THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPORTANCE OF MDRRMC

IN TAMPAKAN, SOUTH COTABATO

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented To

The Faculty of College Of Criminal Justice System

South East Asian Institute of Technology Inc.

National Highway Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements

for The Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

AGCANAS, RHODALYN C.

BALUNTO, KEZZLEY

DALUMPINES, ROMMEL E.

GALLARDO, JUPHIL M.

MONTES, MOSSAIAH RUPERTH U.

SUCUBOS, LIMAR D.

MAY 2024
THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPORTANCE OF MDRRMC IN TAMPAKAN,
SOUTH COTBATO

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of the Criminal Justice

Education
South East Asian Institute of Technology
Crossing Rubber, Tupi, South Cotabato

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Criminology

SY: 2024-2025

By

AGCANAS, RHODALYN C.

BALUNTO, KEZZLEY

DALUMPINES, ROMMEL E.

GALLARDO, JUPHIL M.

MONTES, MOSSAIAH RUPERTH U.

SUCUBOS, LIMAR D.
 CHAPTER I

The Problem and its Setting

INTRODUCTION

The Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Act of

2010, also known as Republic Act 10121, is a law that aims to improve the

country's disaster risk reduction and management framework [2]. The National

DRRM Plan (NDRRMP) and National DRRM Framework (NDRRMF) were

created by this Act. A nation with "safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino

communities toward sustainable development" is what the NDRRMF and

NDRRMP envision. The establishment of four thematic areas—disaster

prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and

disaster rehabilitation and recovery—accompanies the paradigm change. Every

sector has long-term objectives and initiatives that will help DRRM achieve its

overarching vision.

The NDRRMF states that in order to be more successful in achieving its

goals and objectives, resources allocated to the four thematic areas must give

priority to disaster preparedness, disaster prevention and mitigation, and climate

change adaptation.

Disaster preparedness reduces costs, expedites recovery for survivors,

and saves countless lives. More than ever, we need to be ready for a world full of

unanticipated shocks. It is anticipated that natural disasters such as wildfires,

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storms, floods, droughts, and epidemics would become more common and

severe, affecting hundreds of millions of people annually.

The objectives of disaster management are to lessen or completely

prevent potential losses due to hazards, provide timely and appropriate aid to

victims of disasters, and accomplish quick and efficient recovery. The cycle of

disaster management exemplifies the continuous process by which

organizations, governments, and civil society prepare for and lessen the effects

of calamities, respond to them in the immediate aftermath, and take action to

rebuild after they have occurred. Taking the right steps at every stage of the

cycle results in improved alerts, less susceptibility, increased readiness, or the

avoidance of disasters in the cycle's subsequent iteration. The development of

public policies and programs that either alter the causes of catastrophes or

lessen their consequences on people, property, and infrastructure is a crucial

part of the full disaster management cycle.

Given this, one strategy to halt the increased frequency of incidents is to

implement a program that focuses on disaster and risk mitigation. It is essential

to educate the public about the safety precautions that should be taken to

prevent potentially harmful disasters and events. It is a preemptive tactic to avert

crises and minimize their damage. One can use movies, leaflets, and banners to

educate people about safety.

In Poblacion,Tampakan , South Cotabato, there are some programs that

includes disaster and risk reduction aiming to prevent the increase of incidents.

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Thus, it is the objective of this research to identify the existing programs of the

Municipal Disaster and Risk Reduction Management of Tampakan in order to

assess the effectiveness of these programs to the public, giving a positive impact

to the society and of the constituents in Tampakan.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Effectiveness and Importance of MDRRMC in

Tampakan, South Cotabato.

Specifically, it sought to aim the following objectives:

1. To determine the importance of MDRRMC in terms of:

1.1 Emergency Response

1.2 Rescue Operation;

1.3 Humanitarian Assistance

2. To what extent is the level of effectiveness of MDRRMC in terms of:

2.1 Disaster Management

2.2 Welfare Services;

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 2.3 Preparedness in Emergency Response

3. To identify the significant relationship between the importance of MDRRMC

and the level of effectiveness of MDRRMC in Tampakan, South Cotabato.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of the study is on existing programs and services implemented

by the Municipal Risk Reduction and Management (MDRRMC) of Brgy.
Poblacion, Tampakan, South Cotabato.

This is limited to the respondents who are a resident of Poblacion,

Tampakan, South Cotabato. The researchers will identify one hundred (100)
respondents that will be surveyed to meet the objectives of the study.

