LIPIDS

Group 4
Cabanag, Justine Kim
Concepcion, Gillian Fae
De Guia, Justine Mei
Rivera, Anne Micah
Paragoso, Leslie
INTRODUCTION
Lipids are water – insoluble organic
compounds that can be extracted
from cell and tissues by non-polar
solvents like ether, chloroform,
benzene, etc. Lipids that contain
fatty acid are saponifiable, while
those without fatty acid like
steroids, are non-saponifiable.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: SOLUBILITY TEST
REAGENTS: Chloroform, Alcohol, Water, NaOH, HCI, Ether
PROCEDURE:
Add 1 ml each of the following on all 6 test tubes. Shake well then observe.

1. Chloroform

2. Alcohol

3. Water

4. NaOH

5. HCI

6. Ether
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: OTHER PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
REAGENTS: coconut oil, butter, margarine, oleic acid, lanolin, beef tallow.
PROCEDURE:
Observe and record the appearance, consistency, color and odor of each of
the lipid samples.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: SPOTTING EFFECT
REAGENTS: Alcohol, Ether, Coconut oil
PROCEDURE:
Place a drop of coconut oil in a piece of filter
paper.

On the same spot, place a drop of alcohol.

Observe.

Repeat the procedure using ether.

Positive Result:
Translucent spot will appear on the filter paper

Negative Result:
Translucent spot will not appear on the filter
paper
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: EMULSIFICATION
OF FATS AND OIL
REAGENTS: Coconut Oil, Corn Oil, Margarine, Oleic Acid, Pork Fats, Beef Tallow

PROCEDURE:
1. Place three (3) drops of coconut oil into two (2) dry test tubes
2. Add 3ml of hot water to each test tube
3. In the first tube, add 1ml of soap solution NEGATIVE: POSITIVE:
4. shake each tube vigorously, then let stand and observe
Positive Result: The soap solution
work as a “bridge” between the water
molecules and oil molecules that gives
emulsification of lipids and oil.
Negative Result: Oil droplets in water
repel each other and remain suspended
in solution.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: TEST FOR
UNSATURATION
REAGENTS: Coconut Oil, Corn Oil, Oleic Oil, Margarine, Beef Tallow, Pork Fats, CCl4, Br2 Solution

PROCEDURE:
1.Test the substance listed below to determine the number of drop of Br2 solution (w/ CCI4 as the
solvent) that can be decolorized. The first faint persistence of the color bromine is the end-point
of the reaction. Dissolve approximately 1ml of each substance to be tested in 5 ml of CCI before
adding he bromine solution.

2.Enter the name of the substance tested as well as the amount (drops of bromine solution)
required.

POSITIVE RESULT: Bromine water becomes colourless when shaken with an unsaturated
fatty acids

NEGATIVE RESULT: The color of bromine water remains the same.

 RESULTS:

SUBSTANCE TESTED DROPS OF BROMINE SOLUTION

ABSORBESD
Coconut oil (mix of saturated and 3
unsaturated)
Corn oil (unsaturated) 3

Oleic Acid (unsaturated) 3

Margarine (unsaturated) 3
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: ACROLEIN
TEST
REAGENTS: KHSO4 CRYSTAL, GLYCEROL
PROCEDURE:
1. Place about one (1) gram of KHSO4 in a dry test tube.
2. Add 10 drops of glycerol.
3. Heat slowly at first to prevent evolution of SO2.
4. Then heat vigorously and note the odor of acrolein.
5. Repeat the procedure using the other lipid sample and compare the result
with glycerol.

