(244-226) /(2021) ‫ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ‬،01 ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،05 ‫ﻠﺪ‬‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﳕﺎﺀ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ـــ ﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ‬
UNILEVER
Adopt the dimensions of sustainable development through entrepreneurial
projects UNILEVER case study
*2
‫ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ‬، 1‫ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬

[email protected] ،(‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻲ )ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬1

[email protected] ،(‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻲ )ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬2

2021/07/30 :‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫؛‬2021/06/03 :‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫؛‬2021/04/29 :‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ‬

‫ ﻫﺪﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ‬:‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ ﻭﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻭﳏﻔﻮﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‬،UNILIVER
‫ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺫﻭ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﳜﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
.‫ﻭﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
L26 ‫ ؛‬Q01 : JEL ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
Abstract: The aim of this study is to try to show how sustainable development dimensions can be
adopted by UNILIVER projects. It concluded that in the context of the adoption of construction
projects for the dimensions of sustainable development, it is costly and fraught with risks and
constraints. However, its economic results are primarily higher, Competitive position of the project,
in addition to achieving social and environmental returns.
Keywords: Sustainable Development ; Entrepreneurship ; Sustainable Entrepreneurship.
Jel Classification Codes : Q01 ; L26

.‫* ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺪﺭ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺎ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺄﺧﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILIVER‬؟‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪ UNILIVER‬؟‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪.UNILIVER‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﰎ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪ UNILIVER‬ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪.UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺎﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺮﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1987‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪‬ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻠﱯ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺘﻬﻢ )ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ‪ ،1987 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(69‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪.(Wakerman, 2008, p. 31‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﻴﺶ )‪.(SMOUTS, 2005, p. 04‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻔﻮﻗﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ )ﻭﺳﻦ‪ ،2013 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(28‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1992‬ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ" ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ) ﻣﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﱐ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(03‬‬
‫ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ]‪[04‬‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ )ﺑﻮﻫﺰﺓ ﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺳﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(02‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻏﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ‬
‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺿﺎﺭ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲝﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻪ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ )ﻭﺳﻦ‪ ،2013 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(33‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻼ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﲢﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﲨﻌﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺨﻄﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻧﻂ‪ ،2010 ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪:(31-30‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﳕﻮ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺚ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺃﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﻼﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﻼﱐ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﻟﻜﻴﻼ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺰﻑ ﻭﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﳚﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺴﺪ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻛﻔﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻳﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳏﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺟﺮﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ )ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻧﻂ‪ ،2010 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ،(39‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﲡﻨﺐ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ) ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‪،2007 ،‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(34‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﻨﺐ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ )‪.(BURGENMIER, 2008, p. 180‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺎﻥ ﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻹﺑﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ )ﲪﻴﺪﻭﺵ‪ ،2006 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(12‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﳏﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،2001 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ ،(195‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‪ ،2007 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(33‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻏﺮﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺿﻐﻮﻃﺎ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺧﻴﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻷﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻬﺎ )ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻧﻂ‪ ،2010 ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪:(31-30‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻒ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻳﻀﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻳ‪‬ﻠﺤﻘﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ) ﻗﺎﺳﻴﻤﻲ‪،2011 ،‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(05‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻭﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﳏﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﰐ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﺯﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ )‪،2012 ،ESTAY‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ،(32‬ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ﺟﻼﺏ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،2016‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(115‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻼﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ‪(Samer, 2012,‬‬
‫)‪ ،p. 24‬ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻳﻠﱯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ )‪ ،(Thaddeus , 2013, p. 266‬ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲟﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ) ﺟﻼﺏ‪ ،2016 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(119‬‬
‫ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‪" :‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻋﺎﺋﻼ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ" )‪.(Surinder , 2012, p. 08‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )‪.(Fernqndo , 2012, p. 05‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )‪:( Bhushan, 2012, p. 41‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻃﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﳋﻀﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﺍ ﹸ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﲢﻔﻴﺰﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﻝ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ )‪:(Oriol, 2011, p. 05‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲤﻨﺢ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﺻﻮﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﳛﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺪﻓﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻞ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﳓﻮ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻭﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﳊﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1.1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Astrid , 2002, p. 05‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺈﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺼﲑﰲ‪ ،2007 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(17‬‬
‫‪ .2.1 -‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ‪ Stakeholder theory‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺛﺮ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﻢ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ )ﳒﻢ ﻋﺒﻮﺩ‪ ،2012 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ،(197‬ﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ )ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ ،2009 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(162‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮﻭﻧﺮﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺰﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ(‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .1.2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ ﻟﻺﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ )ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،2010 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.(122‬‬
