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008.tricks and Tips

This document provides some tricks and tips for using NumPy arrays. It discusses reshaping arrays by omitting dimensions, stacking arrays to create 2D arrays, and using histograms to analyze distributions of array values.

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arturo miranda
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8 views3 pages

008.tricks and Tips

This document provides some tricks and tips for using NumPy arrays. It discusses reshaping arrays by omitting dimensions, stacking arrays to create 2D arrays, and using histograms to analyze distributions of array values.

Uploaded by

arturo miranda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8.

Tricks and Tips


===============

Here we give a list of short and useful tips.

8.1 "Automatic" Reshaping


---------------------

To change the dimensions of an array, you can omit one of the sizes
which will then be deduced automatically:

>>> a = np.arange(30)
>>> a.shape = 2,-1,3 # -1 means "whatever is needed"
>>> a.shape
(2, 5, 3)
>>> a
array([[[ 0, 1, 2],
[ 3, 4, 5],
[ 6, 7, 8],
[ 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14]],
[[15, 16, 17],
[18, 19, 20],
[21, 22, 23],
[24, 25, 26],
[27, 28, 29]]])

[demo]

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(30)
a.shape = 2,-1,3 # -1 means "whatever is needed"
print(a.shape)
print(a)

[/demo]

8.2 Vector Stacking


---------------

How do we construct a 2D array from a list of equally-sized row vectors?


In MATLAB this is quite easy: if ``x`` and ``y`` are two vectors of the
same length you only need do ``m=[x;y]``. In NumPy this works via the
functions ``column_stack``, ``dstack``, ``hstack`` and ``vstack``,
depending on the dimension in which the stacking is to be done. For
example:

::

x = np.arange(0,10,2) # x=([0,2,4,6,8])
y = np.arange(5) # y=([0,1,2,3,4])
m = np.vstack([x,y]) # m=([[0,2,4,6,8],
# [0,1,2,3,4]])
xy = np.hstack([x,y]) # xy =([0,2,4,6,8,0,1,2,3,4])

[demo]

import numpy as np
x = np.arange(0,10,2) # x=([0,2,4,6,8])
y = np.arange(5) # y=([0,1,2,3,4])
m = np.vstack([x,y]) # m=([[0,2,4,6,8],
xy = np.hstack([x,y]) # xy =([0,2,4,6,8,0,1,2,3,4])
print(x)
print(y)
print(m)
print(xy)

[/demo]

The logic behind those functions in more than two dimensions can be
strange.

.. seealso::

:doc:`numpy-for-matlab-users`

8.3 Histograms
----------

The NumPy ``histogram`` function applied to an array returns a pair of


vectors: the histogram of the array and the vector of bins. Beware:
``matplotlib`` also has a function to build histograms (called ``hist``,
as in Matlab) that differs from the one in NumPy. The main difference is
that ``pylab.hist`` plots the histogram automatically, while
``numpy.histogram`` only generates the data.

.. plot::

>>> import numpy as np


>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> # Build a vector of 10000 normal deviates with variance 0.5^2 and mean 2
>>> mu, sigma = 2, 0.5
>>> v = np.random.normal(mu,sigma,10000)
>>> # Plot a normalized histogram with 50 bins
>>> plt.hist(v, bins=50, normed=1) # matplotlib version (plot)
>>> plt.show()
>>> # Compute the histogram with numpy and then plot it
>>> (n, bins) = np.histogram(v, bins=50, normed=True) # NumPy version (no plot)
>>> plt.plot(.5*(bins[1:]+bins[:-1]), n)
>>> plt.show()

[demo]

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Build a vector of 10000 normal deviates with variance 0.5^2 and mean 2
mu, sigma = 2, 0.5
v = np.random.normal(mu,sigma,10000)
# Plot a normalized histogram with 50 bins
plt.hist(v, bins=50, normed=1) # matplotlib version (plot)
plt.show()
# Compute the histogram with numpy and then plot it
(n, bins) = np.histogram(v, bins=50, normed=True) # NumPy version (no plot)
plt.plot(.5*(bins[1:]+bins[:-1]), n)
plt.show()
[/demo]

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