Scribd
Upload
36 views20 pages

ECE322 Lec 2

Uploaded by

khaledalabyad27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views20 pages

ECE322 Lec 2

Uploaded by

khaledalabyad27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Benha University

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra

ECE-322
Electronic Circuits (B)

Lecture #2
Operational Amplifiers
Agenda

Introduction

Op-Amps Input Modes and Parameters

Feedback Amplifier Basics

Op-Amps with Negative Feedback

Bias Current and Offset Voltage 2


INTRODUCTION 3
Introduction to Op-Amps
• Early operational amplifiers (op-amps) were used primarily to perform
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and
differentiation—thus the term operational.
• These early devices were constructed with vacuum tubes and worked with high
voltages.
• Today’s op-amps are linear integrated circuits (ICs) that use relatively low dc
supply voltages and are reliable and inexpensive.

4
Ideal & Practical Op-Amp

• Internal Block Diagram of an Op-Amp

5
741 Op-Amp Internal Circuit

6
OP-AMPS INPUT MODES AND 7

PARAMETERS
Input Signal Modes
• Single-ended differential mode

• Double-ended differential mode

• Common-mode operation

8
Op-Amp Parameters
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
The common-mode rejection ratio, CMRR:
• The measure of an amplifier’s ability to reject common-mode signals
• It’s the ratio of the open-loop differential voltage gain, Aol, to the common-
mode gain, Acm.
dB

• open-loop voltage gain, Aol , of an op-amp is the internal voltage gain of


the device and represents the ratio of output voltage to input voltage when
there are no external components.
• Open-loop voltage gain can range up to 200,000 (106 dB) and is not a well-
controlled parameter.
• Datasheets often refer to the open-loop voltage gain as the large-signal
voltage gain.
• A CMRR of 100,000, for example, means that the desired input signal
9
(differential) is amplified 100,000 times more than the unwanted noise
(common-mode).
Op-Amp Parameters..
Maximum Output Voltage Swing (VO(p-p))
• With no input signal, the output of an op-amp is ideally 0 V. This is called the
quiescent output voltage.
• When an input signal is applied, the ideal limits of the peak-to-peak output
signal are ±Vcc.
• In practice this ideal can be approached but never reached.
• Vopp varies with the load connected to the op-amp and increases directly
with load resistance. Example:
Fairchild KA741
Input Offset Voltage:
• The ideal op-amp produces zero volts out for zero volts in.
• In a practical op-amp, a small dc voltage, VOUT(error), appears at the output when
no differential input voltage is applied.
• Its primary cause is a slight mismatch of the base-emitter voltages of the
differential amplifier input stage of an op-amp.
• The input offset voltage, VOS, is the differential dc voltage required between the
inputs to force the output to zero volts 10
• Typical values VOS, are in the range of 2 mV or less.
The input offset voltage drift is a parameter related to VOS that specifies how much
change occurs in the input offset voltage for each degree change in temperature
Op-Amp Parameters
Input Bias Current
• The input bias current is the dc current
required by the inputs of the amplifier to
properly operate the first stage.
• Input bias current is the average of the two
op-amp input currents

Input Impedance : Two basic ways of specifying the input impedance


• The differential input impedance is the total resistance between the inverting
and the non-inverting inputs.
• The common-mode input impedance is the resistance between each input
and ground and is measured by determining the change in bias current for a
given change in common-mode input voltage.

11
Op-Amp Parameters…
Input Offset Current
• Ideally, the two input bias currents are equal, and thus their difference is
zero.
• In a practical op-amp, the bias currents are not exactly equal.
• The input offset current, IOS, is the difference of the input bias currents,
expressed as an absolute value.

the offset current can be neglected. However,


high-gain, high-input impedance amplifiers
should have as little IOS as possible because it
develops an offset voltage Vos

Output Impedance
• The output impedance is the
resistance viewed from the 12
output terminal of the op-amp
Op-Amp Parameters….

Slew Rate
• The maximum rate of change of the output voltage in response to a step
input voltage is the slew rate of an op-amp.
• The slew rate is dependent upon the high-frequency response of the
amplifier stages within the op-amp.

• Slew-rate measurement
unity-gain, noninverting configuration

13
Op-Amp Parameters…..
Noise Specification
• Noise has become a more important issue !
• Noise is defined as an unwanted signal that
affects the quality of a desired signal.
• There are two basic forms of noise.
• At low frequencies, noise is inversely proportional
to the frequency; this is called 1/f noise or “pink
noise”.
• Above a critical noise frequency, the noise
becomes flat and is spread out equally across the
frequency spectrum; this is called “white noise”.
• The power distribution of noise is measured in
watts per hertz (W/Hz).

14
A Comparison of some representative op-amps Parameters.
Check the reference, Table 12.1 !

OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 15


Why Use Negative Feedback?
• Negative feedback is the process whereby a portion of the output voltage of
an amplifier is returned to the input with a phase angle that opposes (or
subtracts from) the input signal.
• Open-loop voltage gain of a typical op-amp is
very high.
• Therefore, an extremely small input voltage
drives the op-amp into its saturated output
states.
For example, assume VIN =1 mV and Aol= 100,000.
Then output level can never reach 100 V, it is driven
deep into saturation and the output is limited to its
maximum output levels

16

Op-amp without feedback comparator applications


OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• An op-amp can be connected using negative feedback to stabilize the gain and
increase frequency response.
• The closed-loop voltage gain is the voltage gain of an op-amp with external
feedback.
• The closed-loop voltage gain is determined by the external component values
and can be precisely controlled by them.

• Non-inverting Amplifier

17
OP-AMPS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK..
• Voltage-Follower

• Inverting Amplifier

18
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ON OP-AMP
IMPEDANCES
• Non-inverting Amplifier

• Voltage Follower

• Inverting Amplifier

19

Assignment: Derive the impedance equations for Non-inverting and Inverting Amplifiers.
• For more details, refer to:
• Chapter 12, T. Floyd, Electronic Devices, 9th edition.

20

You might also like