Tidy Data – A foundation for wrangling in pandas

Data Wrangling
& *
Tidy data complements pandas’s vectorized
with pandas Cheat Sheet In a tidy operations. pandas will automatically preserve
http://pandas.pydata.org data set: observations as you manipulate variables. No
other format works as intuitively with pandas.
M A
Pandas API Reference Pandas User Guide Each variable is saved
in its own column
Each observation is
saved in its own row *
Creating DataFrames Reshaping Data – Change layout, sorting, reindexing, renaming
a b c df.sort_values('mpg')
1 4 7 10 Order rows by values of a column (low to high).
2 5 8 11
df.sort_values('mpg’, ascending=False)
3 6 9 12
Order rows by values of a column (high to low).
df = pd.DataFrame(
{"a" : [4, 5, 6], pd.melt(df) df.pivot(columns='var', values='val') df.rename(columns = {'y':'year'})
Gather columns into rows. Spread rows into columns. Rename the columns of a DataFrame
"b" : [7, 8, 9],
"c" : [10, 11, 12]}, df.sort_index()
index = [1, 2, 3]) Sort the index of a DataFrame
Specify values for each column.
df.reset_index()
df = pd.DataFrame( Reset index of DataFrame to row numbers, moving
[[4, 7, 10], index to columns.
[5, 8, 11], pd.concat([df1,df2], axis=1)
pd.concat([df1,df2]) df.drop(columns=['Length’, 'Height'])
[6, 9, 12]], Append columns of DataFrames
Append rows of DataFrames Drop columns from DataFrame
index=[1, 2, 3],
columns=['a', 'b', 'c'])
Specify values for each row. Subset Observations - rows Subset Variables - columns Subsets - rows and columns
a b c Use df.loc[] and df.iloc[] to select only
N v rows, only columns or both.
1 4 7 10 Use df.at[] and df.iat[] to access a single
D
2 5 8 11
df[df.Length > 7] df[['width’, 'length’, 'species']] value by row and column.
Extract rows that meet logical criteria. Select multiple columns with specific names. First index selects rows, second index columns.
e 2 6 9 12
df.drop_duplicates() df['width'] or df.width
df.iloc[10:20]
df = pd.DataFrame( Remove duplicate rows (only considers columns). Select single column with specific name.
Select rows 10-20.
{"a" : [4 ,5, 6], df.sample(frac=0.5) df.filter(regex='regex')
df.iloc[:, [1, 2, 5]]
"b" : [7, 8, 9], Randomly select fraction of rows. Select columns whose name matches
Select columns in positions 1, 2 and 5 (first
"c" : [10, 11, 12]}, df.sample(n=10) Randomly select n rows. regular expression regex.
column is 0).
index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples( df.nlargest(n, 'value’)
df.loc[:, 'x2':'x4']
[('d’, 1), ('d’, 2), Select and order top n entries. Using query Select all columns between x2 and x4 (inclusive).
('e’, 2)], names=['n’, 'v'])) df.nsmallest(n, 'value')
query() allows Boolean expressions for filtering df.loc[df['a'] > 10, ['a’, 'c']]
Create DataFrame with a MultiIndex Select and order bottom n entries.
rows. Select rows meeting logical condition, and only
df.head(n)
df.query('Length > 7') the specific columns .
Select first n rows.
Method Chaining df.tail(n)
Select last n rows.
df.query('Length > 7 and Width < 8')
df.query('Name.str.startswith("abc")',
df.iat[1, 2] Access single value by index
df.at[4, 'A'] Access single value by label
Most pandas methods return a DataFrame so that engine="python")
another pandas method can be applied to the result. Logic in Python (and pandas) regex (Regular Expressions) Examples
This improves readability of code.
< Less than != Not equal to '\.' Matches strings containing a period '.'
df = (pd.melt(df)
.rename(columns={ > Greater than df.column.isin(values) Group membership 'Length$' Matches strings ending with word 'Length'