POSITIVE RESULT: If glycerol present in the sample, it will give a pungent

smell.
NEGATIVE RESULT: If glycerol is absent in a sample, it will not produce a
pungent smell.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: HYDROLOSIS OF
FATS BY DILUTE ACIDS
REAGENTS: 10% HCI

PROCEDURE:
1. Place one (1) ml of coconut oil in a test tube.
2. Add two (2) ml of 10% HCI.
3. Place in a water bath for 15 minutes.
4. Pour contents in a evaporating dish and allow to cool at room
temperature.\
5. Test with blue litmus paper.
6. Identify the fatty acid present.
7. Repeat the procedure using the other liquid samples.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: TEST FOR CHOLESTEROL /
SALKOWSKI TEST
REAGENTS: Fatty Acids Extract from Procedure D, Chloroform, Conc. Sulfuric Acid
PROCEDURE:

1. Place a few crystals of cholesterol in a clean dry test tube. POSITIVE NEGATIVE
2. Add 2 ml. of chloroform and 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric RESULT: RESULT:
acid.
3. Observe for the change in color of the solution from bluish red to
purple.
4. Repeat the procedure using the fatty acid extract from the
previous.
5. Observe.

Positive result: It indicates cholesterol in a sample by giving bluish-red to purple

color to the solution.

Negative result: The color of the solution will not change.

 QUESTIONS
1. Butter can become rancid as a result of hydrolysis by microorganisms. Which of
the fatty acids are responsible for the bad odor associated with rancidity?
One cause of the odor is the release of volatile fatty acids by hydrolysis of the ester bonds. Butter,
for example, releases foul-smelling butyric, caprylic, and capric acids.

One occurs when oil reacts with oxygen and is called oxidative rancidity. Hydrolysis is also caused by
chemical action that is prompted by factors such as heat or presence of water . Rancidity caused by
hydrolysis is called hydrolytic rancidity.

2. Predict the solubility of coconut oil in water, ethanol, and ether.

Water – coconut oil is insoluble in water even at room temperature since water is a polar solvent it will
not dissolve coconut oil which is non polar.

Ethanol – like water, ethanol is a polar solvent and will not dissolve most nonpolar solutes

Ether – coconut oil is soluble in ether since ether is an organic nonpolar solvent.
 QUESTIONS
3. What is the function of soap in dishwashing or washing greasy hands?
One end of soap molecules love water - they are hydrophilic. The other end of soap
molecues hate water - they are hydrophobic. When you wash your hands with soap, it
dislodges the dirt, grease, oils, and disease-ridden fecal matter particles on your hands by
creating these micelles. Surrounded by the soap, the oil molecules become suspended and
distributed in the water rather than stubbornly clinging to your skin.

4. What characteristics of soap make it a good emulsifying agent?

Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an emulsifying agent. It can emulsify fats
and oils by forming micelles around oil droplets. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into
another immiscible liquid. When oil (non-polar hydrocarbons) is mixed with a soap- water solution, the
soap molecules work as a bridge between polar water molecules and non-polar oil molecules. Since
soap molecules have both properties of non-polar and polar molecules, the soap can act as an
emulsifier. Soap is capable of emulsifying oily material or dispersing one liquid into another immiscible
liquid. This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can
suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it can be removed.
 QUESTIONS
5. Give three (3) examples of lipid that are positive in acrolein test. What cause the
positive reaction?
Lipid is any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and
certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they do not interact
appreciably with water. Fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins (such as A, D, E and K), hormones
and most of the cell membrane that is not made up of protein. Lipids are not soluble in
water as they are non-polar, but are thus soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform.
A pungent irritating odor or smell of acrolein confirms the presence of fat or oil. If there is a
pungent irritating odor then the presence of fats or oil is confirmed

6. What are the products of hydrolysis of fats?

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a substance by the addition of water. Fats and oils
are hydrolyzed by moisture to yield glycerol and 3 fatty acids. This leads to
hydrolytic rancidity of food product characterized by unpleasant flavor and aroma
thereby making it undesirable for consumers.
 QUESTIONS
7. What are the conditions and compounds necessary to hydrolyze fats?
Triglycerides also known as lipid, are fats that is found in your blood. Fats and oils
can break down a compound to produce glycerol and 3 fatty acids which are
triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols in the presence of heat or with suitable
lipase enzyme under biological conditions. An enzyme called lipase produces the
hydrolysis of the fats and oils, when the hydrolysis occurs the fatty acids, it will be
released and the acidity of the reaction mixture will rise.
THANK
YOU!