Chapter 4 – Polynomial functions

Solutions to Exercise 4A
1 a y e
y = 2(x −1)2 y

1 2
y=4+2 x+
(0, 2) 2
x
0 (1, 0)
–
1,4 1
0, 4
2 2 x
b y 0

y = 2 (x −1)2 − 2

(2, 0) f y
x
0 y = 2 (x + 1)2 − 1
(1, −2)
(0, 1)
c y x
0
(−1, −1)
1
−1− , 0 −1+ 1 , 0
y = –2(x – 1)2 √2 √2
(1, 0)
x g y
0 y = 3(x − 2)2 − 4
(0, –2)
2 − 2√3 , 0
3
(0, 8)
x
d y 0
(2, −4)
y = 4 −2(x + 1)2 2 + 2√3 , 0
3
(−1, 4)
(0, 2)
x
0

(−1 − √2, 0) (−1+√2, 0)

125
 h y c f (x) = 2x2 + 8x − 6

y = ( x+ 1)2 − 1 = 2(x2 + 4x − 3)
= 2(x2 + 4x + 4) − 14
= 2(x + 2)2 − 14
x Minimum= −14 and the range is
(−2, 0) (0, 0)
[−14, ∞)
(−1, −1)
d f (x) = 4x2 + 8x − 7
i y = 4(x2 + 2x) − 7
y = 5x2 − 1 = 4(x2 + 2x + 1) − 4 − 7
= 4(x + 1)2 − 11
− 1,0 1
,0 Minimum= −11 and the range is
√5 √5
x [−11, ∞)
0
(0, −1)
e f (x) = 2x2 − 5x
 5 
=2 x − x
2
j y 2
 5 25  25
=2 x − x+
2
−
(−1 − √2 , 0) 2 16 8
2
y = 2(x + 1)2 − 4 5 25
 
=2 x− −
4 8
x Minimum= −25 and the range is
0 8
(0, −2)
 
8 ,∞
−25

(−1, −4) (−1 + √2 , 0)

f f (x) = −3x2 − 2x + 7
 2 
= −3 x2 − x + 7
3
2 a f (x) = x2 + 3x − 2 2 1 1

= −3 x2 + x + + +7
= x2 + 3x + 2.25 − 2.25 − 2 3 9 3
 1  2 22
= (x + 1.5)2 − 4.25 = −3 x + +
3 3
Minimum= −4.25 and the range is maximum = 22 and the range is
3
[−4.25, ∞)  
−∞, 22
3
b f (x) = x2 − 6x + 8
= x2 − 6x + 9 − 9 + 8
= (x − 3)2 − 1
Minimum= −1 and the range is
[−1, ∞)

126
 g f (x) = −2x2 + 9x + 11 d y
(2, 2)
9  2

= −2 x − x + 11
2
2 x
 9 81  81 0 1 2 3
= −2 x − x +
2
+ + 11
2 16 8
 9 2 169
= −2 x − + −6
4 8
maximum = 169 8 and the range is
y
 
−∞, 169 e
8

9
3 a y

(1, 1)
1
x
0 3
0 x 2
1 2
f y
b y

8 x
−2 0 3
2
3
0
x
−18 − 1, −147
2 4 4 8
(3, −1)

c y 4 a y = (x + 1)2 − 7
y
−2 1 , 1
2 4
x
−3 −2 −1 0
x
0
−1 − 7 7−1
−6
−6
(1, –7)

127
b y = (x − 2)2 − 14 5 y
y

0 1
x x=
3
2− 14 2 + 14 0 x
− 13 1
−10 −1
(2, −14)

13  5 2
6 y
c y= − x+
4 2
y 2
− 5 , 13
2 4
0
− 5 + 13 x
1 −1− √7 1 √7 −1
2 2 3 3
x
0
− 5 − 13
2 2 −3
7 a y
d y = −2(x − 2)2 − 2
y −3.56 0.56
x
0
x
0 (2, −2)
−2

3 1
− 2 , −4 4
−10
b y
 7 2 37
e y= x− − 1.12
2 4 −3.12 x
y 0

3 7 − √37 −7
2 2
x (−1, −9)
0
7 + √37
2 2

7 , − 37
2 4

128
 c y coordinates

−0.095 0 2
x 9 a C x-axis intercepts
−1 2.095
b B turning point x-value
−6
(1, −6) c D turning point coordinates

d y d A turning point x-value

(1, 1)
1 10 a b2 − 4ac = 25 − 8
1.71 >0
0.29
x ∴ it crosses the x-axis
0
1 2
−1 b b2 − 4ac = 4 − 4 × −4 − 1
= 4 − 16
e y <0
∴ it does not intersect the x-axis

c b2 − 4ac = 36 − 36 = 0
0.3 ∴ it touches the x-axis
x
0 d b2 − 4ac = 9 − 4 × 8 × −2
−0.11
−1.09
= 9 + 64
(−0.6, −0.6) >0
∴ it crosses the x-axis
f y
e b2 − 4ac = 4 − 60 < 0
(−1.08, 0.604) ∴ it does not intersect the x-axis

f b2 − 4ac = 1 − 4
−2.09 0 x
−0.08 −0.1 <0
∴ it does not intersect the x-axis

11 mx2 − 2mx + 3 = 0
8 a B b2 − 4ac = 4m2 − 12m
= 4m(m − 3)
b D
by looking at turning point

129
 a 4m(m − 3) > 0 15 a (k + 1)x2 − 2x − k = 0
m < 0 or m > 3 b2 − 4ac = 4 + k(k + 1)
need to show
b 4m(m − 3) = 0 4 + k(k + 1) > 0
m=3 i.e. k(k + 1) > −4
(m = 0, is not a solution as it gives LHS = k2 + k
3 = 0)
1 1
= k2 + k + −
4 4
12 ∆ = 36m2 − 16(4m + 1) 1
= (k + )2 −
1
2 4
= 36m2 − 64m − 16
> −4
= 4(9m2 − 16m − 4) which is what is required
= 4(9m + 2)(m − 2)
Perfect square if ∆ = 0 16 ∆ = 4k2 + 20k
2 = 4k(k + 5)
∴ m = − or m = 2
9
a ∆ > 0 ⇔ k ∈ (−∞, −5) ∪ (0, ∞).
13 ∆ = 4a2 − 4(a + 2)(a − 3)
b ∆ = 0 ⇔ k = 0 or k = −5
= 4a2 − 4(a2 − a − 6)
= 4a + 24 17 ∆ = 4k2 − 4(k + 2)(k − 3)
No solutions if ∆ < 0 = 4k2 − 4(k2 − k − 6)
∴ a < −6 = 4(k + 6)

a Two solutions if k > −6

14 ∆ = (a + 1)2 − 4(a − 2)
= a2 + 2a + 1 − 4a + 8 b One solution if k = −6
= a2 − 2a + 9
= (a − 1)2 + 8 18 a ax2 − (a + b)x + b = 0
∴ ∆ > 0 for all values of a (a + b)2 − 4ab = a2 + 2ab + b2 − 4ab
= (a − b)2 ≥ 0
∴ the equation always has at least
one solution

