UNIT IV

ME22251 - Technical Drawing

(Common to AD, CS, IT)

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

A. Kumaraswamy
 UNIT – IV

DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
 Development of Surfaces
 Development of lateral surfaces of simple solids
 Parallel line Development – Prisms and Cylinder
 Radial line development – Pyramids and Cone
Prior skill set…

 First angle projection

 Lines and its types

 Projection of plane surfaces

 Projection of solids

 Sectioning of solids
Convention…

ALL DIMENTIONS ARE IN “mm”

Development of Surfaces

“The development of surface of an object is the unrolling or unfolding of all

surfaces of an object on a plane.”

Otherwise,

“If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape thus

obtained is called the development of that solid.”

Principle of Development:

Every line on the development should show the true length of the

corresponding line on the surface which is developed.

Applications of Development of Surfaces

 Sheet metal work

 Marine and automotive body building

 Construction of storage vessels

 Computer and electronic casings

 Boilers

 Chimneys

 Etc …..
Methods of Development

 Parallel Line Development or Stretch out line method (prism, cylinder)

 Radial Line Development (pyramid, cone)

 Triangulation Development (transition pieces)

 Approximate Development (double curved or warped surfaces – sphere,

paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid and helicoid).

Parallel Line Development

Stretch Line

Seam Line

VP

X HP Y

Fold Line
Radial Line Development

Vertex

Seam Line

Fold Line
Triangulation Development
Approximate Development

Lune
 A1”

E1” A1’

E1’

B1”
D1

Steps involved in C1
E1

Development of B1’ A1
A’
B1

a solid A1’
E’

E
C
E”

B’
B A

A’ B”
A”
Possible Cases in Development of Solids

• Lateral Surface Development

• Excluding top & base of a vertical solid

• Complete Solid Development

• Including top & base of a vertical solid

Development of simple solids

Cylinder: A Rectangle

D
D

Where H= Height D= base diameter

 Complete Development

Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

Complete Development
Prisms: No. of Rectangles

H= Height S = Edge of base

Complete Development

S
 ′𝐑 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
Cone: Sector of circle 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 =
𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
× 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

L
R=Base circle radius.
L=Slant height.

 = R
L
3600

Complete Development

R
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)

s s

L= Slant edge. S = Edge of base Complete Development

 1

A Rectangular prism of cross section 45 X 30 mm and height 55 mm rests on the ground on

one of its ends with one of its longer edges of the base inclined at 300 to the VP. It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 300 to the HP. The cutting plane meets the axis at a
point 45 mm above the base. Draw the development of the surface of the lower part of the
prism.
 4 1
(4’)
3’ 3 4
2’ 2
30˚

5’ 5

1’ 55 1 1
45

VP

X a’ d’ b’ c’ HP Y A B C D A
d 30˚
5

4
D C
1 c
a

3
30
45
2
b
 2

A Hexagonal prism of side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting

on HP on its base with two of its vertical faces perpendicular to VP.
It is cut by a plane inclined at 500 to HP and perpendicular to VP and
meets the axis of prism at a distance of 10mm from the top end.
Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism.
 3

A Pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on its base
with a side of base parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 350 to HP and perpendicular
to VP and meets the axis at a distance of 35 mm from the base. Draw the development of
the lower portion of the prism.
 3

3’ 3

4’ 4
35˚
2’ 2
60

5’ 5

1’ 35 1 1

VP

X a’ e’ b’ d’ c’ HP Y A B C D E A
(5) e d (4)

B E
a
c (3)
(1)

A
30
(2) b
 4

A Cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 65 mm resting on HP on its base is cut by
a plane inclined at 600 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane passes through a
point on the axis at a distance of 25 mm from the top end. Draw the development of the
lateral surface of the right portion of the cylinder
 a’ g’ 6 7
4
6’ (7’)
(8’) 5’ 5 8
25

60˚
(9’) 4’ 4 9

65

3 10
(10’) 3’

2 11
2’ (11’) VP
1’
X (12’) j
i
HP Y A 1 B C D E F G H I J K L 12 A
k 7 πD
l h
12 Φ50
A Cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 65 mm resting on
a g HP on its base is cut by a plane inclined at 600 to HP and

1 perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane passes through a point on the

b f axis at a distance of 25 mm from the top end. Draw the development
c e6 of the lateral surface of the right portion of the cylinder
d
A Cylinder of diameter 50 mm and axis height 65 mm is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at
60° to the HP into two equal parts. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated solid.

