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The document discusses the history and development of computers and microprocessors. It covers topics like early pioneers in computing, the development of microchips over time, computer memory and architecture. The document is presented over two sheets and contains details about computer components, registers, addressing modes and more.

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17 views8 pages

Sheet (1,2)

The document discusses the history and development of computers and microprocessors. It covers topics like early pioneers in computing, the development of microchips over time, computer memory and architecture. The document is presented over two sheets and contains details about computer components, registers, addressing modes and more.

Uploaded by

hamzaelsherif406
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sheet 1

1. The Analytical Engine was developed by Charles


Babbage.
2. The punched card used in the 1890 census was developed
by Herman Hollerith.
3. The founder of IBM Corporation was Charles Ranlett
Flint.
4. The first electronic calculator was developed by Bell
Labs in 1947, known as the Bell Labs Model I.
5. The first electronic computer system was developed for
codebreaking during World War II, notably the British
Colossus and the American ENIAC.
6. The first general-purpose, programmable computer was
called the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer).
7. The world's first microprocessor was developed in 1971
by Intel, called the Intel 4004.
8. The Countess of Lovelace, also known as Ada Lovelace,
was a mathematician and writer, and is often credited as
the world's first computer programmer for her work on
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.
9. The first high-level programming language called FLOW-
MATIC was developed by Grace Hopper.
10. A von Neumann machine refers to a computer
architecture where the program instructions and data
share a common memory.
11. The 8-bit microprocessor that ushered in the age of
the microprocessor was the Intel 8080.
12. The 8085 microprocessor, introduced in 1977, has sold
millions of copies.
13. The first Intel microprocessor to address 1M bytes of
memory was the Intel 80286.
14. The 80286 addresses 16M bytes of memory.
15. The 80486 microprocessor can address up to 4 GB of
memory.
16. Intel introduced the Pentium microprocessor in 1993.
17. Intel introduced the Pentium Pro processor in 1995.
18. Intel introduced the Pentium 4 microprocessor in
2000.
19. The Intel Itanium microprocessor addresses 1T
(terabyte) of memory.
20. MIPs stands for Millions of Instructions Per Second,
a measure of computer performance.
21. CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer, a
type of computer architecture that emphasizes complex
instructions.
22. A binary bit stores a 0 or a 1.
23. A computer K (pronounced "kay") is equal to 1024
bytes.
24. A computer M (pronounced "meg") is equal to 1024
kilobytes.
25. A computer G (pronounced "gig") is equal to 1024
megabytes.
26. A computer P (pronounced "peta") is equal to 1024
terabytes.
27. Approximately 1.6 million typewritten pages of
information are stored in a 4 GB memory.
28. The first 1M byte of memory in a DOS-based computer
system contains a reserved system area and a transient
program area.
29. The Windows application programming area can vary but
typically ranges from 1 MB to 2 MB.
30. The DOS transient program area typically has 640 KB
of memory.
31. The Windows systems area typically has 384 KB of
memory.
32. The 8086 microprocessor addresses 1 MB of memory.
33. The Core2 microprocessor addresses 64 GB of memory.
34. Processors like the Core2, as well as modern
processors, address 4 GB of memory or more.
35. Memory above the first 1M byte is called extended
memory.
36. The system BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is
firmware that initializes hardware during the boot
process and provides runtime services for operating
systems and programs.
37. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an operating system
that originated in the late 1970s and was widely used on
personal computers until the mid-1990s.
38. The main difference between an XT and an AT computer
system lies in their architectures and capabilities, with
AT systems generally being more advanced.
39. The VESA local bus (Video Electronics Standards
Association local bus) was a high-speed expansion bus
used in PCs during the early to mid-1990s, primarily for
graphics cards.
40. The ISA bus (Industry Standard Architecture bus)
typically holds 16-bit interface cards.
41. USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard interface
for connecting devices to computers.
42. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is a high-speed
point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a
computer's motherboard.
43. XMS (Extended Memory Specification) is a standard
that allows DOS programs to access memory beyond the 1 MB
limit of conventional memory.
44. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is an
interface used for connecting storage devices like hard
drives and SSDs to a computer's motherboard.
45. A driver is stored in the operating system's kernel
or in a specific directory designated for drivers.
46. The personal computer system typically addresses
memory ranging from kilobytes to terabytes, depending on
the system configuration and architecture.
47. The purpose of the BIOS is to initialize and test
hardware components during the boot process and to
provide basic input/output functions for the operating
system.
48. (Unable to fulfill this request as it involves visual
content.)
---------------------------------------------------------

