DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS 01
Engr. Von Eric A. Damirez, M.Sc.
Terminology: Calculus
• A branch of mathematics that deals with continuously
changing properties.
Etymology (Latin)
“Calculus” = pebble or little stone
Differential calculus deals
Differential with very small changing
Calculus entities, while Integral
Integral calculus (opposite) deals
with the overall changes.
 Terminology: Derivative
• Refers to the rate of change of one variable with
respect to the other variable.
y y = f(x)
Given a continuous function f(x),
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 ε
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0 ∆y
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 dy
From the figure, ∆x = dx and ∆y ≠ dy. x
∆x = dx
However, ∆y ≈ dy when ∆x → 0 (ε = 0)
 Different Derivative Symbols
Below are list of different derivative symbols being used:
Leibniz Notation Newton’s Notation Jacobi’s Notation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛 𝑦 𝑦,ሶ 𝑦,ሷ 𝑦ഺ 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝑦 𝑛
𝜕 𝑦
, 2, 𝑛 , 2, 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Euler’s Notation 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
2 𝑛
𝐷𝑦, 𝐷 𝑦, 𝐷 𝑦
න 𝑑𝑥
Lagrange’s Notation
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 , 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 , 𝑓 (𝑉) 𝑥
 Derivative of Algebraic Functions
Consider differential functions of x as u and v with constant c.
Formulas with Constant Operation Formulas
d d du dv
c =0 u±v = ±
dx dx dx dx
d du d du dv
cu = c uv = v +u
dx dx dx dx dx
d c c dv du dv
=− 2 d u v − u
dx v v dx dx dx
=
dx v v2
 Derivative of Algebraic Functions
Consider differential functions of x as u and v with constant c.

Operation Formulas The formulas given are based

on the term “chain rule”,
d n du
u = nun−1 dy dy du
dx dx
=
dx du dx
When the base and Power + Exponential Formula
the exp. are both
d v v−1
du v
dv
variables. u = vu + u ln u
dx dx dx
Find the first derivative with respect to x of the
function: g(x) = 5√10 - 35?
d
c =0
dx
A. 35 C. 4(9)3
B. 0 D. 3/4
Differentiate the given expression: 7x2+16x.

A. 7x+16 C. None of these

B. 14x+16 D. 14x-16
Find the derivative of f 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥−1 3 3 ?

A. 3x 2 −3 x−1 2
3 3 2
B. 9(x − x − 1 )(x − x − 1 ) 2

C. 3 x 3 − x − 1 2 2
9 x 3 − x − 1 3 2 (x 2 − x − 1 2 )
Differentiate
𝑦= 2 − 3𝑥 2

−3x −x2 +10x−1

2−3x2 x2 +1 2
x2 −10x−1 x2 +10x−1
x2 −1 2 x2 +1 2
 Derivative of Transcendental Functions
Consider differential functions of x as u with constant c.
Trigonometric Functions Formulas
d du d du
sin u = cos u csc u = − csc u cot u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
cos u = − sin u sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
tan u = sec 2 u cot u = − csc 2 u
dx dx dx dx
Which of the following is not a correct derivative?
d d 1 1
cos x = − sin x =− 2
dx dx x x
d 3 2 d
1 − x = −3 1−x csc x = − cot x
dx dx

A. f ′ (x) = − sin x C. f x = x −1
1
B. f ′ (x) = −3 1 − x 2 f ′ (x) = −x −2 = − 2
x
D. f ′ (x) = − csc x cot x
Problem: Find the derivative of sin2(x2 + 3x).
d n n−1
du
u = nu
dx dx
d du
sin u = cos u
dx dx
A. (4x + 6) sin (x2 + 3x) cos2 (x2 + 3x)
B. 2 2
(4x + 6) sin (x + 3x) cos (x + 3x)
C. (4x + 6) sin2 (x2 + 3x) cos (x2 + 3x)2
D. (4x – 6) sin (x2 + 3x) cos2 (x2 + 3x)
 Find the derivative of
d 3 3 3
𝑥 − 𝑥−1 x=π
dx
= 21338.09939
CALC the Choices Substitute the chosen
initial value of x
A. 3x 2 −3 x−1 2
3 3 2
B. 9(x − x − 1 )(x − x − 1 ) 2
3
C. 3 x − x − 1 2 2

