History of web

(taken from: https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/)

Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in

London, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on
one of the earliest computers. Growing up, Sir Tim was interested in
trains and had a model railway in his bedroom. He recalls:

“I made some electronic gadgets to control the trains. Then I ended

up getting more interested in electronics than trains. Later on, when I
was in college I made a computer out of an old television set.”

After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a

software engineer at CERN, the large particle physics laboratory near
Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come from all over the world to use
its accelerators, but Sir Tim noticed that they were having difficulty
sharing information.

“In those days, there was different information on different

computers, but you had to log on to different computers to get at it.
Also, sometimes you had to learn a different program on each
computer. Often it was just easier to go and ask people when they
were having coffee…”, Tim says.

Tim thought he saw a way to solve this problem – one that he could
see could also have much better applications. Already, millions of
computers were being connected together through the fast-
developing internet and Berners-Lee realised they could share
information by exploiting an emerging technology called hypertext.

In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision for what would become the
web in a document called “Information Management: A Proposal”.
Believe it or not, Tim’s initial proposal was not immediately
accepted. In fact, his boss at the time, Mike Sendall, noted the words
“Vague but exciting” on the cover. The web was never an official
CERN project, but Mike managed to give Tim time to work on it in
September 1990. He began work using a NeXT computer, one of
Steve Jobs’ early products.

By October of 1990, Tim had written the three fundamental

technologies that remain the foundation of today’s web (and which
you may have seen appear on parts of your web browser):

 HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting)

language for the web.

 URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is

unique and used to identify to each resource on the web. It is
also commonly called a URL.

 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of

linked resources from across the web.

Tim also wrote the first web page editor/browser

(“WorldWideWeb.app”) and the first web server (“httpd“). By the
end of 1990, the first web page was served on the open internet, and
in 1991, people outside of CERN were invited to join this new web
community.

As the web began to grow, Tim realised that its true potential would
only be unleashed if anyone, anywhere could use it without paying a
fee or having to ask for permission.

He explains: “Had the technology been proprietary, and in my total

control, it would probably not have taken off. You can’t propose that
something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of
it.”
So, Tim and others advocated to ensure that CERN would agree to
make the underlying code available on a royalty-free basis, forever.
This decision was announced in April 1993, and sparked a global
wave of creativity, collaboration and innovation never seen before.
In 2003, the companies developing new web standards committed to
a Royalty Free Policy for their work. In 2014, the year we celebrated
the web’s 25th birthday,almost two in five people around the
world were using it.

Tim moved from CERN to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

in 1994 to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an
international community devoted to developing open web
standards. He remains the Director of W3C to this day.

The early web community produced some revolutionary ideas that

are now spreading far beyond the technology sector:

 Decentralisation: No permission is needed from a central

authority to post anything on the web, there is no central
controlling node, and so no single point of failure … and no
“kill switch”! This also implies freedom from indiscriminate
censorship and surveillance.

 Non-discrimination: If I pay to connect to the internet with a

certain quality of service, and you pay to connect with that or
a greater quality of service, then we can both communicate at
the same level. This principle of equity is also known as Net
Neutrality.

 Bottom-up design: Instead of code being written and

controlled by a small group of experts, it was developed in full
view of everyone, encouraging maximum participation and
experimentation.
  Universality: For anyone to be able to publish anything on the
web, all the computers involved have to speak the same
languages to each other, no matter what different hardware
people are using; where they live; or what cultural and
political beliefs they have. In this way, the web breaks down
silos while still allowing diversity to flourish.

 Consensus: For universal standards to work, everyone had to

agree to use them. Tim and others achieved this consensus by
giving everyone a say in creating the standards, through a
transparent, participatory process at W3C.

New permutations of these ideas are giving rise to exciting new

approaches in fields as diverse as information (Open Data), politics
(Open Government), scientific research (Open Access), education,
and culture (Free Culture). But to date we have only scratched the
surface of how these principles could change society and politics for
the better.

In 2009, Sir Tim established the World Wide Web Foundation. The
Web Foundation is advancing the Open Web as a means to build a
just and thriving society by connecting everyone, raising voices and
enhancing participation.
Web 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0

https://flatworldbusiness.wordpress.com/flat-
education/previously/web-1-0-vs-web-2-0-vs-web-3-0-a-bird-eye-
on-the-definition/

Web 0.0 – Developing the internet

Web 1.0 – The shopping carts & static web “Read only” web

Experts call the Internet before 1999 “Read-Only” web. The average
internet user’s role was limited to reading the information which was
presented to him. The best examples of this 1.0 web era are millions
of static websites which mushroomed during the dot-com boom
(which eventually has led to the dotcom bubble). There was no
active communication or information flow from consumer (of the
information) to producer (of the information). But the information
age was born!

According to Tim Berners-Lee the first implementation of the web,

representing the Web 1.0, could be considered as the “read-only
web.” In other words, the early web allowed users to search for
information and read it. There was very little in the way of user
interaction or content contribution.

The first shopping cart applications, which most e-commerce website

owners use in some shape or form, basically fall under the category
of Web 1.0. The overall goal was to present products to potential
customers, much as a catalogue or a brochure does — only through a
website retailers could also provide a method for anyone (anywhere
in the world) to purchase (their) products.
It changed the constraints of space and time. One web page
connected to other through hyperlinks was in itself revolutionary as
it allowed people to access information. It acted like an open source
from where anybody could learn what they wanted to. It was two
dimensions which had information and readers.

