10)

MULTIPLE ANTENNA -II

10.1 TRANSMITTER ORTRANSMIT DIVERSITY
10.1.1 Introduction
ds In transmitter diversity, multiple antenna
elements are required at the
transmitter and only one antenna element at the receiver end provides
better
performnance. The transmit power is divided among these antennas and it is
shown as

Space/Time
Encoder Receiver

Fig.10.1. Transmitter diversity

Transmitter diversity can achieve diversity in the
has only a single antenna. downlink, even if the mobile
 Wireless Communication
This method uses multiple base station
antennas and make their signals
separated by assigning them different CDMA SDreading codes (or different
delay of the same code) or by using
space-time codes.
Trans1nit
d(1) antenna I
Data
d(0)
symbols A
t

f
d(1) d(0) Transmit
d(o anten1na 2

d(1)

Fig.10.2. Data transmission in transinitter diversity

MIMO increases the robustness of data transmission especially in fading
scenarios via transmit diversity. Each transmil antenna transmits the same
stream of data. This might increases the signal to noise ratio at the receiver
end.

10.1.2 Types ofTransmit Diversity

The two main different types considered under transmit diversity are:
(i) Transmitter diversity with the channel-state information (closed loop transmit
diversity), and
(ii) Transmitter diversity without the channel -state information (open loop
transmit diversity).
(1) Closed Loop Transmit Diversity:

In the first case, the transmitter knows perfectly about the channel. This
information is obtained by means of feedback from the receiver.
 10.3
tltiple Antenna- I!

Transmit
Receiver
delivery
encoder

Feedback channl (h, h, ... h)

Fig. 10.3. Closed loop transmiu diversity

Ratio
selected antennas maximizes the Signal to Interference Noise
If the
encoder receives feedback channel state information
(SINR), then the transmit
receiver. This attempts to fine encoding matrix which also maximizes
from the
SNR at the receiver.
Receiver
Transmitter

Space time
Info bit Space time
encoder dencoder Estimated bit
sequence
sequence
N,

Fig.10.4.STB encoder in transmitter diversity

Coder (STBC) has emerged as an efficient means of
Space-Time Block
near optimal transmitter diversity gain. Assume that two transmit
achieving
using in the transmit diversity.
antennas and one receive antennma are
Transmitter 1 Transmitter 2

X1 X2
Time t
-X>* X)*
Time t +T
 Wireless Communication
Where, xI and X2 are the modulated symbols. Antenna 1
transmit with (,-x;) and
and antenna 2 transmit with (,,x). Then, the
STB transmission matrix is expressed as,
G=

An optimum transmission scheme linearly weights the

signals sent Jrom the
Various antenna elements with the complex conjugates of the channel transfer
Junctions from the transmit antenna elements to the single receive antenna.
Ihis approach is known as MaximumRatio Transmnission (MRT). Here, the
choice ofantennaweights will maximize the received SNR.
(2) Open Loop Transmit Diversity:
The transmission of signals from the different antenna elements has to be done
in such a way that it will allow the receiver to distinguish different transmitted
signal components. One such method is called as delay diversity. Here, we
transmit data streams with the delay of one symbol duration from each of the
transmit antennas.

10.2 RECEIVER DIVERSITY

oo In receiver diversity, one transmitting antenna and many receiving antennas

are used. Here, the desired message is transmitted by using single
transmitting antenna and received by multiple antennas. NR different antennas
4ppropriately separated are deployed at the receiver to combine the
uncorrelated fadingsignals. It is alsocalled as space diversity.
In space diversity, several receiving antennas are spaced sufficiently far apart
(Spatial separation should be sufficently large to reduce the correlation
between diversity branches, e.g. > 10).
6 The space diversity has been widely used because it can be implemented
simply and economically.
 Transutter 2
Recerver

Fig.10.5. Receiver diversity

Classification of Space Diversity:
Space diversity reception method can be classified into four categories
namcly,
(i) Selection diversity,
(ii) Feedback diversity,
(iii) Maximal ratio combining, and
(iv) Equal gain diversity.
(1) Selection (or)Switching Diversity:
mobile radio applications because of its
Selection diversity is more suitable for
simple implementation.
monitors the SNR value of each diversity channel
In this scheme, the receiver
the maximum SNR value for signal detection.
and chooses the one with used to provide M diversity
M demodulators are
The receiver with average SNR for each
& the same
whose gains are adjusted to provide
branches
the
branch. instantaneous SNR isconnected to
branch having the highest sampled and the best
& The receiver could be
signalsthemselves
demodulator. The antenna
demodulator.
single
one sent to a
 Wireless oImntcatton
SNR Select MAX
Monitor SNR - Ymax

Channel !

Channel 2
Transmitter Recever

Channel M

Fig. 10.6.Block diagram for selection diversity

$ Advantage: Selection diversity iseasy to implement because all that needed 1s
a side monitoring station and an antenna switch at the receiver.
6 Disadvantage: It is not an optimal diversity technique because it does not use
all of the possible branches simultaneously.

(2) Feedback or Scanning or Threshold Diversity:

Scanning diversity is very similar to selection diversity except that instead of
always using the best of 'n' signals, the 'n' signals are scanned in a fixed
sequence untilone is found to be above apredetermined threshold.
Antennas

Control Present
Comparator threshold

Short- Term
Average

Receiver

Fig.10.7. Block diagram of scanning diversity

scanning process
It is then received until it falls below threshold and the
again initiated.
 Multiple Antenna- I/ 10.7

Merits:

() It is very simple to implement.

(ii) Only one receiver is required.
(3) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC):
weighted
In this method, the signals from all of the 'M' branches are
according to their individual signal voltage to noise power ratios and then
summed up.
before being summed which
Here, the individual signals must be co - phased
phasing circuit for each an
generally requires an individual receiver and the
antenna element.
which is cqual to the sum
Maximal ratio combining produces an output SNR
of the individual SNRs.

Antnnas G1
2 Cophase Outpu
Detector
and sun

m
m

Fig.10.8. Maximal ratio combiner

Advantages:
an output with an acceptable SNR even when none of the
(1) It produces
individualsignals are themselves acceptable.
best statistical reduction of fading of any known linear diversity
(ii) It gives the
combines.
10.8
Wireless Communication
(4) Equal Gain Diversity (EGD)
It is similar to maximal - ratio combining except that, there will be an
omission of the weighting circuits.

ChannelI
Channel 2 2 M
Transmitter Receiver

Channel M

Fig.10.9. A simple block diagram of EGD

$ In this method, the branch weights are all set to unity but the signals from
each branch are co-phased to provide an equal gain combining diversity.
This allows the receiver to exploit the signals that are simultaneously received
oneach branch.
$ The performance improvement obtained by an EGC is slightly
inferior to that
of MRC, since interference and noise corrupted
a
signals may be combined
with high - quality (noise and interference free) signals. EGC is
superior to
selection diversity.