5
 6

A rectangular pyramid 60 mm x 50 mm and height 75 mm is resting on its

base on HP with its longer base edges parallel to VP. It is sectioned by a
plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 65° to HP and passing through the
mid-point of the axis. Develop the lateral surfaces of the cut pyramid
 7

A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm is

resting vertically on its base on the ground with two of the side of the
base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP
and inclined at 400 to the HP. The cutting plane bisects the axis of the
pyramid. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the pyramid.
 8

A regular pentagonal pyramid of side 40 mm and altitude 75 mm has its base on HP with a
side of base perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a section plane perpendicular to VP
and inclined at 300 to the HP. The cutting plane meets the axis of the pyramid at a point 30
mm below the vertex. Obtain the development of the remaining part of the pyramid.
 o’ 8

30 B
3’
2’ 30 79 C
4’
75
1’ 1
5’
A

C
VP E
X a’ e’ b’ d’ c’ HP Y
d

e B
5
4 A
3

2 1
c
o
1
A
79 O
40
a

b
 9

A right circular cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base on the
ground. It is cut by a plane inclined at 300 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane
bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated
cone.
 o’ ′𝑹 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆
9
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 "𝜽" = × 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
30
= × 360° = 142.1° ≈ 142°
76
7’
6’ 76
76 5’ 30
4’ 9’ 8’ 70 1
3’ 10’ O
A
2’ 11’
1’ 12’ 2
35 3 θ
B 4
5
6 7
VP 8 1
9 12
a’ j g’ Y C 10
X HP 11
k i
D
l h A
Φ60

E L
a g
o F
K
G
J
b f H I

c e
d
 10

A Cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base

on the ground. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to
the HP at a distance of 20 mm from the vertex. It is also cut by a plane
inclined at 400 to the base and meeting the axis at a point 20 mm above
the base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone.
10
 11

A Pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 60 mm stands on one of its ends on the
HP with a rectangular face parallel to the VP. A hole of diameter 30 mm is drilled centrally
through the prism in such a way that the axis of the hole bisects the axis of the prism at
right angles. The axis of the hole is perpendicular to the VP. Draw the development of the
lateral surfaces of the prism.
 11

7 7 7
6 8
6 8 6
8
Φ30

60 5 1 5 5
1
1
o

2 4 2 4 4 2
30
3 3 3

VP

a’ c’ HP Y A m p q r C s D E n A
X e d B
125

n s

a c
m r
p q
25

b
 12

A Square pyramid of base side 35 mm and axis 60 mm rests on its base on the HP with one of
the sides of the base inclined at 300 to the VP. A string is wound round the surfaces of the
pyramid starting from left extreme point on the base and ending at the same point. Find the
shortest length of the string required. Also trace the path of the string in the front and top
views.
 o’

12

65 3 D
4 60
C
2 1
A

4
B
1 VP
3
X HP Y
30˚

2
d

1
A
c 65 O
3
o
a 1

35 2

b
 13

A cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm rests vertically on its

base on the ground. A string is wound round the curved surface of the
cone starting from the left extreme point on the base and ending at the
same point. Find the shortest length of the string required. Also, trace
the path of the string in the front and the top views.
 14

A Cone of base diameter 60 mm and axis height 70 mm is resting

on the HP on its base. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to both
HP and VP, 10 mm away from the axis. Draw the development of
lateral surfaces
 15

A right regular Hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm side of base and height 70mm stands with its
base on HP. A through circular hole of 30 mm diameter is drilled through the pyramid such
that the axis of the hole is perpendicular to VP and intersects the axis of the pyramid at a
distance of 20 mm above the base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the
pyramid showing the true shapes of the holes formed on it.
 o’ 15

77

7’ 77
65 Φ30 8’ 6’ 7’
15’ A
14’ 16’
1
9’ 5’
1’ 13’ 8
P

12’ 10’ 7
20 2’ 4’
11’ 2
3’
3’ 6
VP 15
B 14
X a’ b’ (f’) c’ (e’) d’ HP Y
16 13
3
f e 5
4 9
r
s A
C 12
S
10
d Q
a 11
o F
D
R
E
p
q

b 30 c
 16

A Funnel tapers from a circular opening of diameter 70 mm to a circular opening of

diameter 20 mm over an axial length of 50 mm and extends axially to a further distance of
40 mm. There is a cylindrical portion of height 15 mm above the tapering portion.
Develop the funnel.
16 A A
15
𝜋𝐷 = 219.9 ≈220

B ′𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
50 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 "θ" = × 360°
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
35
= × 360° = 157.5° ≈ 158°
80 80
80

40
C

C
VP
B θ
X
HP
Y 𝜋𝐷 = 62.8 ≈ 63

Φ20

Φ70
TEXT BOOK:

• Bhatt N.D. and Panchal V.M., “Engineering

Drawing”, Charotar Publishing House, 50th

Edition, 2010.