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The document discusses strain and stress-strain diagrams. It defines strain as the ratio of deformation to original length. It then discusses how stress-strain diagrams are made by applying increasing loads to a material and plotting the resulting stresses and strains. The document outlines the different regions of a typical stress-strain diagram including the proportional limit, elastic limit, elastic and plastic ranges, yield point, ultimate strength, and rupture strength.

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19 views

FDB Module

The document discusses strain and stress-strain diagrams. It defines strain as the ratio of deformation to original length. It then discusses how stress-strain diagrams are made by applying increasing loads to a material and plotting the resulting stresses and strains. The document outlines the different regions of a typical stress-strain diagram including the proportional limit, elastic limit, elastic and plastic ranges, yield point, ultimate strength, and rupture strength.

Uploaded by

Cryp Tone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
City of Ilagan Campus

FUNDAMENTAL OF DEFORMABLE BODIES (EE 222)

STRAIN

Introduction

Strength of materials (Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies), also called mechanics of


materials, deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains. The theory began with the
consideration of the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can
be approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more
complete theory of the elastic and plastic behavior of materials. In the mechanics of materials, the strength
of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. The field of
strength of materials deals with forces and deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load
applied to a mechanical member will induce internal forces within the member called stresses when those
forces are expressed on a unit basis. The stresses acting on the material cause deformation of the material in
various manners including breaking them completely. Deformation of the material is called strain when
those deformations too are placed on a unit basis.

Objectives
To be able to understand the concepts of Simple Strain and to know what is Stress-Strain Diagram.

Discussion Proper

MIDTERM - Strain
1. Simple Strain
2. Stress-Strain Diagram
3. Axial Deformation
4. Shearing Deformation
5. Poisson's Ratio
6. Statically Indeterminate Members
7. Thermal Stress
8. Torsion

Simple Strain
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to
the original length.

δ
ε=
L

where δ is the deformation (elongation/change in length) and L is the original length, thus ε (Strain) is
dimensionless.

Stress-strain Diagram
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression-testing machine. As the axial load is
gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gauge length is measured at each increment
of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-
sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of
these quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain
diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that
for a medium-carbon structural steel.

Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile material is one
having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas
brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An
arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these two classes.

Stress-strain diagram of a medium-carbon structural steel

Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear
relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and
is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or

σ ∝ε
¿
σ =K ε

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to
the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then

σ =E ε

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original shape when the
load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may be developed such that there is no permanent or
residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges


The region in stress-strain diagram from O to E is called the elastic range. The region from E to R is called
the plastic range.

Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or yielding without any
increase in load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.

Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.

Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased
from O to P, in N·m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O
to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to
absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion.

Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased
from O to R, in N·m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to
R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break.

Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety


Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The maximum safe stress
that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values
not exceeding the proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately,
the allowable tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The
ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of safety.

Prepared by:

ENGR. JEAN CLAUDE M. BENITEZ, RME


Instructor

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