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The Transmission Control Protocol

The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack which is the standard model for networking on the internet. It has four main layers - application, transport, internet and network interface. The application layer contains programs that use TCP/IP for communication. The transport layer provides reliable data transfer using protocols like TCP. The internet layer handles host-to-host delivery using IP. The network interface layer deals with physical network delivery and access. This layered model allows division of tasks and communication between network layers.

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87 views2 pages

The Transmission Control Protocol

The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack which is the standard model for networking on the internet. It has four main layers - application, transport, internet and network interface. The application layer contains programs that use TCP/IP for communication. The transport layer provides reliable data transfer using protocols like TCP. The internet layer handles host-to-host delivery using IP. The network interface layer deals with physical network delivery and access. This layered model allows division of tasks and communication between network layers.

Uploaded by

archanajadhav278
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite has become the industry-standard method of interconnecting hosts, networks, and the Internet. As such, it is seen as the engine behind the Internet and networks worldwide.

1.1 TCP/IP architectural model


The TCP/IP protocol suite is so named for two of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). A less used name for it is the Internet Protocol Suite, which is the phrase used in official Internet standards documents. In this book, we use the more common, shorter term, TCP/IP, to refer to the entire protocol suite.

1.1.1 Internetworking
The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks, referred to as an internetwork, or internet, that provided universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks. The clear benefit of such an internetwork is the enabling of communication between hosts on different networks, perhaps separated by a large geographical area. The words internetwork and internet are simply a contraction of the phrase interconnected network. However, when written with a capital I, the Internet refers to the worldwide set of interconnected networks. Therefore, the Internet is an internet, but the reverse does not apply. The Internet is sometimes called the connected Internet. The Internet consists of the following groups of networks: _ Backbones: Large networks that exist primarily to interconnect other networks. Also known as network access points (NAPs) or Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). Currently, the backbones consist of commercial entities. _ Regional networks connecting, for example, universities and colleges. _ Commercial networks providing access to the backbones to subscribers, and networks owned by commercial organizations for internal use that also have connections to the Internet. _ Local networks, such as campus-wide university networks. In most cases, networks are limited in size by the number of users that can belong to the network, by the maximum geographical distance that the network can span, or by the applicability of the network to certain environments. For example, an Ethernet network is inherently limited in terms of geographical size. Therefore, the ability to interconnect a large number of networks in some hierarchical and organized fashion enables the communication of any two hosts belonging to this internetwork.

1.1.2 The TCP/IP protocol layers


Like most networking software, TCP/IP is modeled in layers. This layered representation leads to the term protocol stack, which refers to the stack of layers in the protocol suite. It can be used for positioning (but not for functionally comparing) the TCP/IP protocol suite against others, such as Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Functional comparisons cannot easily be extracted from this, because there are basic differences in the layered models used by the different protocol suites. By dividing the communication software into layers, the protocol stack allows for division of labor, ease of implementation and code testing, and the ability to develop alternative layer implementations. Layers communicate with those above and below via concise interfaces. In this regard, a layer provides a service for the layer directly above it and makes use of services provided by the layer

directly below it. For example, the IP layer provides the ability to transfer data from one host to another without any guarantee to reliable delivery or duplicate suppression. Transport protocols such as TCP make use of this service to provide applications with reliable, in-order, data stream delivery.
Figure 1-2 The TCP/IP protocol stack: Each layer represents a package of functions

These layers include: Application layer The application layer is provided by the program that uses TCP/IP for communication. An application is a user process cooperating with another process usually on a different host (there is also a benefit to application communication within a single host). Examples of applications include Telnet and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The interface between the application and transport layers is defined by port numbers and sockets, which we describe in more detail in 4.1, Ports and sockets on page 144. Transport layer The transport layer provides the end-to-end data transfer by delivering data from an application to its remote peer. Multiple applications can be supported simultaneously. The most-used transport layer protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which provides connection-oriented reliable data delivery, duplicate data suppression, congestion control, and flow control. We discuss this in more detail in 4.3, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) on page 149. Another transport layer protocol is the User Datagram Protocol (see 4.2, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on page 146). It provides connectionless, unreliable,

Applications Transport Internetwork Network Interface and Hardware Applications TCP/UDP ICMP IP ARP/RARP Network Interface and Hardware

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