130
Solutions to Exercise 4B
1 y = k(x + 3)(x + 2) 6 Passes through (2, −14), (0, 10) and
When x = 1, y = −24 (−4, 10)
∴ −24 = k(4)(3) The equation has form y = ax2 + bx + 10
∴ k = −2 −14 = 4a + 2b + 10 . . . (1)
∴ y = −2(x + 3)(x + 2) 10 = 16a − 4b + 10 . . . (2)
2 × Equation (1) + Equation (2)
2 y = k(x + 3)(2x + 3)
−18 = 24a + 30
When x = 1, y = 20
∴ 20 = k(4)(5) ∴ a = −2
∴k=1 ∴ b = −8
∴ y = (x + 3)(2x + 3)
∴ y = −2x2 − 8x + 10

3 y = a(x + 2)2 + 4
7 a y = ax2 + bx + c
When x = 4, y = 58
∴ 58 = 36a + 4 c = 4(y-intercept)
54 3
∴a= = b = 0(x-value at turning point)
36 2
3 y = ax2 + 4
∴ y = (x + 2)2 + 4
2
x = 5, y = 0

4 y = a(x + 2)2 − 3 0 = 25a + 4

When x = −3, y = −5 −4
a=
∴ −5 = a − 3 25
∴ a = −2 y=
−4 2
x +4
∴ y = −2(x + 2)2 − 3 25

b y = a(x + h)2 + k
5 Passes through (1, 19), (0, 18) and y = ax2
(−1, 7)
x = 2, y = −4
The equation has form y = ax2 + bx + 18
19 = a + b + 18 . . . (1) −4 = 4a
7 = a − b + 18 . . . (2) a = −1
Equation (1) − Equation (2) y = −x2
12 = 2b
∴b=6
∴ a = −5
∴ y = −5x2 + 6x + 18

131
c y = a(x + b)(x + c) y = (x − 1)2 − 2 = x2 − 2x − 1
y = a(x + 2)(x + 0)
h y = a(x + h)2 + k
y = ax2 + 2ax y = a(x − 2)2 + 2
x = 1, y = 3 x = 0, y = 6
6 = 4a + 2
3 = a + 2a
a=1
a=1 y = (x − 2)2 + 2 = x2 − 4x + 6
y = x2 + 2x
8 left hand curve
d y = a(x + b)(x + c)
−y = ax2 + x + c
y = a(x + 0)(x − 2)
c = −5 C
y = ax − 2ax
2
x = 4, y = 1 B
x = −1, y = −3
1 = 16a + 4 − 5
−3 = a + 2a 1
a=
a = −1 8
y = −x2 + 2x 1
y = x2 + x − 5
8
right hand curve
e y = a(x + b)(x + c)
y = ax2 + x + c
y = a(x − 1)(x − 4)
c=1 D
y = ax − 5ax + 4a
2
y = ax2 + x + 1
4a = 4(y-intercept)
x = 4, y = 3 A
a=1
3 = 16a + 4 + 1
y = x − 5x + 4
2
16a = −2
f y = a(x + b)(x + c) 1
a=−
y = a(x + 1)(x − 5) 8
y = ax2 − 4ax − 5a 1
y = − x2 + x + 1
−5a = −5 (y-intercept) 8
a=1
y = x2 − 4x − 5 9 f (x) = A(x + b)2 + B

g y = a(x + h)2 + k = A(x + 2)2 + 4(vertex)

y = a(x − 1)2 − 2 f (0) = 8
x = −1, y = 2
8 = 4a + 4
2 = 4a − 2
a=1 A = 1, b = 2, B = 4
f (x) = (x + 2)2 + 4

132
Solutions to Exercise 4C
1 a P(1) = 3 d
P(−1) = P(2) = 0
b P(−1) = −5
2 + 5 + a − b + 12 = 0
c P(2) = 7 a − b = −19 . . . (1)

d P(−2) = −21 128 − 40 + 4a + 2b + 12 = 0

4a + 2b = −100
1 17
e P( ) =
2 8 2a + b = −50 . . . (2)
1 9 Equation (1) + Equation(2)
f P(− ) = −
2 8 3a = −69
a = −23
2 a P(0) = 6
∴ b = −4
b P(1) = 6
e
c P(2) = 18 P(3) = P(1) = 0
35 − 2 × 34 + 27a + 9b + 36 − 36 = 0
d P(−1) = 12
81 + 27a + 9b = 0
e P(a) = a3 + 3a2 − 4a + 6 3a + b = −9 . . . (1)

f P(2a) = 8a3 + 12a2 − 8a + 6 1 − 2 + a + b + 12 − 36 = 0

a + b = 25 . . . (2)
3 a P(2) = 0 Equation (1) − Equation(2)
8 + 12 − 2a − 30 = 0 2a = −34
−2a = 10 a = −17
a = −5 ∴ b = 42

b P(3) = 68
4 a 2x3 − x2 + 2x + 2
27 + 9a + 15 − 14 = 68
9a = 40 b 2x3 + 5x

40 c 2x3 − x2 + 4x − 2
a=
9
d 6x3 − 3x2 + 9x
c P(1) = 6
1−1−2+c=6 e −2x4 + 5x3 − 5x2 + 6x
c=8

133
 f 4x − x3 c x3 − 5x2 − 2x + 24 =
a(x3 + 3cx2 + 3c2 x + c3 ) + b
g 2x3 + 4x + 2 Equating coefficients: For x3 : a = 1
For x2 : −5 = 3c
h 2x5 + 3x4 + x3 + 6x2
For x: −2 = 3c2 which is impossible

5 a x3 − 5x2 + 10x − 8
8 A(x + 3) + B(x + 2) = 4x + 9
b x3 − 7x2 + 13x − 15 (A + B)x + (3A + 2B) = 4x + 9
by equating coefficients
c 2x3 − x2 − 7x − 4 (1) A+B=4

d x2 + (b + 2)x2 + (2b + c)x + 2c (2) 3A + 2B = 9

(2) + 2(1) ⇒ A=1
e 2x3 − 9x2 − 2x + 3
(1) ⇒ B=3

6 a (x + 1)(x2 + bx + c) =
x3 + (b + 1)x2 + (c + b)x + c 9 a x2 − 4x + 10 = Ax2 + 2ABx + AB2 + C
by equating coefficients
b x3 − x2 − 6x − 4 = (1) A=1
x3 + (b + 1)x2 + (c + b)x + c 2AB = 4
for all x. ∴ (b + 1) = −1, c = −4 and
(2) AB2 + C = 10
c + b = −6
∴ b = −2 and c = −4 (1) ⇒ = 2B = 4
B = −2
c x3 − x2 − 6x − 4 = (x + 1)(x2 − 2x − 4)
6x − 4 =
∴ x3 − x2 − √ ⇒2⇒ 4 + C = 10
√
(x + 1)(x + 5 − 1)(x − 5 − 1) C=6

b 4x2 − 12x + 14 = Ax2 + 2AB + C

7 a 2x − 18x + 54x − 49 =
3 2
by equating coefficients
a(x3 − 9x2 + 27x − 27) + b A=4
Equating coefficients
a = 2 and −27a + b = −49 (1) 2AB = −12
∴ a = 2 and b = 5 (2) AB2 + C = 14
⇒ (1) ⇒ 8B = −12
b −2x3 + 18x2 − 54x + 52 =
a(x3 + 3cx2 + 3c2 x + c3 ) + b −3
B=
Equating coefficients 2
a = −2 and 3ca = 18 and 52 = ac3 + b 9
(2) ⇒ 4× + C = 14
∴ a = −2,c = −3 and b = −2 4
C=5