9 x 3 − x − 1 3 2 (x 2 − x − 1 2 )
Differentiate d
2 − 3x 2 x=
0.5
dx
−3x
= −1.341640787
2−3x2
CALC the Choices
x2 −10x−1
x2 −1 2 Substitute the chosen
−x2 +10x−1 initial value of x
x2 +1 2
x2 +10x−1
x2 +1 2
Problem: Find the derivative of
d sin2(x
2 2 + 3x) 2
(sin x + 3x ) x= 69
dx
= 106.6313238
Substitute the chosen
CALC the Choices
initial value of x
A. (4x + 6) sin (x2 + 3x) cos2 (x2 + 3x)
2 2
B. (4x + 6) sin (x + 3x) cos (x + 3x)
C. (4x + 6) sin2 (x2 + 3x) cos (x2 + 3x)2
D. (4x – 6) sin (x2 + 3x) cos2 (x2 + 3x)
 Derivative of Transcendental Functions
Consider differential functions of x as u.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions Formulas
d −1
du Τ dx d −1
du Τ dx
sin u = csc u = −
dx 1 − u2 dx u u2 − 1
d du Τ dx d du Τ dx
cos −1 u = − sec −1 u =
dx 1 − u2 dx u u2 − 1
d −1
du Τ dx d −1
du Τ dx
tan u = cot u = −
dx 1 + u2 dx 1 + u2
Problem: If y = arctan (ln x), find the first derivative
of y at x = 1/e
d −1
tan (ln x) x= 1/e
dx

A. 1.36 C. 1.57
B. 1.45 D. 1.63
 Derivative of Transcendental Functions
Consider differential functions of x as u with constant a.

Exponential Logarithmic Functions

Functions Formulas Formulas
d u du d 1 du
e = eu ln u =
dx dx dx u dx
d u u
du d 1 du
a = a ln a log a u =
dx dx dx u ln a dx
Problem 8: Differentiate: y = x 2 ln2x.

A. x(x + ln2x) C. x(1 + 2ln2x)

(x + 2lnx) (1 + 2ln2x)
Problem 8: Differentiate:
d 2
x ln2x x= π
dx
= 14.68931483
Substitute the chosen
CALC the Choices
initial value of x
A. x(x + ln2x) C. x(1 + 2ln2x)
(x + 2lnx) (1 + 2ln2x)
 Derivative of Transcendental Functions
Consider differential functions of x as u.
Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions Formulas
d du d du
sinh u = cosh u csch u = − csch u coth u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
cosh u = sinh u sech u = − sech u tanh u
dx dx dx dx
d 2
du d 2
du
tanh u = sech u coth u = − csch u
dx dx dx dx
What is the first derivative of the given equation cosh2x
– sinh2x?
𝑑 2 2
cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 𝑥= 0.5
1
2
𝑑𝑥

A. 2cosh2x C. 2sinh2x
B. 1 D. 0
If y=5x2 + 4x and x=lnt, then what is dy/dt?
dyൗ
dy dt dy dy dx
= =
dx dxൗ dt dx dt
dt
A. 10/t + 4 C. (1/t)(10 lnt +4)
B. 10t lnt + 4t D. 5/t(squared) + 4/t
 Terminology: Higher Derivatives
• The application of differentiation multiple times on a
function results in derivatives higher than the previous.
Consider functions of x,
d dy d2 y ′′ d d2y d3y
= 2 =y 2 =
dx dx dx dx dx dx3
d d n−1 y n
d y
= = y n
dx dx n−1 dx n

dn dn
x n = n! xe x = x + n ex
dx n dx n
Problem: Find the second derivative of y = √x2 + x–2

A. 1 – 2x–3 C. 3
B. 1 – 6x 4 D. 6/x 4
Terminology: Limits
• A function f(x) that can be made closer to the limit
L by choosing the independent variable x
sufficiently close to a constant a.
y
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎

It is important to know that the limit

is not the same as when a value is
x
substituted into an equation!
 Seven Indeterminate Forms
If the quotient of two functions results in the
occurrence of an indeterminate number, then the
quotient is called an “indeterminate form”, all of
which are listed below.
0 ∞
0×∞ ∞ − ∞ 00 ∞0 1∞
0 ∞