Significance of the Study

This study deals with Effectiveness and Importance of MDRRMC in

Barangay Poblacion, Tampakan, South Cotabato.The result of the study will
benefit the following;

To the Tampakan Rescue Unit/MDRRMO. As the Local Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Officer this will serve as their guide on how to take all
necessary steps on continuing basis to maintain, provide, or arrange the
provision of, or to otherwise make availability, suitably-trained and competent
personnel fpr effective civil defense and its area.

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 To the Criminology Students. As future Law Enforcement Officer it will
help on how to coordinate surveys in disaster areas to determine damage to
property and repair or reconstruction requirements.

To the Future Researchers. This study serves as a guide for the future
researchers about the effectiveness of ensuring safety and disaster
preparedness into the community.

Theoretical Framework

Given the substantial losses incurred by the nation from fire-related

occurrences, the Philippines is among the Asian nations thought to be most
vulnerable to the devastating consequences of fire disasters. This study
examined the variables that significantly affect Filipinos' perceptions of the
efficacy of rural fire prevention initiatives using the extended Theory of Planned
Behavior, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), and the Protective Action
Decision Model (PADM).

The Theory of Planned Conduct (TPB) considers factors such as attitude,

subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, along with their effects on
behavior, in order to anticipate and analyze human social conduct. The Theory of
Planned Behavior (TPB) defines disaster preparedness as the action of making
preparations in advance of a crisis to ensure that the resources required to carry
out a successful response are accessible. Disaster preparedness requires a full

5
grasp of the factors driving behavior related to readiness, whether it is
performance-based or not (Najafi et al, 2017).

In this research, the Theory of Planned Behavior will be integrated by the

researchers in order to assess the perceptions of the respondents through the
survey questionnaires that they will be filling out.

Importance of MDRRMC EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MDRRMC

PROGRAMS in:
in Tampakan in terms
 Disaster Management
of:
Conceptual Framework  Welfare Services;
 Emergency Response
Preparedness
 where
Figure 1 shows the variables used in the study the MDRRMC in Emergency
 Rescue Operation;
Response
programs of Tampakan serves as the independent variable and its level of

 Humanitarian
effectiveness Assistance
serves as the dependent variable.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

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 Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant relationship between the importance of MDRRMC

to its level of effectiveness towards its clienteles.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally to facilitate thorough and

better understanding of the study:

Community. Refers to the people who live in selected Barangays in

Tampakan who are the respondents of this study.

Disaster Preparedness consists of a set of measures undertaken in

advance by governments, organisations, communities, or individuals to

7
 better respond and cope with the immediate aftermath of a disaster,
whether it be human-induced or caused by natural hazards.

Disaster risk management: The systematic process of using

administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and
capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping
capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the
possibility of disaster.

Emergency Response is an immediate, systematic response to an

unexpected or dangerous occurrence. The goal of an emergency
response procedure is to mitigate the impact of the event on people,
property, and the environment.

Humanitarian Assistance is generally accepted to mean the aid and

action designed to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain and protect
human dignity during and in the aftermath of man-made crises and natural
disasters, as well as to prevent and strengthen preparedness for the
occurrence of such situations.

Public awareness. means the process of informing the general public,

increasing levels of consciousness about risks and how people can
reduce their exposure to disasters, particularly for public officials in
fulfilling their responsibilities to save lives and property in the event
of a disaster.

Rescue Operations are responsive operations organized to save people

or a person from dangerous situation or prevention of injury during an
accident. Rescue operations are carried out by trained firemen, police,
military, first aid or ambulance attendants.

Welfare. state aid for poor people. ideological aims of restricting public
welfare to a safety net level of minimum services.

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this section of the paper contains an insightful review of related

literature and studies concerning the focus of my study. It covers every aspect
and intended content about the study.

Foreign Literature

Disasters in Africa pose a major obstacle to the African continent’s efforts

to achieve sustainable development, especially in view of the region’s insufficient

capacities to predict, monitor, deal with and mitigate disasters. Reducing the

vulnerability of the African people to hazards is a necessary element of poverty

9
reduction strategies, including efforts to protect past development gains.

Financial and technical assistance is needed to strengthen the capacities of

African countries, including observation and early warning systems,

assessments, prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.