'variable':'var', == Equals pd.isnull(obj) Is NaN '^Sepal' Matches strings beginning with the word 'Sepal'
'value':'val'}) <= Less than or equals pd.notnull(obj) Is not NaN '^x[1-5]$' Matches strings beginning with 'x' and ending with 1,2,3,4,5
.query('val >= 200')
>= Greater than or equals &,|,~,^,df.any(),df.all() Logical and, or, not, xor, any, all '^(?!Species$).*' Matches strings except the string 'Species'
)
Cheatsheet for pandas (http://pandas.pydata.org/ originally written by Irv Lustig, Princeton Consultants, inspired by Rstudio Data Wrangling Cheatsheet
 Summarize Data Handling Missing Data Combine Data Sets
df['w'].value_counts() df.dropna() adf bdf
Count number of rows with each unique value of variable Drop rows with any column having NA/null data. x1 x2 x1 x3
len(df) df.fillna(value) A 1 A T
# of rows in DataFrame. Replace all NA/null data with value. B 2 B F
df.shape C 3 D T
Tuple of # of rows, # of columns in DataFrame.
df['w'].nunique()
Make New Columns Standard Joins

# of distinct values in a column. x1 x2 x3 pd.merge(adf, bdf,

df.describe() A 1 T how='left', on='x1')
Basic descriptive and statistics for each column (or GroupBy). B 2 F Join matching rows from bdf to adf.
C 3 NaN
df.assign(Area=lambda df: df.Length*df.Height)
Compute and append one or more new columns. x1 x2 x3 pd.merge(adf, bdf,
df['Volume'] = df.Length*df.Height*df.Depth A 1.0 T how='right', on='x1')
pandas provides a large set of summary functions that operate on B 2.0 F
Add single column. Join matching rows from adf to bdf.
different kinds of pandas objects (DataFrame columns, Series, D NaN T
pd.qcut(df.col, n, labels=False)
GroupBy, Expanding and Rolling (see below)) and produce single
Bin column into n buckets.
values for each of the groups. When applied to a DataFrame, the x1 x2 x3 pd.merge(adf, bdf,
result is returned as a pandas Series for each column. Examples: A 1 T how='inner', on='x1')
sum() min() Vector Vector B 2 F Join data. Retain only rows in both sets.
function function
Sum values of each object. Minimum value in each object.
count() max() x1 x2 x3 pd.merge(adf, bdf,
Count non-NA/null values of Maximum value in each object. pandas provides a large set of vector functions that operate on all A 1 T how='outer', on='x1')
each object. mean() columns of a DataFrame or a single selected column (a pandas B 2 F Join data. Retain all values, all rows.
median() Mean value of each object. Series). These functions produce vectors of values for each of the C 3 NaN
Median value of each object. var() columns, or a single Series for the individual Series. Examples: D NaN T
quantile([0.25,0.75]) Variance of each object.
max(axis=1) min(axis=1) Filtering Joins
Quantiles of each object. std()
Element-wise max. Element-wise min. x1 x2 adf[adf.x1.isin(bdf.x1)]
apply(function) Standard deviation of each
clip(lower=-10,upper=10) abs() A 1 All rows in adf that have a match in bdf.
Apply function to each object. object.
Trim values at input thresholds Absolute value. B 2
Group Data x1 x2 adf[~adf.x1.isin(bdf.x1)]
The examples below can also be applied to groups. In this case, the C 3 All rows in adf that do not have a match in bdf.
df.groupby(by="col")
Return a GroupBy object, grouped function is applied on a per-group basis, and the returned vectors
by values in column named "col". are of the length of the original DataFrame. ydf zdf
shift(1) x1 x2 x1 x2
shift(-1)
df.groupby(level="ind") Copy with values shifted by 1. A 1 B 2
Copy with values lagged by 1.
Return a GroupBy object, grouped rank(method='dense') B 2 C 3
cumsum()
by values in index level named Ranks with no gaps. C 3 D 4
Cumulative sum.
"ind". rank(method='min') cummax() Set-like Operations
Ranks. Ties get min rank. Cumulative max. x1 x2 pd.merge(ydf, zdf)
All of the summary functions listed above can be applied to a group. rank(pct=True) cummin() B 2 Rows that appear in both ydf and zdf
Additional GroupBy functions: Ranks rescaled to interval [0, 1]. Cumulative min. C 3 (Intersection).
size() agg(function) rank(method='first') cumprod()
Size of each group. Aggregate group using function. Ranks. Ties go to first value. Cumulative product. x1 x2 pd.merge(ydf, zdf, how='outer')
A 1 Rows that appear in either or both ydf and zdf
Windows Plotting B
C
2
3
(Union).
df.expanding() df.plot.hist() df.plot.scatter(x='w',y='h') D 4 pd.merge(ydf, zdf, how='outer',
Return an Expanding object allowing summary functions to be Histogram for each column Scatter chart using pairs of points
x1 x2 indicator=True)
applied cumulatively.
A 1 .query('_merge == "left_only"')
df.rolling(n)
.drop(columns=['_merge'])
Return a Rolling object allowing summary functions to be
Rows that appear in ydf but not zdf (Setdiff).
applied to windows of length n.
Cheatsheet for pandas (http://pandas.pydata.org/) originally written by Irv Lustig, Princeton Consultants, inspired by Rstudio Data Wrangling Cheatsheet
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Inspecting Your Array Subsetting, Slicing, Indexing Also see Lists
>>> a.shape Array dimensions Subsetting
NumPy Basics >>>
>>>
len(a)
b.ndim
Length of array
Number of array dimensions
>>> a[2]
3
1 2 3 Select the element at the 2nd index
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> e.size Number of array elements >>> b[1,2] 1.5 2 3 Select the element at row 1 column 2
>>> b.dtype Data type of array elements 6.0 4 5 6 (equivalent to b[1][2])
>>> b.dtype.name Name of data type
>>> b.astype(int) Convert an array to a different type Slicing
NumPy >>> a[0:2]
array([1, 2])
1 2 3 Select items at index 0 and 1
2
The NumPy library is the core library for scientific computing in Asking For Help >>> b[0:2,1] 1.5 2 3 Select items at rows 0 and 1 in column 1
>>> np.info(np.ndarray.dtype) array([ 2., 5.]) 4 5 6
Python. It provides a high-performance multidimensional array
Array Mathematics
1.5 2 3
>>> b[:1] Select all items at row 0
object, and tools for working with these arrays. array([[1.5, 2., 3.]]) 4 5 6 (equivalent to b[0:1, :])
Arithmetic Operations >>> c[1,...] Same as [1,:,:]
Use the following import convention: array([[[ 3., 2., 1.],
>>> import numpy as np [ 4., 5., 6.]]])
>>> g = a - b Subtraction
array([[-0.5, 0. , 0. ], >>> a[ : :-1] Reversed array a
NumPy Arrays [-3. , -3. , -3. ]])
array([3, 2, 1])

