Chapter 5 – Exponential and logarithmic

functions
Solutions to Exercise 5A
1 a Range = (−2, ∞) 2 a y

y = 3x
y = 2x
(0, 1) y = 0
x
0

b Range = (−1, ∞) b y
y
y = 3x

y = 2x − 3 −1 (0, 1)
y = 2x y=0
x
0

x
0 y = −1
3
c y
c Range = (−1, ∞)
y
(0, 1) y = 5x
y = 2x + 2 −1 y=0
x
0 y = −5x
3 (0, 1)

x
y = −1 d y
−2 0

d Range = (2, ∞)
y
(0, 1) y = (1.5)x
1
0, 2 y=0
4 x
0
2 (0, −1) y = −(1.5)x
x
0

173
3 a Range = (0, ∞) y
y

−x
3 y=3 +2
2
3 y = 3 × 2x
x
0
x
0
b Range = (−4, ∞)
y
b Range = (0, ∞)
y
y = 2 5x − 4
x
0
1 y = 12 × 5x −3
2
x
0 c Range = (−∞, 2)
y
c Range = (0, ∞)
x
0
y = −2
y = −10(x −2) − 2

5 a y Range = R+
d Range = (0, ∞)
y
(0, 1) y=0
x
0
x
1 y = 23 b y Range = (1, ∞)
x
0
(0, 2)
1 x
4 a Range = (2, ∞) 0

174
 c y Range = (−∞, 1) y

1 5
x
0

2
d y Range = R+
1
x
0 1 2
1 y=0
x
0 7 a y
Range = (2, ∞) y = f(x + 1)
e y
(−1, 1)
(0, 2) y = 0
3 x
0
2 x
0 b y
y = f(x) + 1
f y Range = (−1, ∞)
(0, 2) y= 1
x
x 0
0
−1 c y

6 a Range = R+ y = f(−x) + 2
(0, 3)
y y=2
x
0
d y
(0, 4) y = 0
x
0 0 x
y = –1
b Range = (−1, ∞) (0, –2)
y y = –f(x) – 1
e y

(1, 8)
x
0 y = f(3x) (0, 1) y = 0
x
−1 0

c Range = (1, ∞)

175
 f y x b x
y=f 2 y 10
y = 10 + 1
(2, 2)
(0, 1) y=0
x (10, 11)
0 (0, 2)
y=1
g y x
0
y = 2 f(x − 1) + 1
range = (1, ∞)
(0, 2) y=1 c y
y = 2(10x) − 20
x
0

h y x
0 (1, 0)
y = f(x − 2) (0, − 18) y = − 20

(2, 1) range = (−20, ∞)

0, 1 y=0
4 x d y
0

y=1
8 a y x
0
y = 10x − 1 y = 1 − 10−x
range = (−∞, 1)

x e y
0 y = 10x+1 + 3
y=−1

range = (−1, ∞) (−1, 4) (0, 13)

y=3
x
0
range = (3, ∞)

176
 f y C2 = C1 , x = 301.16
x
∴ for C2 < C1
y=2 10 10 +4 minimum x = 302 days
(10, 24)
(0, 6)
y=4 10 y = 100(1.02) x
what is x when y = 200?
x
0 2 = (1.02) x
range = (4, ∞) Use the ‘solve’ command of a CAS
calculator to solve for x. This gives
x = 35.003. So your money has not
9 a C1 quite doubled after 35 days; it will take
36 days.

(100, 408.024) 11 a i y
y = 5x y = 3x
x y = 2x
0
b C1 = 10000((1.0004) x − 1)
(0, 1)
i C1 = 10000((1.0004) 100
− 1) x
0
= 10000(1.040802 − 1)
ii x < 0
= $408.02
iii x > 0
ii C1 = 10000((1.0004) 300
− 1)
iv x = 0 (read off graph)
= 10000(1.127470 − 1)
= $1, 274.70 b i x
1 y
y=
3 x
c 1000 = 10000((1.0004) x − 1) 1
y=
(1.0004) x = 1.1 x 5
1
Use the ‘solve’ command of a CAS y=
2 (0, 1)
calculator to solve for x. This gives x
x = 238.32 . . . x = 239 days 0
(you must round up in this case)
ii x > 0
d i
iii x < 0
ii to find C2 < C1
iv x = 0 (read off graph)
f ind C2 = C1 then round up using
the CAS calculator at

