SOME NECESSARY FORMULAS AND PROPERTIES OF CALCULUS

1. lim  f ( x ) ± g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x )

x→a x→a x→a

2. lim { f ( x ) .g ( x )} = lim f ( x ) .lim g ( x )

x→a x→a x→a

f ( x ) lim f ( x)
3. lim
= x→a
; lim g ( x ) ≠ 0
x→a g ( x ) lim g ( x ) x→a
x→a

4. lim {cf ( x )} = c lim f ( x )

x→a x→a

sin x x
5. lim = 1= lim
x →0 x x → 0 sin x
tan x x
6. lim = 1= lim
x →0 x x → 0 tan x

d −n n
7. lim
ex −1
=1 19.
dx
( x ) = − n +1
x
x →0 x

8. lim
ln (1 + x )
=1
20.
d
dx
( x ) = 21x
x →0 x
d 1
9. lim
xn − an
= na n −1
21.
dx
( x) = n
n
n
x n −1
x→a x − a

f ( x + h) − f ( x) d 1
10.
=
d
{ f ( x )} lim = ; ∆x h 22. ( ln x ) =
dx h →0 h dx x
d 1 1
11.
dy
= tan α
23. ( log a =
x) log a=
e ; a > 0, a ≠ 1
dx x x ln a
dx
If u and v are functions of x
d x
12.
d
(u ± =
v)
d d
(u ) ± (v ) 24.
dx
(
= a ) a x ln a; a > 0, a ≠ 1
dx dx dx
d x
13.
d
( c ) = 0; c is a constant. 25.
dx
( e ) = ex
dx
d
14.
d
{ d
cf ( x )} = c { f ( x )}
26. ( sin x ) = cos x
dx
dx dx
d
15.
d
=
d d
( u.v ) u ( v ) + v ( u ) ; 27. ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
dx dx dx
d
d d
v (u ) − u (v )
28. ( tan x ) = sec2 x
d u dx
16. dx dx
 = 2
dx  v  v d
29. ( cot x ) = − cosec2 x
dx
( g ( x ) ) ; u g ( x ) then,
17. If y f=
=
d
dy dy du 30. ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
= . dx
dx du dx
d
d n 31. ( cosec x ) = − cosec x cot x
18.
dx
( x ) = nx n −1 dx

ABDULLAH AL- RASHED, Lecturer in Mathematics, BMARPC, 01761448968

 SOME NECESSARY FORMULAS AND PROPERTIES OF CALCULUS

d 1
32.
dx
( sin −1 x ) =
40. Tangent line is parallel to x -axis if and
1 − x2
d −1 dy
33.
dx
( cos −1 x ) = only if
dx
=0
1 − x2
41. Tangent line is perpendicular with x -axis if
d 1
34.
dx
( tan −1 x ) =
1 + x2 dx
and only if =0
dy
d −1
35. ( cot −1 x ) =
dx 1 + x2 42. f ( x ) is an increasing function if
d 1
36.
dx
( sec −1 x ) = f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) when a < x1 < x2 < b
x x2 −1
d −1 43. f ( x ) is a decreasing function if
37.
dx
( cosec −1 x ) =
x x2 −1 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) when a < x1 < x2 < b
38. Equation of tangent line at point ( x0 , y0 ) is
44. f ( x ) is a constant function if
 dy 
(=
y − y0 )  dx  ( x − x0 ) f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) when a < x1 < x2 < b
( x0 , y0 )

39. Equation of normal line at point ( x0 , y0 ) is

dy 
( x − x0 ) +  ( y − y0 ) =
0
 dx  ( x0 , y0 )

45. ∫ { f ( x ) ± g ( x )} dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx 57. ∫= 2
dx
2
1 x
tan −1 + c
a +x a a
46. ∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx dx
x n +1
58. ∫ 1=
+x 2
tan −1 x + c
47. ∫=xn + c; ( n ≠ −1)
n +1 dx x
1 mx
59. ∫ = sin −1 + c
a2 − x2 a
48. ∫ e=
mx
dx e +c
m dx 1 a+x
ax
60. ∫ 2 = 2
ln + c; (a > x)
49. ∫ a dx =
x
+ c ; a > 0, a ≠ 1 a −x 2a a − x
ln a dx 1 x−a
1 61. ∫x 2
= 2
ln + c; ( x > a)
50. ∫ dx =ln x + c ; x ≠ 0 −a 2a x + a
x dx
51. ∫ sin xdx =
− cos x + c 62. ∫ x −a2 2
= ln x + x 2 − a 2 + c

52. ∫ cos =
xdx sin x + c
63. ∫
dx
2 2
= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + c
x +a
53. ∫ sec =
2
xdx tan x + c
x a2 − x2 a2 x
∫ cosec xdx = ∫ a 2 − x=
2
54. 2
− cot x + c 64. dx + sin −1 + c
2 2 a
55. ∫ sec x tan =
xdx sec x + c If u and v are functions of x
56. ∫ cosec x sec xdx = − cosec x + c
65. ∫ ( u.=
d
v ) dx u ∫ vdx − ∫  ( u ) ∫ vdx  dx

 dx 

ABDULLAH AL- RASHED, Lecturer in Mathematics, BMARPC, 01761448968

 SOME NECESSARY FORMULAS AND PROPERTIES OF CALCULUS

b b
66. ∫ f ( x=
a
) dx ) a F ( b ) − F ( a )
 F ( x=
b a
67. ∫ f ( x ) dx = −∫ f ( x ) dx
a b
a a
68. ∫ f (=
0
x ) dx ∫ f ( a − x ) dx
0

69. Area between the curve y = f ( x ) and x -

axis within the interval from x = a to x = b
b
is A = ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

70. In the interval [ a, b ] the area between two

curves y1 = f1 ( x ) and y2 = f 2 ( x ) is

∫ { f ( x ) − f ( x )} dx
b
=A 1 2
a

ABDULLAH AL- RASHED, Lecturer in Mathematics, BMARPC, 01761448968