>>> np.subtract(a,b) Boolean Indexing

1D array 2D array 3D array Subtraction
>>> a[a<2] Select elements from a less than 2
>>> b + a Addition 1 2 3
array([[ 2.5, 4. , 6. ], array([1])
axis 1 axis 2
1 2 3 axis 1 [ 5. , 7. , 9. ]]) Fancy Indexing
1.5 2 3 >>> np.add(b,a) Addition >>> b[[1, 0, 1, 0],[0, 1, 2, 0]] Select elements (1,0),(0,1),(1,2) and (0,0)
axis 0 axis 0 array([ 4. , 2. , 6. , 1.5])
4 5 6 >>> a / b Division
array([[ 0.66666667, 1. , 1. ], >>> b[[1, 0, 1, 0]][:,[0,1,2,0]] Select a subset of the matrix’s rows
[ 0.25 , 0.4 , 0.5 ]]) array([[ 4. ,5. , 6. , 4. ], and columns
>>> np.divide(a,b) Division [ 1.5, 2. , 3. , 1.5],
Creating Arrays >>> a * b
array([[ 1.5, 4. , 9. ],
Multiplication
[ 4. , 5.
[ 1.5, 2.
,
,
6.
3.
,
,
4. ],
1.5]])

>>> a = np.array([1,2,3]) [ 4. , 10. , 18. ]])