134
c x3 − 9x2 + 27x − 22 = A(x + B)3 + C B = −3
(x − 3)3 + 5 = A(x + B)3 + C C=5
A=1

135
Solutions to Exercise 4D
x2 − 5x + 6 2x2 + 6x + 14 +
54
 x−3
1 a x + 4 x3 − x2 − 14x + 24 
b x − 3 2x + 0x − 4x + 12
3 2
x3 + 4x2
2x3 − 6x2
−5x2 − 14x
6x2 − 4x
−5x2 − 20x
6x2 − 18x
6x + 24
14x + 12
6x + 24
14x − 42
0
54
2x2 + 7x − 4

b x − 3 2x3 + x2 − 25x + 12 5 15 145
x2 − x − +
2x3 − 6x2 2 4 4(2x + 3)

7x2 − 25x 3 a 2x + 3 2x − 2x − 15x + 25
3 2

7x2 − 21x 2x3 + 3x2

−4x + 12 −5x2 − 15x
15
−4x + 12 −5x2 − x
2
0 15
− x + 25
2
34 15 45
x2 − 4x − 3 + − x−
x+3 2 4
145

2 a x + 3 x − x − 15x + 25
3 2

x3 + 3x2 4
−4x2 − 15x 33
−4x2 − 12 2x2 + 6x + 7 +
2x − 3
−3x + 25

b 2x − 3 4x + 6x − 4x + 12
3 2

−3x − 9 4x3 − 6x2

34 12x2 − 4x
12x2 − 18x
14x + 12
14x − 21
33

136
  2x2 − x + 12 x2 + x + 2
4 a x − 3 2x3 − 7x2 + 15x − 3 
c x2 − 1 x4 + x3 + x2 − x − 2
2x3 − 6x2 x4 + 0x3 − x2
−x2 + 15x x3 + 2x2 − x
−x2 + 3x x3 + 0x2 − x
12x − 3 2x2 + 0x − 2
12x − 36 2x2 − 2
33 0
2x3 − 7x2 + 15x − 3
x−3
= 2x − x + 12 +
2 33 6 a remainder = P(−2)
x−3 = (−2)3 + 3(−2) − 2 = −16

 + 8x − 8x + 6x − 6
4 3 2
5x b P(x) = (1 − 2a)x2 + 5ax
b x + 1 5x5 + 13x4 − 2x2 − 6
5x5 + 5x4 + (a − 1)(a − 8)

8x4 + 0x3 P(2) = 0

8x4 + 8x3 P(1) , 0
−8x3 − 2x2 P(2) = 4 − 8a + 10a + a2 − 9a + 8
−8x3 − 8x2
= a2 − 7a + 12
6x + 0x
2
(a − 3)(a − 4) = 0
6x2 + 6x
a = 3, 4
−6x − 6
5x + 13x − 2x − 6
5 4 2
P(1) = 1 − 2a + 5a + a2 − 9a + 8
x+1
= 5x4 + 8x3 − 8x2 + 6x − 6 = a2 − 6a + 9
= (a − 3)2
x2 − 9x + 27 P(1) , 0, ∴ a , 3, ∴a=4
5 a x2 − 2 x4 − 9x3 + 25x2 − 8x − 2
x4 − 2x2
7 a f (x) = 6x3 + 5x2 − 17x − 6
−9x3 − 8x
−9x3 + 18x f (2) = 6 × 8 + 5 × 4 − 17 × 2 − 6
27x2 − 2 = 48 + 20 − 34 − 6
27x2 − 54 = 28
−26x + 52
x4 − 9x3 + 25x2 − 8x − 2 b f (−2) = (6 × −8) + (5 × 4)
x2 − 2  x−2  − (17 × −2) − 6
= x2 − 9x + 27 − 26 2
x −2 = −48 + 20 + 34 − 6
b =0

137
 c f (x) = (x + 2)(6x2 − 7x − 3) 10 a f (x) = 4x3 + ax2 − 5x + b
= (x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x − 3)
3  27 
f = −8 = 4 ×
2 8
9 3
8 a P(−1) = −1 + (k − 1) − (k − 9) − 7 +a× −5× +b
4 2
= −1 + k − 1 − k + 9 − 7 27 9 15
−8 = + a− +b
2 4 2
=0
∴ for any value of k, P(x) is divisible −32 = 54 + 9a − 30 + 4b
by x + 1 9a + 4b = −56 . . . (1)
f (3) = 10 = 4 × 27 + a × 9 − 5 × 3 + b
b P(2) = 8 + 4(k − 1) + 2(k − 9) − 7 10 = 108 + 9a − 15 + b
P(2) = 12 2 9a + b = −83
1 + 4k − 4 + 2k − 18 = 12 1−2⇒ 3b = 27
6k − 21 = 12 b=9
6k = 33 Sub in 2 ⇒ 9a + 9 = −83
11 −92
k= a=
2 9

9 f (x) = 2x3 + ax2 − bx + 3 11 P(2) = (3)4

a f (−3) = 0 = −54 + 9a + 3b + 3 = 81
9a + 3b = 51
3a + b = 17 . . . (1) 12 P(x) = x5 − 3x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1

f (2) = 15 = 16 + 4a − 2b + 3 a P1 = −1 − 3 + 2 − 2 + 3 + 1
4a − 2b = −4 =2,0
2a − b = −2 . . . (2) ∴ (x − 1) is not a factor
(1) + (2) P(−1) = −1 − 3 − 2 − 2 − 3 + 1
⇒ 5a = 15 = −10 , 0
a=3 ∴ (x + 1) is not a factor
Sub in (1) ⇒ b=8

b f (x) = (x + 3)(2x2 − 3x + 1)
= (x + 3)(2x − 1)(x − 1)
∴ the other two factors are (2x − 1)
& (x − 1)

138
 b P(x) = x5 − 3x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1 c (5x + 4y)(25x2 − 20xy + 16y2 )
 x − 3x + 3x − 5
3 2

x2 − 1 x5 − 3x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 + 3x + 1 d 2a(a2 + 3b2 )

x5 − x3
−3x4 + 3x3 − 2x2 16 a (2x − 1)(2x + 3)(3x + 2)
−3x4 + 3x2
3x3 − 5x2 + 3x b (2x − 1)(2x2 + 3)
3x3 − 3x
−5x2 + 6x + 1 17 a (2x − 3)(2x2 + 3x + 6)
−5x2 + 5
b (2x − 3)(2x − 1)(2x + 1)
6x − 4
P(x) = (x − 3x + 3x − 5)(x2 − 1) +
3 2

6x − 4 18 a x = −4, 2, 3
∴ the remainder when
(x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 5) is divided b x = 0, 2
by (x2 − 1) is 6x − 4 1
c x = ,2
2
13 P(−1) = −2 − 5 + 4 + 3 = d x = −2, 2
∴ (x + 1) is factor
2x3 − 5x2 − 4x + 3 = (x + 1)(2x2 − 7x + 3) e x = 0, −2, 2
= (x + 1)(2x − 1)(x − 3)
f x = 0, −3, 3
−1 1
14 a P(x) = x4 + x3 − x2 − 3x − 6 g x = 1, −2, ,
√ √ 4 3
P( 3) = 9 + 3 3 − 3 − 3 3 − 6
p
h x = 1, −2
=0
√ √ 1 3
P( −3) = 9 − 3 3 − 3 + 3 3 − 6
p i x = 1, −2, ,
3 2
=0
19 Use a CAS calculator to solve y = 0 in
b the quadratic
√ factor
√ is each case to obtain the x-exis intercepts.
(x + 3)(x − 3)
= (x2 − 3) a (−1, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0)
∴ P(x) = (x2 − 3)(x2 + x + 2)
∴ an other factor is (x2 + x + 2) b (−2, 0), (0, 6), (1, 0), (3, 0)

c (−1, 0), (0, 6), (2, 0), (3, 0)