177
c i y ii y
y = ax
y=1
(0, 1) 1 x
x 0
0
iii y

y = ax
(0, 1) x
0

178
Solutions to Exercise 5B
1 a y f y
y = ex + 1 y = 2ex
(0, 2)
y=1
x (0, 2)
0 x
range = (1, ∞) 0
range = (0, ∞)
b y
g y
y = 2(1 + ex)
y = 1 − ex y=1
x (0, 4)
0 y=2
range = (−∞, 1) x
0
c y range = (2, ∞)

h y
y = 1 − e−x y=1
x
0
range = (−∞, 1) y=2
x
d y 0
y = 2(1 − e−x)
y = e−2x range = (−∞, 2)
(0, 1)
x i y
0
range = (0, ∞)
y = 2e−x + 1
e y (0, 3)
y=1
x
y= ex−1 −2 0
(0, e−1 − 2) range = (1, ∞)
0 x j y
y = −2
range = (−2, ∞) (1, 2)
(0, 2e−1)
x
0

179
 range = (0, ∞) 3 a y = −2e x−3 − 4

k y b y = 4 − e2x−3

c y = −2e x−3 − 4
(0, 3e − 2) d y = −2e x−3 − 8
x
0
y = −2 e y = −2e x−3 + 8
range = (−2, ∞)
f y = −2e x−3 + 8
l y

y=2 4 a Translation 2 units to the right and

x 3 units up
0
(0, −1) b Translation 1 unit to the right and
range = (−∞, 2) 4 units up, then dilation of factor 13
from the x-axis

2 a Translation 2 units to the left and c Translation 12 unit to the right, then
3 units down dilation of factor 15 from the x-axis
and factor 2 from the y-axis
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
then translation 1 unit to the left and d Translation 1 unit to the left and
4 units down 2 units down, then reflection in the
x-axis
c Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis
and factor 12 from the y-axis, then e Translation 2 units to the right and
translation 21 unit to the left 3 units down, then dilation of factor 1
2
from the x-axis and reflection in the
d Reflection in the x-axis, then trans-
x-axis
lation 1 unit to the right and 2 units
up f Translation 1 unit up, then dilation of
factor 14 from the x-axis and factor 2
e Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis,
from the y-axis
reflection in the x-axis, then trans-
lation 2 units to the left and 3 units
up 5 a x = 1.146 or x = −1.841

f Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis b x = −0.443

and factor 12 from the y-axis, then
translation 1 unit down c x = −0.703

d x = 1.857 or x = 4.536

180
6 ii iii

ab i

181
Solutions to Exercise 5C
1 a 3x2 y2 + 2x4 y6 = 6x6 y9 2 a 3 x = 81

12x8 3 x = 34
b = 3x6
4x 2 x=4
18x2 y3
c = 6x−2 y2 b 81 x = 9
4
3x y
1
6y2 81 x = 81 2
= 2
x 1
x=
2
d (4x4 y2 )2 ÷ (2(x2 y)4 )
= 16x8 y4 ÷ (2x8 y4 ) c 2 x = 256

=8 2 x = 28
x=8
e (4x0 )2
= 42 d 625 x = 5
1
= 16 625 x = 625 4
1
15(x5 y−2 )4 x=
f = 5x20 y−8 x8 y2 4
3(x4 y)−2
= 5x28 y−6 e 32 x = 8

5x28 25x = 23
= 6
y 5x = 3

3(2x2 y3 )4 3 ∗ 16x8 y12 3

g = x=
2x3 y2 2x3 y2 5

= 24x5 y10 f 5 x = 125

1 5 x = 53
h (8x3 y6 ) 3 = 2xy 2
x=3
x +y
2 2
x +y 2 2
i = g 16 x = 1024
x−2 + y−2 1 1
+
x2 y2 24x = 210
x2 + y2 5
= x=
y2 + x2 2
x2 y2
= x2 y2

182
 1 e 22n−2 × 4−3n = 64
h 2−x =
64
22n−2 × 2−6n = 26
2−x
= 2−6
2−4n−2 = 26
x=6
−4n − 2 = 6
1
i 5−x = −4n = 8
625
5−x = 5−4 n = −2

x=4 f 2n−4 = 84−n

2n−4 = 212−3n
3 a 52n × 252n−1 = 625 n − 4 = 12 − 3n
52n × 54n−2 = 54 n=4
56n−2
=54

g 27n−2 = 93n+2
6n − 2 = 4
33n−6 = 326n+4
n=1
3n − 6 = 6n + 4
b 4 2n−2
=1 3n = −10
4 2n−2
=4 0
−10
n=
2n − 1 = 0 3
n=1 h 86n+2 = 84n−1

1 6n + 2 = 4n − 1
c 42n−1 =
256 2n = −3
42n−1
= 4−4 −3
n=
2n − 2 = −4 2

n=
−3 i 1254−n = 56−2n
2
512−3n = 56−2n
3n−2 12 − 3n = 6 − 2n
d = 27
92−n
n=6
3n−2 × 3−2n−4 = 33
33n−6 = 33
3n − 6 = 3
n=3