>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], dtype = float) >>> np.multiply(a,b) Multiplication Array Manipulation
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], [(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]], >>> np.exp(b) Exponentiation
dtype = float) >>> np.sqrt(b) Square root Transposing Array
>>> np.sin(a) Print sines of an array >>> i = np.transpose(b) Permute array dimensions
Initial Placeholders >>> np.cos(b) Element-wise cosine >>> i.T Permute array dimensions
>>> np.log(a) Element-wise natural logarithm
>>> np.zeros((3,4)) Create an array of zeros >>> e.dot(f) Dot product
Changing Array Shape
>>> np.ones((2,3,4),dtype=np.int16) Create an array of ones array([[ 7., 7.], >>> b.ravel() Flatten the array
>>> d = np.arange(10,25,5) Create an array of evenly [ 7., 7.]]) >>> g.reshape(3,-2) Reshape, but don’t change data
spaced values (step value)
>>> np.linspace(0,2,9) Create an array of evenly Comparison Adding/Removing Elements
spaced values (number of samples) >>> h.resize((2,6)) Return a new array with shape (2,6)
>>> e = np.full((2,2),7) Create a constant array >>> a == b Element-wise comparison >>> np.append(h,g) Append items to an array
>>> f = np.eye(2) Create a 2X2 identity matrix array([[False, True, True], >>> np.insert(a, 1, 5) Insert items in an array
>>> np.random.random((2,2)) Create an array with random values [False, False, False]], dtype=bool) >>> np.delete(a,[1]) Delete items from an array
>>> np.empty((3,2)) Create an empty array >>> a < 2 Element-wise comparison
array([True, False, False], dtype=bool) Combining Arrays
>>> np.array_equal(a, b) Array-wise comparison >>> np.concatenate((a,d),axis=0) Concatenate arrays
I/O array([ 1, 2,
>>> np.vstack((a,b))
3, 10, 15, 20])
Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
Aggregate Functions array([[ 1. , 2. , 3. ],
Saving & Loading On Disk [ 1.5, 2. , 3. ],
>>> a.sum() Array-wise sum [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]])
>>> np.save('my_array', a) >>> a.min() Array-wise minimum value >>> np.r_[e,f] Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
>>> np.savez('array.npz', a, b) >>> b.max(axis=0) Maximum value of an array row >>> np.hstack((e,f)) Stack arrays horizontally (column-wise)
>>> np.load('my_array.npy') >>> b.cumsum(axis=1) Cumulative sum of the elements array([[ 7., 7., 1., 0.],
>>> a.mean() Mean [ 7., 7., 0., 1.]])
Saving & Loading Text Files >>> b.median() Median >>> np.column_stack((a,d)) Create stacked column-wise arrays
>>> np.loadtxt("myfile.txt") >>> a.corrcoef() Correlation coefficient array([[ 1, 10],
>>> np.std(b) Standard deviation [ 2, 15],
>>> np.genfromtxt("my_file.csv", delimiter=',') [ 3, 20]])
>>> np.savetxt("myarray.txt", a, delimiter=" ") >>> np.c_[a,d] Create stacked column-wise arrays
Copying Arrays Splitting Arrays
Data Types >>> h = a.view() Create a view of the array with the same data >>> np.hsplit(a,3) Split the array horizontally at the 3rd
>>> np.copy(a) Create a copy of the array [array([1]),array([2]),array([3])] index
>>> np.int64 Signed 64-bit integer types >>> np.vsplit(c,2) Split the array vertically at the 2nd index
>>> np.float32 Standard double-precision floating point >>> h = a.copy() Create a deep copy of the array [array([[[ 1.5, 2. , 1. ],
>>> np.complex Complex numbers represented by 128 floats [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]]]),
array([[[ 3., 2., 3.],
>>>
>>>
np.bool
np.object
Boolean type storing TRUE and FALSE values
Python object type Sorting Arrays [ 4., 5., 6.]]])]