15 a (2a + 3b)(4a − 6ab + 9b
2 2
 −1 
d , 0 , (0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 0)
b (4 − a)(a2 + 4a + 16) 2

139
 e (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (0, −2), (1, 0) 21 f (x) = x4 − x3 + 5x2 + 4x − 36
 −2  f (−1) = 1 + 1 + 5 − 4 − 36
f (−1, 0), , 0 , (0, −6), (3, 0)
3 = −33
 2 
g (−4, 0), (0, −16), − , 0 , (2, 0)
5 22 a (x − 9)(x − 13)(x + 11)
 −1  1 
h , 0 , (0, 1), , 0 , (1, 0) b (x + 11)(x − 9)(x − 11)
2 3
 −3  c (x + 11)(2x − 9)(x − 11)
i (−2, 0), − , 0 , (0, −30), (5, 0)
2
d (x + 11)(2x − 13)(2x − 9)

20 16p − 10 + q = 0 . . . (1)
16 − 16 − 4p − 2q − 8 = 0 . . . (2) 23 a (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 7)(x + 6)
⇒ 2p + q + 4 = 0
b (x − 3)(x + 4)(x2 + 3x + 9)
(1) − (2) ⇒ 14p − 14 = 0
p=1
24 a (x − 9)(x − 5)(2x2 + 3x + 9)
Sub in 1 ⇒ 16 − 10 + q = 0
q = −6 b (x + 5)(x + 9)(x2 − x + 9)

c (x − 3)(x + 5)(x2 + x + 9)

d (x − 4)(x − 3)(x + 5)(x + 6)

140
Solutions to Exercise 4E
1 a + 3 a y
1 3 6 x y = f(x)
−
1
b +
−6 −3 1 x
x
− −0.62 0 1 1.62
4 , −0.19
c +
−1 3 5 3
x
− b
y
d
+ 1 y = f(x + 2)
2 4 5 y = f(x − 2)
x
− y = f(x)
e
+ 4 5 (−2, 1)
x 1 (2, 1)
−
x
f −3 −2 −1 0 2 3 3.62
+ 4 5
x 10
− , −0.19
−2 3
, −0.19
3
For clarity the graph of y = 3 f (x) is
2 a
+ −1 2 3 shown on separate axes:
x y
−
y = 3f(x)
3
−3
b
+ −2 2 y = f(x)
4 x 1
−
x
0
c
+ −1 2 6 4
x , −0.56
− 3

d 1
+ −3 − 2 2
x
−

141
4

142
Solutions to Exercise 4F
1 a + b y
−4 1 3 5 y = f(x) y = f (x − 2)
x
−

b
+ −1 2 x
−

x
2 (0, 16) y 0 (1.63, 0.75) (3.37, 0.75)
( 23 , 0) 16 Graphs of dilations shown on
(− 23 , 0) separate axes for clarity:
y
y = f(2x)
x 8.00 y = f(x)
0
−2 2
6.00 x
3 3 y=f
2
4.00
3 a
2.00
y (2.73, 0.75)
(−0.73, 0.75) x
−2.00 −1.00
0 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
y = f (x)
Turning points for y = f (2x) are at
(−0.18, 0.75) and (0.68, 0.75)

1
(−0.37, 0.75) (1.37, 0.75) y
x 4 a
0

− 9 + 1, 81 9 + 1, 81
2 4 2 4
8
x
−2 0 1 4

143
b y e y

9 , 81
− 9 , 81 − 9 , 85 9 , 85
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4

x
0 (0, 1)
−3 3 x
0

c y
5 y

− 9 −1, 81 9 −1, 81
2 2 2 2
16
x
−4 −1 0 2
1
x
d y −1 0 1
−1 , −2 −1 1 , −2
4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
– 9, 0 9, 0
2 2
x
0 6 y
0, − 81 1
4

− 3, 1 6 3
5 25 5
x
−1 0 1
3 , −1 3
6
5 25 5
−1

144
Solutions to Exercise 4G
1 a y = a(x − 5)3 − 2 2b = 4
When x = 4, y = 0 b=2
0 = −a − 2
a = −2 ∴ a + c = −7
and 4a + c = −16
b y = a(x − 1)(x + 1(x + 2)
∴ 3a = −9
When x = 3, y = 120
120 = a(2)(4)(5) ∴ a = −3 and c = −4
a=3
3 Note: A CAS calculator can be used for
c y = ax3 + bx
all questions in this exercise, but should
(2, −20) and (−1, 20) lie on the graph
be used for questions 5 and 6.
−20 = 8a + 2b
y = a(x − b)(x − c)(x − d)
−10 = 4a + b . . . (1)
b = −5, c = −2, d = 6
20 = −a − b . . . (2)
y = a(x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 6)
Add (1)(2)
x = 0, y = −11
10 = 3a
−11 = −60a
10
a= 11
3 a=
60
70
b=− 11
3 y = (x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 6)
60

2 We know that the y-intercept is 5.

4 y = a(x − b)(x − c)2
Consider f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5
y = a(x + 1)(x − 3)2
f (−1) = 14, ∴ −a + b − c + 5 = 14
x = 0, y = 5
−a + b − c = 9 . . . (1)
5 = 9a
f (1) = 0, ∴ a + b + c + 5 = 0
5
a + b + c = −5 . . . (2) a=
9
f (2) = −19, ∴ 8a + 4b + c + 5 = −19
5
8a + 4b + 2c = −24 y = (x + 1)(x − 3)2
9
Add (1) and (2)

145
5 a y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d c y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
(0, 1) ⇒ d = 1 (0, −2) ⇒ d = −2
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 1 (1, 0) ⇒ 0 = a + b + c − 2
(1, 3) ⇒ 3 = a + b + c + 1 a+b+c=2 . . . (1)
a + b + c = 2 . . . (1) (−1, −6) ⇒ −6 = −a + b − c − 2
(−1, −1) ⇒ −1 = −a + b − c + 1 −a + b − c = −4 . . . (2)
−a + b − c = 2 . . . (2) (2, 12) ⇒ 12 = 8a + 4b + 2c − 2
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2b = 0 4a + 2b + c = 7 . . . (3)
b=0 (1) + (2) : 2b = −2
(2, 11) ⇒ 11 = 8a + 2c + 1 b = −1
Sub in ⇒ (3) ⇒ 4a + c = 9
4a + c = 5 . . . (3)
Sub in ⇒ (2) ⇒ −a − c = −3
(3) + (2) ⇒ 3a = 3 (3) + (2) ⇒ 3a = 6
a = 1, c = 1 a=2
y= x +x+1
3 Sub in ⇒ (3) ⇒ c = 1
y = 2x3 − x2 + x − 2
b y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
(0, 1) = d = 1 6 a y = a(x − b)(x − c)(x − d)
(1, 1) = 1 = a + b + c + 1 y = a(2x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 2)
2 = 2a
a + b + c = 0 . . . (1)
a=1
(−1, 1) = 1 = −a + b − c + 1 y = (2x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 2)
−a + b − c = 0 . . . (2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ b = 0 b y = ax3 + bx2 + cx
3
(2, 7) ⇒ 7 = 8a + 2c + 1 (1, 0.75) ⇒ = a + b + c . . . (1)
4
4a + c = 3 . . . (3) (2, 3) ⇒ 3 = 8a + 4b + 2c . . . (2)
3 + 2 ⇒ 3a = 3 (−2, −3) ⇒ −3 = −8a + 4b − 2c . . . (3)
(2) + (3) ⇒ 8b = 0
a=1
b=0
Sub in ⇒ (1) ⇒ c = −1 6
y = x3 − x + 1 (2) − 2(1) ⇒ = 6a
4
1
a=
4
Sub in (2) ⇒ 3 = 2 + 2c
1
c=
2
1 1 1
y = x3 + x = x(x2 + 2)
4 2 4