‫‪ .2.2‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ) ﺟﻼﻝ ﺳﻌﺪ‪ ،2005 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪:(235‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﻓﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺇﻳﺰﻭ ‪ ،ISO14000‬ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ ‪ International Standard Organisation‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ،1947‬ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ISO14000‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1996‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ EMAS‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1995‬ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﻛﺒﺢ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﰊ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ‪EMAS‬‬
‫‪ 271/2001‬ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ :Social Account Ability SA 8000‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﳐﺘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1997‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ‪ Account Ability AA 1000‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1999‬‬
‫‪ OHSQS 18001 -‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1999‬ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ISO 26000 -‬ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﺪﺭ ﰲ ‪.2009‬‬
‫‪ SD 21000 -‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2003‬ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ BS8900 [British Standars] -‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2006‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ]‪ EFQM [European Foundation for Quality Management‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪،1992‬‬
‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ ECS2000‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1997‬ﻋﻦ ‪La Fédération économique‬‬
‫‪.Kansei‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ)‪ :(01‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﱄ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﱄ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺑﲔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ‪ :‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،2003 ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.194‬‬
‫ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:UNILEVER‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﰲ ‪ 1929.09.02‬ﰎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﲔ ﻛﺒﲑﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﳊﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ LEVER BROTHERS‬ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺔ‪ MARGARINE UNIE‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺭﲰﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ ،(unilever.com) 1930.01.01‬ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺻﻴﺖ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ﰲ ‪ 190‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 149‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ )‪ ،(unilever.com‬ﳑﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺇﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺀًﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻄﻼﻕ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﱯ ﺇﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻗ‪‬ﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ‪2.5‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ )‪.(unilever.com‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 400‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ %81 ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣ‪‬ﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﲔ ﲡﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )‪:(unilever.com‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪.Lifebuoy / Rexona / Dove‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻃﺒﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪.Knorr / Hellmann's / Lipton‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪.Omo / Domestos / Cif‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ‪ 51‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻉ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ )‪:(unilever.com‬‬ ‫‪ %58 ،2020‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪‬ﻮﺯ ‪‬‬
‫‪ 21.1 -‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 19.1 -‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻃﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 10.5 -‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺭﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﺭﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ )‪:(unilever.com‬‬
‫‪ 1.5‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ‪ :Globescan‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻳﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2.5‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ :Gartner‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﳏﻠﻠﻲ ‪ Gartner‬ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺮﻳﺔ "‪ "MASTERS‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﲬﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3.5‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :CDP‬ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲝﻴﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺤﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ »‪TRIPLE «A‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﲑ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ‪ ،‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﻟﺘﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﻟﺘﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ‪ 2020 ،2016 ،2008‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ ،2030‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﰎ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﻪ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫‪ UNILEVER‬ﻟﺘﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺼﻞ ﳕﻮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺼﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﱪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍ ًﺀ‬
‫ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1.1‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ )‪.(UNILEVER, 2021‬‬
‫‪ 538 -‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﲤﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪‬ﻢ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ (UNILEVER, 2016) ،2016‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2020‬ﲤﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪1.3‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ )‪ ،(UNILEVER, 2016‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺇﻟﺘﺌﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻼ ﻛﻠﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﻢ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻠﱯ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﲣﻄﻂ ﳌﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺻﺤﻲ )‪.(UNILEVER, 2016‬‬
‫‪ %35 -‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ، (UNILEVER, 2016) 2016‬ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ (UNILEVER, 2016) %61‬ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2020‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1.2.1‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2.2.1‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻠﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻠﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺻﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2030‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬
‫)‪ (UNILEVER, 2021, p. 15‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1.2‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ .1.1.2‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2030‬ﺃﻥ ﲣﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ )‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 15‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪ (%08+‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،(UNILEVER, 2016, p. 15) 2010‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (%10+‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻮﺍﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ )‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 15‬‬
‫‪ .2.1.2‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2020‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ 2008‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2016‬ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ )‪ (%43-‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻞ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،(UNILEVER, 2016, p. 03) 2008‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎ )‪(UNILEVER, (%75-‬‬
‫)‪.2021, p. 16‬‬
‫‪ .3.1.2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺼﻤﺔ ﳏﺎﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪(UNILEVER,‬‬
‫)‪:2021, p. 04‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2.2‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ .1.2.2‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ‪ 2020‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2010‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﺮﺃﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﺿﺎﰱ ﺇﱃ ﳏﻔﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺑﺼﻤﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 18) 2010‬‬
‫‪ .2.2.2‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2008‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪(UNILEVER, 2018‬‬
‫)‪ .2021, p. 19‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2016‬ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ )‪ (٪37-‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،(UNILEVER, 2016, p. 03) 2008‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2020‬ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎ )‪(%49-‬‬
‫)‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 19‬‬
‫‪ .3.2.2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ :‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪:(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 04‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .1.3.2‬ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2016‬ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ )‪ (٪28-‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2010‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2020‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎ )‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 20) (%34-‬‬