>>> np.string_ Fixed-length string type >>> a.sort() Sort an array

>>> np.unicode_ Fixed-length unicode type >>> c.sort(axis=0) Sort the elements of an array's axis DataCamp
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet 3 Plotting With Seaborn
Seaborn Axis Grids
Learn Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> g = sns.FacetGrid(titanic, Subplot grid for plotting conditional >>> h = sns.PairGrid(iris) Subplot grid for plotting pairwise
col="survived", relationships >>> h = h.map(plt.scatter) relationships
row="sex") >>> sns.pairplot(iris) Plot pairwise bivariate distributions
>>> g = g.map(plt.hist,"age") >>> i = sns.JointGrid(x="x", Grid for bivariate plot with marginal
>>> sns.factorplot(x="pclass", Draw a categorical plot onto a y="y", univariate plots
y="survived", Facetgrid data=data)
Statistical Data Visualization With Seaborn hue="sex",
data=titanic)
>>> i = i.plot(sns.regplot,
sns.distplot)
The Python visualization library Seaborn is based on >>> sns.lmplot(x="sepal_width", Plot data and regression model fits >>> sns.jointplot("sepal_length", Plot bivariate distribution
y="sepal_length", across a FacetGrid "sepal_width",
matplotlib and provides a high-level interface for drawing hue="species", data=iris,
attractive statistical graphics. data=iris) kind='kde')

Categorical Plots Regression Plots

Make use of the following aliases to import the libraries: >>> sns.regplot(x="sepal_width", Plot data and a linear regression
Scatterplot
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt y="sepal_length", model fit
>>> sns.stripplot(x="species", Scatterplot with one
>>> import seaborn as sns data=iris,
y="petal_length", categorical variable
data=iris) ax=ax)
The basic steps to creating plots with Seaborn are: >>> sns.swarmplot(x="species", Categorical scatterplot with Distribution Plots
y="petal_length", non-overlapping points
1. Prepare some data data=iris) >>> plot = sns.distplot(data.y, Plot univariate distribution
2. Control figure aesthetics Bar Chart kde=False,
color="b")
3. Plot with Seaborn >>> sns.barplot(x="sex", Show point estimates and
y="survived", confidence intervals with Matrix Plots
4. Further customize your plot hue="class", scatterplot glyphs
>>> sns.heatmap(uniform_data,vmin=0,vmax=1) Heatmap
data=titanic)
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt Count Plot
>>>
>>>
>>>
import seaborn as sns
tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
sns.set_style("whitegrid") Step 2
Step 1
>>> sns.countplot(x="deck",
data=titanic,
Show count of observations
4 Further Customizations Also see Matplotlib
palette="Greens_d")
>>> g = sns.lmplot(x="tip", Step 3
Point Plot Axisgrid Objects
y="total_bill",
data=tips, >>> sns.pointplot(x="class", Show point estimates and >>> g.despine(left=True) Remove left spine
aspect=2) y="survived", confidence intervals as >>> g.set_ylabels("Survived") Set the labels of the y-axis
>>> g = (g.set_axis_labels("Tip","Total bill(USD)"). hue="sex", rectangular bars >>> g.set_xticklabels(rotation=45) Set the tick labels for x
set(xlim=(0,10),ylim=(0,100))) data=titanic, >>> g.set_axis_labels("Survived", Set the axis labels
Step 4 palette={"male":"g", "Sex")
>>> plt.title("title")
>>> plt.show(g) Step 5 "female":"m"}, >>> h.set(xlim=(0,5), Set the limit and ticks of the
markers=["^","o"], ylim=(0,5), x-and y-axis
linestyles=["-","--"]) xticks=[0,2.5,5],

1
Boxplot yticks=[0,2.5,5])
Data Also see Lists, NumPy & Pandas >>> sns.boxplot(x="alive", Boxplot
Plot
y="age",
>>> import pandas as pd hue="adult_male",
>>> import numpy as np >>> plt.title("A Title") Add plot title
data=titanic)
>>> uniform_data = np.random.rand(10, 12) >>> plt.ylabel("Survived") Adjust the label of the y-axis
>>> sns.boxplot(data=iris,orient="h") Boxplot with wide-form data
>>> data = pd.DataFrame({'x':np.arange(1,101), >>> plt.xlabel("Sex") Adjust the label of the x-axis
'y':np.random.normal(0,4,100)}) Violinplot >>> plt.ylim(0,100) Adjust the limits of the y-axis
>>> sns.violinplot(x="age", Violin plot >>> plt.xlim(0,10) Adjust the limits of the x-axis
Seaborn also offers built-in data sets: y="sex", >>> plt.setp(ax,yticks=[0,5]) Adjust a plot property
>>> titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic") hue="survived", >>> plt.tight_layout() Adjust subplot params
>>> iris = sns.load_dataset("iris") data=titanic)