sheet 2
1. Program-visible registers are registers that can be
directly accessed and manipulated by the program running
on the processor.
2. The 80286 addresses registers that are 8 and 16 bits
wide.
3. The extended registers are addressable by 32-bit
microprocessors such as the Intel 386 and later.
4. The extended BX register is addressed as EBX in 32-bit
mode.
5. The CX register (Counter register) holds a count for
some instructions.
6. The purpose of the IP/EIP register is to hold the
instruction pointer, which points to the memory address
of the next instruction to be executed.
7. The carry flag bit is not modified by logical
operations like NOT, AND, OR, and XOR.
8. No overflow will occur if a signed FFH (−1) is added
to a signed 01H (1).
9. A number that contains 3 one bits is said to have odd
parity.
10. The IF (Interrupt Flag) controls the INTR pin on the
microprocessor.
11. Microprocessors such as the Intel 80386 and later
contain an FS segment register.
12. In real mode operation of the microprocessor, segment
registers are used to calculate physical addresses by
multiplying the segment value by 16 and adding the offset
value.
13. In real mode, the starting and ending addresses of
each segment located by the segment register values are
as follows:
(a) 1000H: Starting Address = 10000H, Ending Address =
10FFFH
(b) 1234H: Starting Address = 12340H, Ending Address =
1243FH
(c) 2300H: Starting Address = 23000H, Ending Address =
23FFFH
(d) E000H: Starting Address = E0000H, Ending Address =
EFFFFH
(e) ABOOH: Starting Address = A0000H, Ending Address =
ABFFFH
14. The memory address of the next instruction executed
by the microprocessor, when operated in real mode, for
the given CS:IP combinations are as follows:
(a) CS = 1000H, IP = 2000H: Next Instruction Address =
12000H
(b) CS = 2000H, IP = 1000H: Next Instruction Address =
21000H
(c) CS = 2300H, IP = 1A00H: Next Instruction Address =
24A00H
(d) CS = 1A00H, IP = B000H: Next Instruction Address =
25000H
(e) CS = 3456H, IP = ABCDH: Next Instruction Address =
3AFCCH
15. Real mode memory addresses allow access to memory
below the 1 MB memory address.
16. The SI (Source Index) and DI (Destination Index)
registers are used as offset addresses for the string
instruction destination in the microprocessor.
17. In the Pentium 4 microprocessor, the 32-bit register
ESI (Extended Source Index) is used to hold an offset
address for data segment data.
18. The stack memory is addressed by a combination of the
SS (Stack Segment) register plus the SP (Stack Pointer)
offset.
19. If the base pointer (BP) addresses memory, the stack
segment (SS) contains the data.
20. The memory location addressed by the following real
mode 80286 register combinations are:
(a) DS = 1000H, DI = 2000H: Memory Address = 12000H
(b) DS = 2000H, SI = 1002H: Memory Address = 21002H
(c) SS = 2300H, BP = 3200H: Memory Address = 55200H
(d) DS = A000H, BX = 1000H: Memory Address = A1000H
(e) SS = 2900H, SP = 3A00H: Memory Address = 5D00H
21. The memory location addressed by the following real
mode Core2 register combinations are:
(a) DS = 2000H, EAX = 00003000H: Memory Address =
20000H
(b) DS = 1A00H, ECX = 00002000H: Memory Address =
1C000H
(c) DS = C000H, ESI = 0000A000H: Memory Address =
D0000H
(d) SS = 8000H, ESP = 00009000H: Memory Address =
89000H
(e) DS = 1239H, EDX = 0000A900H: Memory Address =
1239A900H

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