146
c y = a(x − b)(x − c)2 x = 0, y = 18
y = a(x + 1)x2 y = (x + 2)(x − 3)2
2 = a(2)12
a=1
7 a y = −2x3 − 25x2 + 48x + 135
y = x2 (x + 1)
b y = 2x3 − 30x2 + 40x + 13
d y = a(x − b)(x − c)(x − d)
y = a(x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 1)
x = 0, y = −2 8 a y = −2x4 + 22x3 − 10x2 − 37x + 40
y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 1)
b y = x4 − x3 + x2 + 2x + 8
e y = a(x − b)(x − c)2
31 4 5 3 157 2 5 11
y = a(x + 2)(x − 3)2 c y= x + x − x − x+
36 4 36 4 2

147
Solutions to Exercise 4H
1 a kx2 + x + k√= 0 b ax3 − b = c
−1 ± 1 − 4k2 b+c
x= , x3 =
2k a
 1 1 1
k ∈ , − , \{0} since k2 ≤ . b + c1
3
2 2 4 x=
(Note: If k = 0, x = 0) a

b x3 − 7ax2 + 12a2 x = 0 c a − bx2 = c

⇒ x(x2 − 7ax + 12a2 ) = 0 a−c
x2 =
x(x − 3a)(x − 4a) = 0 b
x = 0, 3a, 4a a − c1
2
x=
b
c x(x3 − a) = 0
1 1
x = 0, (a) 3 d x3 = a
x = a3
d x2 − kx +√k = 0
k ± k2 − 4k
x= , k ≤ 0 a k ≥, 4, 1
2 e (x) n + c = a
2
since k − 4k ≥ 0 1
(x) n = a − c
e x(x2 − a) = 0
√ x = (a − c)n
x = 0, ± a, a ≥ 0
f a(x − 2b)3 = c
f x −a =0
4 4
c
(x2 + a2 )(x2 − a2 ) = 0 (x − 2b)3 =
a
(x2 + a2 )(x − a)(x + a) = 0
c1
x = −a, a x − 2b =
3
a
g (x − a)2 (x − b) = 0 c1
3
x = a, b x = 2b +
a
h (x − a)4 (a − x3 )(x2 − a) = 0 1
1 √ g ax 3 = b
x = a, (a) 3 , ± a if a ≥ 0  b 3
x=
a
2 a ax3 + b = 2c
h x3 = c + d
2c − b
x3 = 1
a x = (c + d) 3
 2c − b  1
3
x=
a

148
3 a x2 = x 4 a y = 16 − x
x2 − x = 0 y2 = (16 − x)2
x(x − 1) = 0
x = 0, 1
y2 + x2 = 178
y = 0, 1
Pts. (0, 0) & (1, 1) y2 = 178 − x2

b 2x2 = x
2x2 − x = 0
x(2x − 1) = 0
178 − x2 = (16 − x)2
1
x = 0, 178 − x2 = 256 − 32x + x2
2
1 1 2x2 − 32x + 78 = 0
Pts. (0, 0) ,
2 2
x2 − 16x + 39 = 0
c y = x2 − x,
(x − 3)(x − 13) = 0
y = 2x + 1
x = 3, 13
⇒ x2 − x = 2x + 1 Pts. (3, 13), (13, 3)
x2 − 3x − 1 = 0
√
3± 9+4
x=
2
√
3 ± 13
x=
2
y = 2x + 1 = 4 ± V13
 3 − √13 √ 
co − ords = , 4 − 13 ,
2
√
 3 + 13 √ 
, 4 + 13
2

149
b e y2 = 106 − x2
y2 = 125 − x2 y= x−4
y = 15 − x y2 = x2 − 8x + 16
⇒ y2 = 225 − 30x + x2 x2 − 8x + 16 = 106 − x2
x2 − 30x + 225 = 125 − x2 2x2 − 8x − 90 = 0
2x2 − 30x + 100 = 0 x2 − 4x − 45 = 0
x2 − 15x + 50 = 0 (x + 5)(x − 9) = 0
(x − 5)(x − 10) = 0 x = −5, 9
x = 5, 10 Pts. (−5, −9), (9, 5)
Pts. (5, 10), (10, 5)

c y2 = 185 − x2 5 a
y = 28 − x . . . (1)
y= x−3
xy = 187 . . . (2)
y2 = x2 − 6x + 9
⇒ x(28 − x) = 187
x2 − 6x + 9 = 185 − x2
−x2 + 28x = 187
2x − 6x − 176 = 0
2

x2 − 28x + 187 = 0
x2 − 3x − 88 = 0 √
28 ± 784 − 748
(x + 8)(x − 11) = 0 x=
2
x = −8, 11 28 ± 6
Pts. (−8, −11), (11, 8) x=
2
x = 11, 17
d y2 = 97 − x2
⇒ pts = (11, 17), (17, 11)
y = 13 − x
y2 = 169 − 26x + x2 b y = 51 − x
x2 − 26x + 169 = 97 − x2 x(51 − x) = 518
2x2 − 26 + 72 = 0 x2 − 51x + 518 = 0
√
x2 − 13x + 36 = 0 x=
51 ± 2601 − 2072
2
(x − 9)(x − 4) = 0 √
51 ± 529
x = 4, 9 x=
2
Pts. (4, 9), (9, 4) 51 ± 23
x=
2
x = 14, 37
⇒ pts = (14, 37), (37, 14)

150
 c 1
7 x= +3
y= x−5 x−2
x(x − 2) = 1 + 3(x − 2)
xy = 126
x2 − 2x = 1 + 3x − 6
x2 − 5x = 126
x2 − 5x + 5 = 1
x2 − 5x − 126 = 0 √
√ 5± 25 − 20
5 ± 25 − 504 x=
x= 2
2 √
5 ± 23 5± 5
x= x=
2 2
 5 + √5 5 + √5 
x = −9, 14 pts = , ,
2 2
⇒ pts = (−9, −14), (14, 9)  5 − √5 5 − √5 
,
2 2
6 y2 = 25 − (x − 5)2
= 25 − x2 + 10x − 25 y x
8 a − = 1 . . . (1)
4 5
y2 = −x2 + 10x . . . (1) 4
⇒ y= x+4
y = 2x 5
y2 = 4x2 . . . (2) x + 4x + y = 12 . . . (2)
2 2