2 Figure Aesthetics Also see Matplotlib

5 Show or Save Plot Also see Matplotlib
>>> plt.show() Show the plot
Context Functions >>> plt.savefig("foo.png") Save the plot as a figure
>>> f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5,6)) Create a figure and one subplot >>> plt.savefig("foo.png", Save transparent figure
>>> sns.set_context("talk") Set context to "talk" transparent=True)
>>> sns.set_context("notebook", Set context to "notebook",
Seaborn styles font_scale=1.5, Scale font elements and
>>> sns.set() (Re)set the seaborn default
rc={"lines.linewidth":2.5}) override param mapping Close & Clear Also see Matplotlib
>>> sns.set_style("whitegrid") Set the matplotlib parameters Color Palette >>> plt.cla() Clear an axis
>>> sns.set_style("ticks", Set the matplotlib parameters >>> plt.clf() Clear an entire figure
{"xtick.major.size":8, >>> sns.set_palette("husl",3) Define the color palette >>> plt.close() Close a window
"ytick.major.size":8}) >>> sns.color_palette("husl") Use with with to temporarily set palette
>>> sns.axes_style("whitegrid") Return a dict of params or use with >>> flatui = ["#9b59b6","#3498db","#95a5a6","#e74c3c","#34495e","#2ecc71"]
with to temporarily set the style >>> sns.set_palette(flatui) Set your own color palette DataCamp
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Plot Anatomy & Workflow
Plot Anatomy Workflow
Matplotlib Axes/Subplot The basic steps to creating plots with matplotlib are:
Learn Python Interactively at www.DataCamp.com 1 Prepare data 2 Create plot 3 Plot 4 Customize plot 5 Save plot 6 Show plot
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> x = [1,2,3,4] Step 1
>>> y = [10,20,25,30]
>>> fig = plt.figure() Step 2
Matplotlib Y-axis Figure >>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111) Step 3
>>> ax.plot(x, y, color='lightblue', linewidth=3) Step 3, 4
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces >>> ax.scatter([2,4,6],
publication-quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats [5,15,25],
color='darkgreen',
and interactive environments across marker='^')
platforms. >>> ax.set_xlim(1, 6.5)
X-axis
>>> plt.savefig('foo.png')

1 Prepare The Data Also see Lists & NumPy

>>> plt.show() Step 6

1D Data 4 Customize Plot

>>> import numpy as np Colors, Color Bars & Color Maps Mathtext
>>> x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
>>> y = np.cos(x) >>> plt.plot(x, x, x, x**2, x, x**3) >>> plt.title(r'$sigma_i=15$', fontsize=20)
>>> z = np.sin(x) >>> ax.plot(x, y, alpha = 0.4)
>>> ax.plot(x, y, c='k') Limits, Legends & Layouts
2D Data or Images >>> fig.colorbar(im, orientation='horizontal')
>>> im = ax.imshow(img, Limits & Autoscaling
>>> data = 2 * np.random.random((10, 10)) cmap='seismic')
>>> data2 = 3 * np.random.random((10, 10)) >>> ax.margins(x=0.0,y=0.1) Add padding to a plot
>>> Y, X = np.mgrid[-3:3:100j, -3:3:100j] >>> ax.axis('equal') Set the aspect ratio of the plot to 1
Markers >>> ax.set(xlim=[0,10.5],ylim=[-1.5,1.5]) Set limits for x-and y-axis
>>> U = -1 - X**2 + Y
>>> V = 1 + X - Y**2 >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> ax.set_xlim(0,10.5) Set limits for x-axis
>>> from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data >>> ax.scatter(x,y,marker=".") Legends
>>> img = np.load(get_sample_data('axes_grid/bivariate_normal.npy')) >>> ax.plot(x,y,marker="o") >>> ax.set(title='An Example Axes', Set a title and x-and y-axis labels
ylabel='Y-Axis',
Linestyles xlabel='X-Axis')
2 Create Plot >>>
>>>
plt.plot(x,y,linewidth=4.0)
plt.plot(x,y,ls='solid')
>>> ax.legend(loc='best')
Ticks
No overlapping plot elements

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> ax.xaxis.set(ticks=range(1,5), Manually set x-ticks

