Scribd
Upload
17 views6 pages

5

Uploaded by

kim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views6 pages

5

Uploaded by

kim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

5.

Pressure (P) – Force per unit area


P = F/A
In thermodynamics and plant engineering calculations, the absolute pressure is used.
 In mechanics of materials and machines design, gage pressure is used.

Pressure Expressions:
Gage pressure
Vacuum gage
Absolute pressure
Solids – the force exerted on a solid is deemed to be distributed as a unit pressure
normal to the area.

Figure

Liquids and gases – the force exerted on a liquid or gas is deemed to be a unit
pressure acting at equal intensity and in all directions.

Figure
Pressure Pictorial Diagram

Absolute pressure– always positive value with respect to absolute zero


Gage pressure – positive pressure reading with respect to the atmospheric pressure
Vacuum Pressure – negative pressure with respect to the atmosphere
Barometer- present atmosphere pressure reading

Abs pressure = Barometer + gage, Pabs = Pbar + Pgage


Abs pressure = Barometer – vacuum, Pabs = Pbar – Pvac
Note: Never use the standard barometer with the gage in transferring absolute
pressure, if surrounding conditions or actual barometer is given.

Standard Atmospheric pressure or Barometer


1 Std. Atm. (Sea level) = 34 ft of water

English MKS SI
29.92” Hg abs or 14.7 760 mmHg (torrs ) or 1.033 101.325 Kpa abs
psia (lbs/in2) kg/ cm2 abs (ata) KN/m2

1 bar = 105 Paa = 100 Kpa


1 torr = 1 mmHg abs
1 tech atm. = 1 ata = 1 kgf / cm2 abs

Sample Problems:
1. Given the barometer pressure of 14.5 psia, make these conversions:
a. 80 psig to psia and to atm
b. 20” Hg vac to “ Hg abs to psia
c. 10 psia to psi vac. and to Paa
d. 15 “ Hg gage to psia to torrs to Paa

2. The pressure of a boiler is 9.5 kg/cm 2. The barometer pressure of the atmosphere is
768 mmHg. Find the absolute pressure in the boiler.

6. TEMPERATURE- measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.


Symbols:
t- arbitrary temp. T-absolute temp.
In thermodynamics and plant engineering calculations always use abs. temp.

Figure
Absolute Zero (thermodynamic dead state)
T = 460 + ° F = ° R
T = 273 +° C = K

For change on temperature, then: ∆ T = ∆ t

Proving
T2 – T1 = (273 + t2) – (273 + t1)
T2 – T 1 = t2 – t 1
∆T = ∆t
Relationship between ° F and ° C by analytic geometry
Figure
From 1 to 1 correspondence
0° C 32° C P1 (0, 32)
100° C 212° C P2 (100, 212)

Using two point form

° F – 32 = ((212-32)/(100-0)) (° C – 0)
° F – 32 = 180/100° C
° F = 1.8° C +32

For ∆ t conversion
Eng MKS/SI
∆ t F ° = 1.8 ∆ t C °

Ways for measuring temperature

1. Measuring the contraction and expansion of liquid - thermometer


2. Using the principle of thermocouple
a. Pyrometer- from current impulse to an equivalent degree temperature.
b. Radiation Pyrometer- using a parabolic disk
c. Optical Pyrometer- for bodies that are far by way of measuring the luminance.

Sample problems:
1. A pollution control engineer proposes a new temperature scale based on 0 °X and
60 °X as the freezing point and boiling point of H20 at normal atm. respectively, using
analytic geometry.
Determine
(a.) the °F-°X relationship
(b.) the abs. temp. in °R if thermometer reads 10 °X
°F = 3 (°X) + 32, 522 °R, 40
2. A Fahrenheit and a Celsius thermometer are both immersed in a fluid.
If the two numerical reading are identical what is the temperature of the fluid expressed
as, °R and K? What is the fluid temp. if the Fahrenheit reading is numerically twice that
of the Celsius reading?
780 °R, 433K: 233K, 420°R, 40
3. Convert
(a.) 122 °F to °C and to K
(b.) -40°C to °F and to °R
(c.) 942 °R to °C and to K
(d.) 373 K to °F and to °R

You might also like