4x2 = −x2 + 10x ⇒ y2 = 12 − 4x − x2

x2 − 2x = 0 16 2 32
⇒ y2 =x + x + 16
25 5
x = 0, 2 1 2 
16 x2 + x + 1 = 12 − 4x − x2
pts = (0, 0), (2, 4) 25 5
16x2 + 160x + 400 = 300 − 100x − 25x2
41x2 + 260x + 100 = 0
√
−260 ± 67600 − 16400
x=
82
√
−130 ± 80 2
x=
41
Sub in (1)
 −130 − 80 √2 60 − 64 √2 
, ,
41 41
 −130 + 80 √2 60 + 64 √2 
,
41 41

151
 √ √
1 −12 5 ± 144 × 5 − 20 × 36
9 −x = −3 x=
x+2 10
√
−x2 − 2x = 1 − 3x − 6 −12 5
x=
x2 − x − 5 = 0 10
√ √
1 + 20 −6 5
x=
1± x=
2 5
√ √
−12 5 √
x=
1 ± 21 y= +3 5
2 10
√
 1 + √21 −1 + √21  3 5
pts = , , y=
2 2 5
 −6 √5 3 √5 
 1 − √21 √21 − 1 
pts = ,
, 5 5
2 2

1 1
9 12 x+1=−
10 y = x + 1 4 x
4
1 2
y2 =
81 2 9
x + x+1 x +x+1=0
16 2 4
√
81 2 9 −1 ± 1 − 1
9x = x + x+1 x=
16 2 1
81 2 9 2
x − x+1=0
16 2 r x = −2
9 81 81
± −  1
x=
2 4 4 pt = −2,
81 2
8
9 8 2
x= × 13 x−1=
2 81 x−2
x=
4 (x − 1)(x − 2) = 2
9
4  x2 − 3x + 2 = 2
co ords = , 2 x(x − 3) = 0
9
x = 0, 3
11 y2 = 9 − x2 pts = (0, −1), (3, 2)
√
y = 2x + 3 5
√
y2 = 4x2 + 12 5x + 45
√
9 − x2 = 4x2 + 12 5x + 45
√
5x2 + 12 5x + 36 = 0

152
14 a 5x − 4y = 7 c 5x − 3y = 18
4y = 5x − 7 5x − 18
y=
5x − 7 3
y= xy = 24
4
xy = 6 5x2 − 18x = 72
 5x − 7  √
=6 18 ± 324 + 1440
x
4 x=
10
5x2 − 7x − 24 = 0 18 ± 42
√ x=
10
7± 49 + 480
x= 12
10 x = − ,6
√ 5
7 ± 529  12
x=

10 pts = − , −10 , (6, 4)
5
−8
x= ,3
5
 −8 −15  15 x2 + ax + b div by x + c
pts = , , (3, 2) (−c)2 + a(−c) + b = 0
5 4
c2 − ac + b = 0
b
37 − 2x
y=
3
16
xy = 45 160
x+2=
x
37x − 2x2 = 135
x + 2x − 160 = 0
2
2x2 − 37x + 135 = 0 √
√ −2 ± 4 + 640
37 ± 1369 − 1080 x=
x= √
2
4
x = −1 ± 161
x = 5, 13.5  √ √ 
 10  pts = −1 − 161, 1 − 161 ,
pts = (5, 9), 13.5,
3 √ √ 
161 − 1, 161 + 1

17 y = −7x + 14, y = 5x + 12

18 m < −7 or m > 1

19 c = −8 or c = 4

153
 1 c 25 + m < 0
20 a mx = +5
x
mx2 − 5x√− 1 = 0 −25
m<
5 ± 25 + 4m 4
x= ,m ± 0
2m
1
Note that if m = 0, x = − . 21 x2 + x + 4 = kx + b
5
x2 + (1 − k)x + (4 − b) = 0
b 25 + 4m = 0
∆ = (1 − k)2 − 4(4 − b)
−25
m= = 1 − 2k + k2 − 16 + 4b
4
5 ∆ = 0 ⇒ k2 − 2k + 4b − 15 = 0
x=
−25 If b = 3 then:
2 k2 − 2k − 3 = 0 ⇒ k = 3 or k = −1
−2 y = 3x + 3, y = −x + 3
x=
5
 −2 5 
pt ,
5 2

154
Solutions to technology-free questions
1 a h(x) = 3(x − 1)2 + 2
x = 0: y = 3(−1)2 + 2 = 5
y = 0: no solutions
TP (1, 2); no x int; y int (0, 5)

d f (x) = x2 − x − 6
x = 0: y = −6
y = 0: x2 − x − 6 = 0
(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0, so x = −2, 3
b h(x) = (x − 1)2 − 9  1 2 1
x = 0: y = (−1)2 − 9 = −8 x −x−6= x−
2
−6
2 4
y = 0: (x − 1)2 − 9 = 0 1 1
TP , −6 ; x int (−2, 0), (3, 0);
x − 1 = ±3, so x = −2, 4 2 4
TP(1, −9); x int (−2, 0), (4, 0); y int (0, −6)
y int (0, −8)

e f (x) = 2x2 − x + 5
c f (x) = x2 − x + 6
x = 0: y = 5
x = 0: y = 6 y = 0: no solutions (b2 − 4ac < 0)
y = 0: no solutions (b2 − 4ac < 0) 1 2 7

 1 2 3 2x2 − x + 5 = 2 x − +4
x −x+6= x−
2
+5 1 7 4 8
1 3 2 4 TP , 4 ; no x int; y int (0, 5)
TP , 5 ; no x int; y int (0, 6) 4 8
2 4

155
 f h(x) = 2x2 − x − 1 x int (3, 0); y int (0, −18)
x = 0: y = −1
y = 0: 2x2 − x − 1 = 0
1
(2x + 1)(x − 1) = 0, so x = − , 1
2 2
 1 1
2x2 − x − 1 = 2 x − −1
1 4  8
1   1
TP , −1 ; x int − , 0 , (1, 0);
4 8 2
y int (0, −1)

b g(x) = −(x + 1)3 + 8

x = 0: y = −(1)3 + 8 = 7
y = 0: − (x + 1)3 + 8 = 0
(x + 1)3 = 8, x + 1 = 2, so x = 1
zero gradient: (−1, 8)
x int (1, 0); y int (0, 7)

2 (1, 1) : 1 = a + b 1
(2, 5) : 5 = 4a + b 2
Subtract 2 from 1:
3a = 4
4
a=
3
1
Substitute into 1: b = − c h(x) = −(x + 2)3 − 1
3
√ x = 0: y = −(2)3 − 1 = −9
−b ± b2 − 4ac
3 x= y = 0: − (x + 2)3 − 1 = 0
2a
√ (x + 2)3 = −1, x + 2 = −1, so x = −3
2 ± 4 − 4(3)(−10)
= zero gradient: (−2, −1)
6 x int (−3, 0); y int (0, −9)
√
2 ± 124 1  √ 
= = 1 ± 31
6 3

4 a f (x) = 2(x − 1)3 − 16

x = 0: y = 2(−1)3 − 16 = −18
y = 0: 2(x − 1)3 − 16 = 0
(x − 1)3 = 8, x − 1 = 2, so x = 3
zero gradient: (1, −16)