>>> plt.plot(x,y,ls='--') ticklabels=[3,100,-12,"foo"])
Figure >>> plt.plot(x,y,'--',x**2,y**2,'-.') >>> ax.tick_params(axis='y', Make y-ticks longer and go in and out
>>> plt.setp(lines,color='r',linewidth=4.0) direction='inout',
>>> fig = plt.figure() length=10)
>>> fig2 = plt.figure(figsize=plt.figaspect(2.0)) Text & Annotations
Subplot Spacing
Axes >>> ax.text(1, >>> fig3.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.5, Adjust the spacing between subplots
-2.1, hspace=0.3,
All plotting is done with respect to an Axes. In most cases, a 'Example Graph', left=0.125,
style='italic') right=0.9,
subplot will fit your needs. A subplot is an axes on a grid system. >>> ax.annotate("Sine", top=0.9,
>>> fig.add_axes() xy=(8, 0), bottom=0.1)
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # row-col-num xycoords='data', >>> fig.tight_layout() Fit subplot(s) in to the figure area
xytext=(10.5, 0),
>>> ax3 = fig.add_subplot(212) textcoords='data', Axis Spines
>>> fig3, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2,ncols=2) arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", >>> ax1.spines['top'].set_visible(False) Make the top axis line for a plot invisible
>>> fig4, axes2 = plt.subplots(ncols=3) connectionstyle="arc3"),) >>> ax1.spines['bottom'].set_position(('outward',10)) Move the bottom axis line outward