‫‪ .2.3.2‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2008‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ .2012‬ﻭﲝﻠﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،2014‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﰎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ]‪ [٪96-‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪2008‬‬
‫)‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 21‬‬
‫‪ .3.3.2‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ :‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪:(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 04‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪.PVC‬‬
‫‪ .4.3.2‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ‪ :‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪:(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 04‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﳕﻮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1.3‬ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ٪100‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫)‪ .(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 24‬ﺇﺫ ﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2016‬ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ )‪ (%51‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )‪ (UNILEVER, 2016, p. 05‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫‪239‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫)‪ ،(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 24) (%67‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﰲ‪) :‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻥ ‪ /‬ﻓﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺟﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺘﻪ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ‪ /‬ﺍﳋﻀﺮ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻛﺎﻭ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ /‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪ /‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺖ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ‪ /‬ﺑﻴﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻗﻔﺎﺹ ‪ /‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2.3‬ﺍﻹﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻗﻨﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ (٪67) ،2016‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 30) (%83‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺫ ﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2016‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ‪1.01‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ )‪ ،(UNILEVER, 2016, p. 05‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ‪ 0.63‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪70‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 30) 2008‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫)‪:(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 04‬‬
‫‪ ٪100 -‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﻬﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3.3‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺃﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 05‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﻣﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ،2016‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ‪ 920.000‬ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻣﻨﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﺮﺻﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺍﺕ ‪ 2.63‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٪31 ،2020‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٪22‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ )‪ ، (UNILEVER, 2021, p. 33‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟـ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4.3‬ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2020‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ‪ 5.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2016‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ‪ 650.000‬ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ 1.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﲡﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2020‬ﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ 832.000‬ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻭ ‪ 1.83‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ )‪ .(UNILEVER, 2021, p. 36‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟـ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﲡﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺒﲏ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ )‪:( UNILEVER, 2016, p. 05‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﰎ ﺯﺭﻉ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ 100.000‬ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2017‬ﰲ ‪ 03‬ﻏﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﰎ ﺯﺭﻉ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ 195.770‬ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2015‬ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ‪ 15.000‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ "ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺪﺍ" )ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﲑ( ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪ 19‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2016‬ﻣﻘﺮﻩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻣﺒﺎﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪ 1500‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻨﺤﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﲑ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﲟﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ‪،Lifebuoy‬‬
‫‪ ،Pureit ،Domestos‬ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﲡﻠﺐ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ "ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﲑ"‬
‫)‪.(UNILEVER, 2016, p. 06‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2016‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺘﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫)‪:(UNILEVER, 2016, p. 04‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪50‬ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﱐ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪.٪200‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳕﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪50‬ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﺖ ‪ ٪60‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﹼﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 380‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﳛﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺁﻓﺎﻗﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﻉ‬
‫ﳕﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﻔﺮ ‪UNILEVER‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺐ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﻘﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻄﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻌﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻭﳏﻔﻮﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺫﻭ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﳜﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﳋﻠﻖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪. UNILEVER‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﰲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ UNILEVER‬ﺧﻄﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬
‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻔﺰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ؛ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﲟﺎ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﻔﺰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺯﺭﻓﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺯﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﳘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺇﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺶ ﺟﻼﺏ‪ .(2016) .‬ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﻤﻲ‪ .(2011) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺟﺔ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‪ .(2007) .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .(2009) .‬ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ )ﺍﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﻼﻝ ﺳﻌﺪ‪ .(2005) .‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﺳﻦ‪ .(2013) .‬ﺇﺿﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﳏﺎﺭﺏ‪ .(2001) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﲪﻴﺪﻭﺵ‪ .(2006) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ 07-06‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ .2006‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﻓﺘﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﱐ‪ .(2008) .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﺗﺴﻴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ‪ .(1987) .‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،1987 ،‬ﺹ ‪ .69‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ :‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .11‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﲑﰲ‪ .(2007) .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻮﻫﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺳﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ .(2008) .‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻛﺈﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ"ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ"‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‪ 08/07 ،‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .13‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻏﻨﻴﻢ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺎﺟﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻧﻂ‪ .(2010) .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ﳒﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺍﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺭ‪ .(2010) .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ‪) ISO 14000‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﲑﺓ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .15‬ﳒﻢ ﳒﻢ ﻋﺒﻮﺩ‪ .(2012) .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
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