In the United States, a study of students' knowledge of disaster

preparedness at a particular college found that while students showed a fair

amount of awareness of DRRM issues, there were still spaces for improvement,

especially in more risky disasters like earthquakes and fire (Kupietz, 2015). In the

Philippines, a study by Sanchez et al. (2019) revealed that their student

respondents were aware of some aspects of DRRM, but that this did not

correspond with the actual assessment of their awareness. They then

recommended stricter compliance and adherence to university drills and

strengthened relationships between students and the safety team.

An estimated 70% of Vietnamese citizens are thought to be at risk from

natural disasters, particularly in rural areas where livelihoods are most at stake.

The project is in line with the new National Strategy for natural disaster

mitigation, response, and prevention announced by the Vietnamese government

in 2020. The project must work to enhance the capacity for early warning and

forecasting of disasters, particularly for the authorities in order to enhance their

ability to prepare for integrated disaster risk management at the national,

barangay and provincial levels. Additionally, it offered the safety of structures that

pose a risk of disaster, such as dams and flood control projects, to make them

10
greater resistance. (The World Bank,2013).

The findings of the study by Bayod, Abawag, Luardo, Padlan, and Macias

(2016) showed that the community needs a community alarm system, that

involvement in training, seminars, and exercises is required, and that listening to

a warning from government representatives and community leaders, particularly

those in charge of catastrophe risk reduction, as well as the individuals in the

Communities should actively participate in disaster planning and relief efforts,

making use of any traditional skills and practices that have been used in the past

and have been shown to be successful in disaster preparation.

Furthermore, Fajardo's (2013) analysis makes it quite evident that

international peer-reviewed journals, Provinces, municipalities, cities, and

barangays all play a crucial role in actively lowering the risk of disaster.

Nonetheless, these local governments face real obstacles to their admirable and

effective operation.

On the discussion initiated by European initiatives on climate services

(CS)

and disaster risk reduction (DRR) in January 2018 on how the DRR community

could be best served by new and emerging CS. Their aim in having their

discussion was to identify defies and opportunities for the delivery of effective

operational disaster risk management and communication informed by an

11
understanding of future climate risks. (Street, Buontempo, Mysiak, Karali,

Pulquério, Murray, & Swart, 2019).

An international strategy for disaster reduction from the United Nations

(UNISDR) 2009) characterizes a disaster as "A significant interruption of the

operation of the community or a society with extensive environmental, human, or

material losses and effects that beyond the impacted community's capacity for

adjustment use just its assets.

Local Literature

Local Policies

The Philippine government, which is prone to natural catastrophes, has

implemented policies and directives to counteract and reduce the effects.

Executive Order (EO) No. 335, issued by former President Manuel L. Quezon in

1941, established the National Emergency Commission and, later, the Provincial

Emergency Committee, which is in charge of overseeing the Municipal and City

Emergency Committees. This was the first significant event. The National Civil

Defense Administration (NCDA) and local and national civil defense councils

were established by RA 1190, which was passed into law in 1954.

Presidential Decree No. 1566 established the Office of Civil Defense

(OCD) and the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) during Ferdinand

Marcos' administration in the 1970s. The provision for local government units

(LGUs) in areas deemed to be in a state of calamity to receive five percent of

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estimated revenue from regular sources in the event of calamities was

incorporated into RA 7160, also known as the Local Government Code (LGC) of

1991.

In an effort to enhance fund usage, RA 8185 modified section 324dof the

LGC and divided the fund among relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and other

services. It is evident that the majority of laws and regulations pertaining to

disaster risk reducation and management (DRRM) align with agreements on

climate change, hence reinforcing the causal relationship and correlation

between catastrophes and climate change. In 1992, Philippine committed with

the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) for

Agenda 21. The five target parts of the plan were poverty reduction, social

fairness, empowerment and good governance, peace and solidarity, and

ecological integrity. It was composed of a series of strategies and action plans

that would mobilize in a sustainable future (EMB, nd). One more is the 1999-

passed RA 8749.