Indeterminate values are different from undefined values

because undefined refer to values unknown to the current def.
Terminology: L’ Hospital Rule
• States that for indeterminate limits, its limit will
remain the same even if the numerator and
denominator are independently differentiated.

f x fx′ f
x ′′ x f n
lim = lim ′ = lim ′′ … = lim n
x→a g x x→a g x x→a g x x→a g x

Apply this rule only when dealing with the quotient

of indeterminate functions!
Problem: Evaluate the following:
1−𝑒 3𝑥
lim
𝑥⟶0 4𝑥

A. –∞ C. 0
B. –3/4 D. 1/4
Evaluate:
x2 − 1
lim 2
x⟶1 x + 3x − 4

A. 2/5 C. 0
B. ∞ D. 5/2
 Limits Involving Infinity
A function might have a finite or infinite limit when
the independent variable x becomes infinite.
Consider a function u and any constant c,
c
lim u = ∞ lim = ∞
u→∞ u→0 u
u c
lim = ∞ lim = 0
u→∞ c u→∞ u

∞, means there is no limit.

Problem: Evaluate:
x 3− 2x + 5
lim
x⟶∞ 2x 3 − 7

A. 0 C. 1/2
B. infinity D. 1
Problem: Evaluate:
lim x csc 2x
x⟶0

A. 1/4 C. 1/3
B. 1/2 D. 0
Problem: Evaluate:
limπ π − 2x tan x
x⟶
2

A. -1 C. 1
B. 2 D. infinity
 Maxima & Minima on Polynomial Curves
Plotting curves are much more efficient when the
extreme points (extrema) in the graph of a function
are determined.
Extrema can either
Classification of Extrema
be global (applies to
(1) Maxima (the hills) the whole function)
◦ Has a higher value than its nearby points. or local (applies to
(2) Minima (the valleys) some range of the
◦ Has a lower value than its nearby points. function)
 Maxima & Minima on Polynomial Curves
The extreme points are summarized below:
′ ′′ y Max
slope m = 𝑦 Concavity = 𝑦
Point y’ y’’ Concavity Max
Max. 0 – Downward
IP x
Min. 0 + Upward IP
IP +/– 0 None
Critical Points: Max., Min., and und. f’(x). Min y = f(x)
IP: Inflection Point, No IP: y’’ undefined.
Problem: Which of the following describes the first
derivative at the point “A” of the function shown in
the figure?

A. Positive only C. Zero

B. Negative only D. Positive or negative
Problem: What if the slope of the graph y = –x2 at the
point (2, –4)?

A. –4 C. 1
B. –2 D. 3
What is the minimum point y = x + 1/x ?

A. (1, 1.5) C. (1.5, 2)

B. (1, 2) D. (2, 1)
Problem: Find the maximum value of y given:
y = x 3 − 9x 2 + 15x − 3
y ′ = 3x 2 − 18x + 15
′′
y = 6x − 18

A. (1, 4) C. (3, –12)

B. (5, –28) D. (2, –1)
Problem: Find the point of inflection of the curve
y= x 3 − 6x 2 + 12
y ′= 3x 2
− 12x
′′
y = 6x − 12
A. (0, 12) C. (3, 21)
B. (0, 15) D. (2, –4)
Problem: What is the point of inflection of the curve
f x = x − ln x ?

A. (1, 1) C. (1, 5)
B. (1, 0) D. No point of inflection
Terminology: Newton’s Method
• A numerical solution for single nonlinear equations
by using iterative steps to obtain the required root.
y
f xn
xn+1 = xn − ′
f xn

Where,
xn+1 = next approximation x
xn = current approximation
Problem: Newton’s method is being used to find the
roots of equation f(x) = (x – 2)2 – 1. What is the third
approximation of the root if 9.33 is chosen as the
first approximation?
f xn
xn+1 = xn − ′
f xn

A. 1.0 C. 3.0
B. 2.0 D. 4.0
REVIEW COURSE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 01 PRIME REVIEW CENTER

Problem: Consider a strictly concave up function of one

variable, x, with a lower bound and upper bound on x.
At what value(s) of x will the function be minimized

A. At the upper bound of x

B. At the lower bound of x
C. Strictly between the upper and lower bounds of x
D. At any of the above
PROBLEM
What is the value of the first derivative at x=1 in the
given function f(x) = x (to the 3rd power) – 12x + 1?

A. 10 C. 9
B. -9 D. 3