION
offer a way to reach both new and loyal customers, showing your appreciation for their business. Depending
on the type of restaurant you operate, some promotions might work better than others.