The Philippine Clean Air Act committed to monitor and follow the

standards for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). This was followed in 2004 by

EO 320, s.2004 wherein implemented projects are encouraged to prevent or

absorb emitted GHGs. In 2009 and 2010, twin laws were passed in the country

with common objectives; The Climate Change Act and the Philippine Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management (PDRRM) Act aimed to lessen the

vulnerabilities and the damage impacted by disasters. The momentous passing

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of RA 10121 increased the number of members under the council from 19 to 44

members, and now included financial institutions, private sector, and civil society

organizations (CSOs). The council is still chaired by the Secretary of National

Defense, but has designated the four vice-chairperson positions a specific phase

for DRRM: the Secretary of Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in

charge of disaster prevention and mitigation; Secretary of the Department of

Interior and Local Government (DILG) for preparedness; Secretary of

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) for response; and the

Director General of National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) for

disaster rehabilitation and recovery. The national council is replicated down to

the regional and barangay level.

To put it briefly, the Philippines passed through several stages of disaster

risk reduction and management (DRRM): risk management in the 1990s, risk

preparation and response in the 1970s, disaster management in the 1980s, and

risk reduction in 2005 and later (COA, nd).

Role of LGUs during Disasters

The four stages of emergency management—preparedness, mitigation,

response, and recovery—are implemented in the event of a disaster. The degree

of readiness derived from planning, training, and emergency response drills is

known as preparedness. A persistent effort to reduce and restrict the risk to

people and infrastructure is referred to as mitigation. The efforts that address the

fundamental needs of people, such as providing relief supplies and shelters,

14
comprise the third phase, or response. Restoring the economy and means of

subsistence is the main goal of the last stage. These four stages don't always

happen in that order; when disasters strike, they typically happen at times that

overlap (Col 2007).

Because they are required to be aware of the needs of the community in

addition to having direct authority over their constituents, local governments play

a crucial role in the lead-up to, during, and aftermath of catastrophes. According

to the Local Government Code of 1991, local government units (LGUs) are

leading the way in disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines.

The LGU must be granted the independence to take prompt, decisive action and

make proactive choices that are supported by higher authorities and appropriate

for the circumstances of their citizens. The necessity of decentralizing duties, or

doing away with a top-down approach, stakeholder participation in all DRRM

phases, and transparency of important information flows has been highlighted in

a number of literatures (Col, 2007).

The fundamental functions of local government in aiding the population in

times of disaster were delineated by Solway (2004). In order to effectively

manage disasters, the local government (LGU) needs to be able to: (1) identify

the area's vulnerabilities and that of its residents; (2) impart fundamental

knowledge about natural disasters and their potential effects; (3) launch an

information and education campaign (IEC) on disaster mitigation; (4) work in

tandem with officials responsible for planning, construction, health, and welfare;

15
(5) conduct first-aid trainings; (6) collaborate with educational institutions to

enhance and expand on current knowledge; and (7) construct evacuation centers

and identify safe havens for those impacted.

Every Local Government Unit (LGU) should be able to create a Local

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP) that is in line with the

National DRRM Council's (NDRRMC) framework and include topics related to

preparedness, response, prevention and mitigation, rehabilitation, and recovery.

Additionally, there should be good coordination between NDRRMCs and

LDRRMCs. The jurisdiction of tasks was outlined in RA 10121. If two or more

regions are impacted, NDRRMC will take the lead; if two or more provinces are

affected, regional DRRMC, provincial DRRMC, city/municipal, if two or more

barangays are affected, and barangay development council, if only one barangay

is affected, will take the lead.

The national budget created by the Department of Budget and

Management (DBM) provides the majority of DRRM's funding. The Calamity

Fund (CF), a dedicated fund pool meant for relief assistance, rehabilitation,

repair, and reconstruction efforts, has a portion set aside for it. The General

Appropriations Act's special provisions cover the release of these money. It

stipulates that the fund will stay unaltered until all grants and gifts that the

government's agencies have received are used up. In the event that the fund is

distributed, the President of the Philippines will authorize its direct distribution to

the implementing agencies.

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Disaster Preparedness

Emergency preparedness and response are crucial components of

disaster risk management (DRRM). It is imperative that early warning systems be

in place to respond to natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, typhoons,

etc., and that best practices for sharing information be documented in every

community. According to the PIDs' evaluation, Republic Act 10121 established

various structures and functions for disaster risk management across the nation,

from the national to the local level. It is crucial for decision-makers,

administrators, and leaders to enforce, monitor, and maintain these established

mechanisms (Domingo & Olaguera, 2017).

Welfare and Services

The NDRRM Plan's objective, to establish “safer, adaptive, and disaster-

resilient Filipino communities towards sustainable development,” is the path that

disaster risk management (DRRM) is taking in the Philippines (NDRRMP, 2011).