156
 d f (x) = (x + 3)3 − 1
 3 2 7
f − x− −
x = 0: y = (3)3 − 1 = 26 2 4
y = 0: (x + 3)3 − 1 = 0
(x + 3)3 = 1, x + 3 = 1, so x = −2 6 a
zero gradient: (−3, −1)
x int (−2, 0); y int (0, 26)
b

e f (x) = 1 − (2x − 1)3

x = 0: y = 1 − (−1)3 = 2
y = 0: 1 − (2x − 1)3 = 0
(2x − 1)3 = 1, 2x P(x) = x3 + 3x2 − 4x + 2
 1− 1 = 1, so x = 1
7 a
zero gradient: ,1 P(−1) = (−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 4(−1) + 2
2
x int (1, 0); y int (0, 2) =8

b P(x) = x3 − 3x2 − x + 6
P(2) = 23 − 3 × 22 − 2 + 6
=0

c P(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 3x − 2

P(−2) = 2(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 − 3(−2) − 2
=0
5 a (x + 2)2 − 4

b 3(x + 1)2 − 3 8 From the x intercepts, the rule must be

y = a(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 7)
c (x − 2)2 + 2 x = 0: y = a(3)(2)(−7) = −42a
But the y intercept is (0, −42) and hence
 3 2 17
d 2 x− − −42a = −42, so a = 1.
2 2
Thus y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 7) .
 7 2 81
e 2 x− −
4 8 9 a (x − 2)(x + 1)(x + 3)

157
 b (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 3)

c (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 3)(x + 2)

√ √
d 41 (x − 1)(2x + 3 + 13)(2x + 3 − 13)

10 x2 + 4 = 1 × (x2 − 2x + 2) + 2x + 2  
4 , − 256
1 2187

11 a = −6
c y = f (2x)
1
Dilate the given graph unit from
12 f (x) = (x + 1)3 (x − 2) Note: The tp on 2
the y axis.
the diagrams are incorrect The new x intercepts are (1, 0),
(− 12 , 0).
a y = f (x − 1)
The new y intercept stays at (0, −2).
Translate the given graph 1 unit right.
The new minimum is at ( 58 , − 2187
256 )
The new intercepts are (0, 0), (3, 0) .
9 2187 since the y value does not change.
The new minimum is at ( , − )
4 256
since the y value does not change.

9 2187 
,−
4 256 d y = f (x) + 2
b y = f (x + 1) Translate the given graph 2 units up.
Translate the given graph 1 unit left. This makes the origin an intercept.
The new x intercepts are (−2, 0), A second x intercept is between 54
(1, 0). and 2.
x = 0: y = f (1) = 23 (−2) = −16, so The minimum has the same
the new y intercept is (0,−16). x value of 45 and y value of
1 2187  2187 1675
The new minimum is at , − − +2=− .
4 256 256 256  5 1675 
since the y value does not change.
The new minimum is at , − .
4 256

158
 17 a = 1, b = −1, c = 4

18 If 4x2 − 2px + p + 3 = 0 has no solution:

4p2 − 16(p + 3) < 0
p2 − 4p − 12 < 0
(p − 6)(p + 2) < 0
Hence no real solutions for −2 < p < 6

13 k = ±8
19 The rule of the cubic function is of the
form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Since its
14 (4, −5), (3, 9) graph passes through (0, 6), d = 6. Write
the equation as y − 6 = ax3 + bx2 + cx.
5 13 Use the remaining points to form three
15 a = 3, b = , c = − simultaneous equations in a, b, and c.
6 12
(1, 1): − 5 = a + b + c 1
16 64x3 + 144x2 + 108x + 27 (2, 4): − 2 = 8a + 4b + 2c 2
(3, 9): 3 = 27a + 9b + 3c 3
2−21 : 6a + 2b = 8 or equivalently
3a + b = 4 4
2 − 31 : 24a + 6b = 18 or equivalently
4a + b = 3 5
5 − 4 gives a = −1.
Substitution into 4 gives b = 7.
Substitution into 1 gives c = −11.
Hence a = −1, b = 7, c = −11, d = 6 and
so y = −x3 + 7x2 − 11x + 6.

159
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 E = 5x2 − 10x − 2 6 A Check by expanding:
= 5x2 − 2x − 2 For option A,
= 5x − 2x + 1 − 1 − 2 (3x + 2y)(2x − 4y)
= 5(x − 2)2 − 1 − 2 = 6x2 − 12xy + 4xy − 8y2
= 5(x − 2)2 − 5 − 2 = 6x2 − 8xy − 8y2
= 5(x − 2)2 − 7
7 C Looking at the part of the graph
2 D There are 2 real roots when the shown, we can see that at x = 1,
determinant > 0 the graph is also showing a turning
b2 − 4ac > 0 point. Therefore we can see that the
36 + 12m > 0 answer must be either D or C, as the
12m > −36 x-intercept points in the other graphs
m > −3 either show points of inflection (i.e.
f (x) = (x − 1)3 ), or an intercept
3 E x3 + 27 where the graph doesn’t change
= x3 + 33 direction (i.e. f (x) = x2 (x − 1). Then
a3 + b3 = (ax + b)(ax2 − abx + b2 ) substitute values into the equations
Where a = 1 and b = 3 to check which one of C or D it is.
(x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9) Looking at C, you can see that for all
values of x greater than zero other
4 C The equation is a cubic.
than 1, the function will be equal to
From null factor theorem:
a number less than zero. Looking at
The only possible options are
D, you can see that for all values of
B and C
x greater than zero other than 1, the
Sub in an x value to determine if
function will be equal to a number
the graph has a positive or negative
greater than zero.
y value:
When x = 2 8 E Expand the outer set of brackets to
Option C: y = 16 × −6 get the function into turning point
Option D: y = 4 × 4 for m. So p(x) = 3((x − 2)2 + 4)
Therefore it must be option C becomes p(x) = 3(x − 2)2 + 12.
Therefore the graph is shifted right
5 E x − 1 is a factor
2 and up 12 from the origin. The
∴ 13 + 3(1)2 − 2a + 1 = 0
answer is
−2a = −5
5
a=
2

160
9 C From the graph there is a intercept at 10 C We can see immediately by looking
x = c and turning point at (b, 0) . So at the equation that the function will
the polynomial must have functions touch the x-axis when x = b, and
(x − c) and (x − b)2 when x = −c. The remaining factor
Now (x − b)2 is the same as (b − x)2 . of the function is (x2 + a) and we
y = (x − c)(b − x)2 fits. know that is a positive real number.
(Note: that option D gives a When we attempt to solve for x, we
reflection in the x-axis of the graph get the following: x2 = −a.
given.) Knowing that a is a positive real
number, we realise that the solutions
are not real numbers and hence are
not roots.

11 C − x2 + 2x − 12 = kx − 3
− x2 + (2 − k)x − 9 = 0
∆ = (2 − k)2 − 36
∆ > 0 ⇒ (2 − k)2 > 36
∴ k < −4 or k > 8

12 B

161
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a The graph passes through the point (15, 20)
∴ 20 = k × 153 × (20 − 15)
4
∴ k=
153
4
∴ k= ≈ 0.0019
3375
4t3
∴ R= (20 − t)
3375
4 × 103
b When t = 10 R= × 10
3375
4 × 104
=
3375
4 × 80
=
27
320
=
27
320
The rate of flow = mL/ min when t = 10
 320  27
≈ 11.852
27
c i

Note: This graph is given by a dilation of factor 2 from the t-axis

ii When t = 10
4
Rnew = 2 × × 103 × 10
3375
640
= − mL/min
27
640  640 
The rate of flow = mL/min when t = 10 ≈ 23.704
27 27

162
d i The hint gives that Rout is obtained by a translation of
20 units to the right.
∴ (t, R) → (t + 20, R)
∴ t0 = t + 20 and R0 = R
∴ R = kt3 (20 − t) is transformed to
R0 = k(t0 + 20)3 (20 − (t0 − 20))
= k(t0 − 20)3 (40 − t0 )
A reflection in the x-axis give
Rout = −k(t − 20)3 (40 − t)

−320  320 
ii When t = 30, Rout = mL/ min − ≈ −11.852
27 27  320   −320 
Note: the simplest way to obtain this is to move 10, → 30, with
7 7
this transformation
320
The rate of flow out is mL/ min
27
Calculator technique for question:

a In a Graphs page enter the rule: f 1(x) = 4/3375x3 (20 − x).