Consisted of Search, Mail, text and pictures.

Web 2.0 – The writing and participating web “Interactive Web”

The lack of active interaction of common users with the web lead to
the birth of Web 2.0. The year 1999 marked the beginning of a Read-
Write-Publish era with notable contributions
from LiveJournal (Launched in April, 1999) and Blogger (Launched in
August, 1999). Now even a non-technical user could actively interact
& contribute to the web using different blog platforms. Berners-Lee’s
describes that Web 2.0 has the ability to contribute content and
interact with other web users. This interaction and contribution has
dramatically changed the landscape of the web. It has even more
potential that we have yet to see. The Web 2.0 appears to be a
welcome response to a web users demand to be more involved in
what information is available to them.

This era empowered the common user with a few new concepts like
Blogs, Social-Media & Video-Streaming. Publishing your content is
only a few clicks away! Few remarkable developments of Web 2.0
are Twitter, YouTube, eZineArticles, Flickr and Facebook.
Consists of Social commerce, Auctions, social networks, crowd
sourcing, Wiki, blogs, Instant Messenger, Video chatting, p2p
Audio, Widgets.

Web 3.0 – The semantic executing web

This in turn leads us to the rumblings and mumblings we have begun

to hear about Web 3.0. By extending Tim Berners-Lee’s explanations,
the Web 3.0 would be a “read-write-execute” web. However, this is
difficult to envision in its abstract form, so let’s take a look at two
things that will form the basis of the Web 3.0 — semantic markup
and web services.

Semantic markup refers to the communication gap between human

web users and computerized applications. One of the largest
organizational challenges of presenting information on the web was
that web applications weren’t able to provide context to data, and,
therefore, didn’t really understand what was relevant and what was
not. While this is still evolving, this notion of formatting data to be
understood by software agents leads to the “execute” portion of our
definition, and provides a way to discuss web service.

A web service is a software system designed to support computer-to-

computer interaction over the Internet. Currently, thousands of web
services are available. However, in the context of Web 3.0, they take
centre stage. By combining a semantic markup and web services, the
Web 3.0 promises the potential for applications that can speak to
each other directly, and for broader searches for information
through simpler interfaces.
It seems we had everything we had wished for in Web 2.0, but it is
way behind when it comes to intelligence. Perhaps a six-year-old
child has/had better analytical abilities than existing search
technologies! Keyword based search of web 2.0 resulted in an
information overload. The following attributes are going to be a part
of Web 3.0: Contextual Search

 Tailor made Search

 Personalized Search

 Evolution of 3D Web

 Deductive Reasoning

Just because a website does not employ Web 2.0 features does not
make it obsolete. After all, a small e-commerce website trying to sell
niche products may not have any business need for users to submit
content or to be able to interact with each other.

Consists of: Smart search, virtual shopping, Semantic web, smart

interface, Virtual worlds, MMORPG (Massive Internet Online Role
Playing Game), In Media search.

Web 4.0 -The Mobile Web

The next step is not really a new version, but is an alternate version
of what we already have. Web needed to adapt to the mobile
surroundings. Web 4.0 connects all devices in the real and virtual
world in real-time.

Consists of : Smart personal Assistant, Location Based Intelligence, AI

Robots, Voice Processing, Immediate Translation, wearable
technology, Geospatial web, Augmented reality, Gesture technology,
Cinematic blames.

Web 4.0 5.0- Open, Linked and Intelligent Web = Emotional Web

“The next web”

Although Web 5.0 still is in developing mode and the true shape is
still forming, first signals are that Web 5.0b will be about a linked
web which communicates with us like we communicate with each
other like a personal assistant. Web 5.0 is called “symbiotic” web.
This web will be powerful and fully executing. Web will be the read-
write-execution-concurrency web.

Web 5.0 will be about the (emotional) interaction between humans

and computers. The interaction will become a daily habit for a lot of
people based on neurotechnology. For the moment web is
“emotionally” neutral, which means web does not perceive the users
feel and emotions. This will change with web 5.0 – emotional web.
One example of this is www.wefeelfine.org, which maps emotions of
people. With headphones on, users will interact with content that
interacts with their emotions or changes in facial recognition.

May consist of: Artificial Brain, Collective Intelligence,

Human/technology convergence, Direct Brain link , Digital Aura,
Brain wave control, 5 sense Immersion, AV Implant.
Online communication (Meaning and Definition)

Online communication has changed the way human interaction took

place. It refers to reading, writing and communication via networked
computers.

Attributes of online communication

CMC computer mediated communication

Message reception certainty

Evasion of time- space barriers

Text-audio-visual… multimodal

Reduced cues and controllability (Facial expression auditory, visual

and textual cues are not there)

Asynchronous and synchronous

Communication technology and society

How Press, tv, radio, internet over a period of time have impacted
the society.

 Effects of violent video games on aggression

 Online political communication of contentious topics

 Impression formation in Social Networking Websites

 The effects of virtual worlds on behaviours and attitudes

 The effects of technology on interpersonal communication

 Online social capital and its effects on health communication

 Audience responses to technologically mediated

communication