Equal recognition is given to the role that barangays, the smallest administrative

unit in the Philippines, play in disaster management. Republic Act No. 10121 (RA

10121), also known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Act of 2010," is the country's new disaster risk reduction law. It creates 41,956

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees (BDRRMCs),

but only as committees under Barangay Development Councils (BDCs).

MDRRM Plan and Process Flow

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 General recommendations for creating a local disaster risk reduction and

management plan were provided by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Plan. The Municipal DRRM Office is in charge of the entire

procedure (MDRRMO). It entails risk assessment and localized contingency

planning, requiring data and inputs on natural catastrophe risks, vulnerabilities,

and climate change threats. It is also recommended that the Barangay Disaster

Risk Reduction Management Plan be included via the BDRRMC. The barangay

councils receive guidance and assistance from the MDRRMO in creating their

individual plans through training. Throughout the procedure, it is vital to

guarantee that the MDRRMP is in line with the national, regional, and provincial

frameworks, especially the NDRRMP.

Through the Local Development Council (LDC) and the Municipal Disaster

Risk Reduction Council (MDRRMC), the MDRRMO would present the planned

MDRRMP and budget to the Sangguniang Bayan. Updated maps of hazards and

risks, climate projections, historical disaster assessments for the municipality—

which are typically obtained from CDRA—as well as a DRRM investment

programming plan that outlines relevant projects, programs, and activities (PPAs)

are all included in the MDRRMP. The MDRRMO will monitor the document

continuously if it is approved.

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 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology adapted in this study and
gives information about the population, the sample and the instruments. It also
describes the validity and reliability of the instruments. Finally, it accounts for
data collection procedures and gives information about the research design.

Research Design

The researcher made use of quantitative-analytical research design to

assess the effectiveness of the existing programs and services of MDRRMC to
its level of effectiveness in Poblacion, Tampakan, South Cotabato.

A survey will be conducted including questions with a corresponding

scale. A 5-point likert scale will be used to assess the level of effectiveness of the

19
statements to each respondents. The questionnaire was designed in order to
accumulate enough data pertaining to the objectives of the study.

Research Locale

The research will be conducted at Tampakan, South Cotabato.

Tampakan is a landlocked municipality in the coastal province of South Cotabato.

The municipality has a land area of 390.00 square kilometers or 150.58

square miles which constitutes 10.28% of South Cotabato's total area. Its
population as determined by the 2020 Census was 41,018. This represented
4.20% of the total population of South Cotabato province, or 0.84% of the overall
population of the SOCCSKSARGEN region. Based on these figures, the
population density is computed at 105 inhabitants per square kilometer or
272 inhabitants per square mile.

20
 Figure 2. Map of Tampakan, South Cotabato

Respondents of the Study

The respondent of this study are one hundred (100) residents of Brgy.
Poblacion, Tampakan, South Cotabato. A total of (3) sets of questionnaires will
be distributed.

Instrument of the Study

The instrument that will be used is a survey-questionnaire with a 5-point

likert scale. This will help to determine the level of effectiveness of the fire
prevention programs implemented in Tampakan, South Cotabato as basis of
monitoring and assessment of the organization for further improvements.

Data Collection Procedure

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The research procedure was patterned in gathering relevant data of the study.

A letter asking a permission will be sent to the Head of MDRRMC-

Tampakan, South Cotabato stating the intention of the researchers to conduct
the study.

With the approval of the letter from the department head, the researchers
will personally distribute the checklist to the respondents to conduct the survey.

Results will be analyzed and interpreted based on the purpose of the

study as presented in the next chapter.

Research Sampling

Among the total population of Brgy. Poblacion, Tampakan , South

Cotabato, the researchers will identify one hundred (100) respondents of the

study which is picked through simplified random sampling techniques where

convenience sampling is used giving ample time to the researchers to conduct

the research in a wide and variety of audience.

Statistical Treatment

The following tools were used in the computation of data.

Weighted mean. This tool will be used to determine the level of importance and

effectiveness of MDRRMC programs and services in Tampakan, South Cotabato

among the respondents in terms of its implemented programs.

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 Weighted mean refers to mean that is calculated by multiplying the weight

(or probability) associated with a particular event or outcome with its associated

quantitative outcome and then summing all the population, size, sample. It is very

useful when calculating a theoretically expected outcome where each outcome

has a different probability of occurring.

Weighted Mean

WEIGHTED MEAN

23