Suitable window settings are:

163
b The rate of flow when t = 10 is obtained by using Graph Trace from the
Trace menu and typing in 10. Press.
Hint: press d to exit the Graph Trace tool.

c The new function is obtained by entering f 2(x) = 2 f 1(x) in the function

entry line (press e or /+G to show the function entry line if required). Press
to plot the new graph.

Change the window settings to show key points of both graphs. Hint: use
b>Window/Zoom>ZoomFit

In order to see the graphs by R against t and Rout against t a hybrid function
must be entered as shown,

164
 4  3
 




 3375 x (20 − x) for 0 ≥ x ≥ 20
f 3(x) = 

  4 
3
 − 3375 (x − 20) (40 − x) for 20 ≥ x ≥ 40



Insert a new Graphs page (/ + I) From the math templates palette (t)select the
piecewise template.

The graph is as shown. For this choose Xmin = 0 and Xmax = 40. Adjust
values.

2 a i When t = 0, V = 4 × 93 = 2916
The volume is 2916 m3

ii When t = 9, V = 0

b The volume is 0 m3

c 512 = 4(9 − t)3

128 = (9 − t)3
1
128 3 = 9 − t
t = 9 − 1283
1
= 9 − 4 × 2 3 ≈ 3.9603
After 3.96 hr the volume is 512m3

165
 1
3 a i V = π × 4 × (18 − 2)
3
π
= × 4 × 16
3
64π
=
3
64π
Volume is = cm3 when x = 2
3
1
ii V = π × 32 × (18 − 3)
3
= π × 45
= 45π
Volume is 45πcm3 whenx = 3.

1
iii V = π × 42 × (18 − 4)
3
π
= × 16 × 14
3
224π
=
3
224π
Volume is = cm3 when x = 4.
3
b When the bowl is full, depth is 6 cm.
1
When x = 6, V = π × 36 × 12
3
= 144π
The volume of water is 144 πcm3 when the bowl
is full.

325π 325π 1 2
c If V = , = πx (18 − x)
3 3 3
which implies 325 = x2 (18 − x)
and ∴ x3 − 18x2 + 325 = 0
Let P(x) = x3 − 18x2 + 325
P(5) = 53 − 18 × 52 + 325 = 0
which, by the Factor Theorem, implies that x − 5 is a factor.
∴ P(x) = (x − 5)(x2 − 13x + 65) √
13 ± 169 + 4 × 65
x − 13x − 65 = 0 implies x =
2
2

166
 √
13 ± 429
=
2
but these two values of x lie outside the domain of V = (0, 6)
∴ x = 5 is the only solution.
325π
i.e. the depth of the water when V = is 5 cm.
3
4 a

By Pythagoras’ Theorem
 h 2
r +
2
= 25
2
 h 2
∴ r2 = 25 −
2
1√
i.e. r = 100 − h2
2
b

1
∴ Volume of cylinder = πr2 h
2
1
= π × (100 − h2 )h
4
1
= πh(100 − h2 )
4

167
 1
c V = πh(100 − h2 )
4
When h = 6
1
V = × π × 6(100 − 36)
4
= 96π
The volume of the cylinder is 96πcm3

d When V = 48π
1
48π = πh(100 − h2 )
4
∴ 192 = 100h − h3
∴ h3 − 100h + 192 = 0
Let P(h) = h3 − 100h + 192
P(2) = 23 − 100 × 2 + 192
=0
∴ h − 2is a factor
∴ P(h) = (h − 2)(h2 + 2h − 96)
P(h) = 0 implies h = 2 or h2 + 2h − 96 = 0
√
−2 ± 4 + 4 × 96
∴h=
2
√
−2 ± 388
=
2
√
= −1 ± 97
√
But h > 0, ∴ the only solutions are h = 2 and h = −1 + 97
When h = 2
1√
r= 100 − 4
2
1√
= 96
2
√
=2 6
√
When h = −1 + 97 ≈ 8.849
1√
r≈ 100 − 78.30
2
≈ 2.33
3
When
√ the volume of the cylinder is 48π cm the height is 2 cm and the radius
2 6 ≈ 4.899 cm.
√
OR the height is (−1 + 97) ≈ 8.849 and the radius is ≈ 2.33 cm.

168
5 a V = (84 − 2x) (40 − 2x)x

b 84 − 2x > 0 and 40 − 2x > 0 and x > 0

∴ x < 42 and x < 20 and x < 0
∴ maximal domain = (0, 20)

d i 5 760 cm3

ii 12 096 cm3

iii 13 056 cm3

iv 12 800 cm3

e Use Intersection from the Analyze Graph menu

x = 13.50 or x = 4.18 (answers given correct to two decimal places)

f 13 098.71 cm3 (use Maximum from the Analyze Graph menu)

6 a i A = 2x(16 − x2 )

ii 0 < x < 4

b i A = 6(16 − 9)
= 42

ii x = 0.82 or x = 3.53 (use Intersection from the Analyze Graph menu)

c i V = xA
= 2x2 (16 − x2 )

ii x = 2.06 or x = 3.43 (use Intersection from the Analyze Graph menu)

π
7 a A = yx + x2
2

b i 100 = y + πx
∴ y = 100 − πx

169
 π
ii A = (100 − πx)x + x2
2
π 2
= 100x − πx + x
2
2
π 2
= 100x − x
2
 100 
iii 0, as x > 0 and y > 0 which implies 100 − πx > 0
π
c x = 12.425
Intersection from the Analyze Graph menu has been used.
x π 2 
d i V= x + yx
50 2
x π 2
= 100x − x
50 2
x 2
π   100 
= 100 − x x ∈ 0,
50 2 π
ii V = 248.5 m3 using x = 12.425 when A = 1000

iii Using Intersection from the Analyze Graph menu gives x = 18.84

170
8a In a Calculator page solve
the system of equations using
b>Algebra>Solve System of
Equations>Solve System of
Equations.

b Define the function h(x)

Find the height when x = 1.5 m

c In a Graphs page, enter the

two functions
The coefficient of x3 , although
small, is clearly influential.

d Solve the system of

equations.
Hint: to obtain exact (fraction)
answers the decimal values in
the system of equations can be
written as fractions as shown.

171
Alternatively use
b>Number>Approximate to
Fraction and edit the tolerance
to 5.E-5)

e (i) in a Graphs page enter

the hybrid function using the

piecewise template from

the Math Template palette (t)

The result is as shown.

e (ii) The second section of
the graph is formed by a
reflection of the graph of
y = f 1(x), x  (0, 40) in the
line x = 40

172