3 Plotting Routines 5 Save Plot

Save figures
1D Data Vector Fields >>> plt.savefig('foo.png')
>>> lines = ax.plot(x,y) Draw points with lines or markers connecting them >>> axes[0,1].arrow(0,0,0.5,0.5) Add an arrow to the axes Save transparent figures
>>> ax.scatter(x,y) Draw unconnected points, scaled or colored >>> axes[1,1].quiver(y,z) Plot a 2D field of arrows >>> plt.savefig('foo.png', transparent=True)
>>> axes[0,0].bar([1,2,3],[3,4,5]) Plot vertical rectangles (constant width) >>> axes[0,1].streamplot(X,Y,U,V) Plot 2D vector fields
>>> axes[1,0].barh([0.5,1,2.5],[0,1,2])
6
Plot horiontal rectangles (constant height)
>>> axes[1,1].axhline(0.45) Draw a horizontal line across axes Data Distributions Show Plot
>>> axes[0,1].axvline(0.65) Draw a vertical line across axes >>> ax1.hist(y) Plot a histogram
>>> ax.fill(x,y,color='blue') Draw filled polygons >>> ax3.boxplot(y) Make a box and whisker plot >>> plt.show()
>>> ax.fill_between(x,y,color='yellow') Fill between y-values and 0 >>> ax3.violinplot(z) Make a violin plot
2D Data or Images Close & Clear
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> plt.cla() Clear an axis
>>> axes2[0].pcolor(data2) Pseudocolor plot of 2D array >>> plt.clf() Clear the entire figure
>>> im = ax.imshow(img, Colormapped or RGB arrays >>> axes2[0].pcolormesh(data) Pseudocolor plot of 2D array
cmap='gist_earth', >>> plt.close() Close a window
interpolation='nearest', >>> CS = plt.contour(Y,X,U) Plot contours
vmin=-2, >>> axes2[2].contourf(data1) Plot filled contours
vmax=2) >>> axes2[2]= ax.clabel(CS) Label a contour plot DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Create Your Model Evaluate Your Model’s Performance
Supervised Learning Estimators Classification Metrics
Scikit-Learn
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com Linear Regression Accuracy Score
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression >>> knn.score(X_test, y_test) Estimator score method
>>> lr = LinearRegression(normalize=True) >>> from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score Metric scoring functions
>>> accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
Scikit-learn >>> from sklearn.svm import SVC Classification Report
>>> svc = SVC(kernel='linear') >>> from sklearn.metrics import classification_report Precision, recall, f1-score
Scikit-learn is an open source Python library that Naive Bayes >>> print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred)) and support
implements a range of machine learning, >>> from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB Confusion Matrix
>>> gnb = GaussianNB() >>> from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
preprocessing, cross-validation and visualization >>> print(confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred))
algorithms using a unified interface. KNN
>>> from sklearn import neighbors Regression Metrics
A Basic Example >>> knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
>>> from sklearn import neighbors, datasets, preprocessing
Mean Absolute Error
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split Unsupervised Learning Estimators >>> from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
>>> from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score >>> y_true = [3, -0.5, 2]
>>> iris = datasets.load_iris() Principal Component Analysis (PCA) >>> mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred)
>>> X, y = iris.data[:, :2], iris.target >>> from sklearn.decomposition import PCA Mean Squared Error
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=33) >>> pca = PCA(n_components=0.95) >>> from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
>>> scaler = preprocessing.StandardScaler().fit(X_train) >>> mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
>>> X_train = scaler.transform(X_train)
K Means
>>> X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) >>> from sklearn.cluster import KMeans R² Score
>>> knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5) >>> k_means = KMeans(n_clusters=3, random_state=0) >>> from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
>>> r2_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> y_pred = knn.predict(X_test)
>>> accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred) Model Fitting Clustering Metrics
Adjusted Rand Index
Supervised learning >>> from sklearn.metrics import adjusted_rand_score
Loading The Data Also see NumPy & Pandas >>> lr.fit(X, y) Fit the model to the data
>>> adjusted_rand_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
Your data needs to be numeric and stored as NumPy arrays or SciPy sparse >>> svc.fit(X_train, y_train) Homogeneity
>>> from sklearn.metrics import homogeneity_score
matrices. Other types that are convertible to numeric arrays, such as Pandas Unsupervised Learning >>> homogeneity_score(y_true, y_pred)
DataFrame, are also acceptable. >>> k_means.fit(X_train) Fit the model to the data
>>> pca_model = pca.fit_transform(X_train) Fit to data, then transform it V-measure
>>> import numpy as np >>> from sklearn.metrics import v_measure_score
>>> X = np.random.random((10,5)) >>> metrics.v_measure_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> y = np.array(['M','M','F','F','M','F','M','M','F','F','F'])
>>> X[X < 0.7] = 0 Prediction Cross-Validation
>>> from sklearn.cross_validation import cross_val_score
Supervised Estimators >>> print(cross_val_score(knn, X_train, y_train, cv=4))
Training And Test Data >>> y_pred = svc.predict(np.random.random((2,5))) Predict labels
>>> y_pred = lr.predict(X_test)
>>> print(cross_val_score(lr, X, y, cv=2))
Predict labels
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split >>> y_pred = knn.predict_proba(X_test) Estimate probability of a label
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,
y, Unsupervised Estimators Tune Your Model
random_state=0) >>> y_pred = k_means.predict(X_test) Predict labels in clustering algos Grid Search
>>> from sklearn.grid_search import GridSearchCV
>>> params = {"n_neighbors": np.arange(1,3),
Preprocessing The Data "metric": ["euclidean", "cityblock"]}
>>> grid = GridSearchCV(estimator=knn,
Standardization Encoding Categorical Features param_grid=params)
>>> grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder >>> print(grid.best_score_)
>>> scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X_train) >>> print(grid.best_estimator_.n_neighbors)
>>> enc = LabelEncoder()
>>> standardized_X = scaler.transform(X_train) >>> y = enc.fit_transform(y)
>>> standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) Randomized Parameter Optimization
Normalization Imputing Missing Values >>> from sklearn.grid_search import RandomizedSearchCV
>>> params = {"n_neighbors": range(1,5),
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Normalizer "weights": ["uniform", "distance"]}
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer >>> rsearch = RandomizedSearchCV(estimator=knn,
>>> scaler = Normalizer().fit(X_train) >>> imp = Imputer(missing_values=0, strategy='mean', axis=0) param_distributions=params,
>>> normalized_X = scaler.transform(X_train) >>> imp.fit_transform(X_train) cv=4,
>>> normalized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) n_iter=8,
random_state=5)
Binarization Generating Polynomial Features >>> rsearch.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> print(rsearch.best_score_)
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Binarizer >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
>>> binarizer = Binarizer(threshold=0.0).fit(X) >>> poly = PolynomialFeatures(5)
>>> binary_X = binarizer.transform(X) >>> poly.fit_transform(X) DataCamp
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