183
 j 2n−1 × 42n+1 = 16 c 52x − 10(5 x ) + 25 = 0
2n−1 × 24n+2 = 24 (5 x − 5)2 = 0
25n+1 = 24 5x = 5
5n + 1 = 4 x=1
5n = 3
d 22x − 6(2 x ) + 8 = 0
3
n= ⇒ (2 x − 2)(2 x − 4) = 0
5
1 2 x = 2, 4
k (27 × 3 ) = 27 ×
n n n
34
x = 1, 2
1
(33 × 3n )n = 33n × 34
e 8(3 x ) − 6 = 2(32x )
1
(33+n )n = 33n+ 4 32x − 4(3 x ) + 3 = 0
1
(3 x − 3)(x − 1) = 0
2
33n+n = 33n+ 4
1 3 x = 3, 1
3n + n2 = 3n +
4 x = 1, 0
1
n =
2
4 f 22x − 20(2 x ) + 64 = 0
1
n2 = ± (2 x − 16)(2 x − 4) = 0
2
2 x = 16, 4
4 a 32x − 2(3 x ) − 3 = 0 x = 4, 2
⇒ (3 x − 3)(3 x + 1) = 0
g 42x − 5(4 x ) + 4 = 0
3 = 3;
x
−1
(4 x − 4)(4 x − 1) = 0
∴ x = 1;
4 x = 4, 1
x=1
x = 1, 0
b 52x − 23(5 x ) − 50 = 0
h 3(32x ) − 28(3 x ) + 9 = 0
⇒ (5 − 25)(5 + 2) = 0
x x
(3(3 x ) − 1)(3 x − 9) = 0
5 = 25;
x
−2 1
3x = , 9
∴ x = 2; 3
x=2 x = −1, 2

184
i 7(72x ) − 8(7 x ) + 1 = 0
(7(7 x ) − 1)(7 x − 1) = 0
1
7x = , 1
7
x = −1, 0

185
Solutions to Exercise 5D
1 a 3 c x − 5 = e0 = 1
x=6
b −4
d x = 26 = 64
c −3
e ln(x + 5) = 3
d 6
x + 5 = e3
e 6
x = e3 − 5 ≈ 15.086
f −7
f 2x = e0 = 1
1
2 Note: the natural logarithm function x=
2
loge x is often written ln x; this notation
is used here. g 2x + 3 = e0 = 1
2x = −2
a ln 6
x = −1
b ln 4
h x = 10−3
c ln 106 = 6 ln 10 1
=
1000
d ln 7
i log2 (x − 4) = 5
1 1
e ln = ln = − ln 60
3×4×5 60 x − 4 = 25 − 32

f ln(uv × uv2 × uv3 ) = ln u3 v6 x = 36

= 3 ln uv2
4 a log10 x = log10 15
g 7 ln x = ln x7
x = 15
 (x + y)(x − y) 
h ln
(x2 − y2 ) b ln x = ln 5
= ln 1 x=5
=0  2
c ln x = ln 8 3

3 a x = 102 = 100 = ln 4
x=4
b log2 x = 4
x = 24 = 16

186
 1 2
d ln(2x2 − x) = 0, x > 0 e log10 √36 − log10 (27) 3 − log10 (64) 3
2x2 − x = 1 = log10 6 − log10 3 − log10 16
2x2 − x − 1 = 0  6 
= log10
(2x + 1)(x − 1) = 0 3 × 16
1
1 = log10
x = − ,1 8
2
since x > 0, x = 1
6 a log10 10 = 1
e ln x2 − ln(x − 1) = ln(x + 3)
x2 b log10 5 + log10 8 − log10 4
ln = ln(x + 3)
x−1 = log10 10
x2 = (x + 3)(x − 1) =1
x = x + 2x − 3
2 2
√
c log2 2 + log2 1 + log2 4
2x = 3 √
3 = log2 4 2
x=
2 1
=2
2
5 a log10 (3 × 9) = log10 27 =
5
 24  2
b log2 = log2 4 = 2 d log10 25 + log10 4 + log10 10
6
1 = log10 1000
c (log10 a − log10 b)
2 =3
1 a
= log10
2 b e log10 16 − log10 16
r
= log10
a =0
b
1 1
d 1 + log10 a − log10 (b) 3 7 a log3 = log3 (3−x )
! 3x
a
= log10 10 + log10 = −x log3 3
1
b3 = −x
!
10a
= log10 1 b log2 x − log2 y2 + log2 (xy2 )
b3
= log2 (x2 )
= 2 log2 x

187
 c ln(x2 − y2 ) − ln(x − y) − ln(x + y) b 8e−x − e x − 2 = 0
8 − e2x − 2e x = 0
 x2 − y2 
= ln
(x − y)(x + y) (e x )2 + 2e x − 8 = 0
= ln 1 = 0
(e x + 4)(e x − 2) = 0
e x = −4, 2
8 a ln(x − 2x + 8) = ln x
2 2
But e x > 0, so:
x2 − 2x + 8 = x2
ex = 2
2x = 8
x = ln 2 ≈ 0.6931
x=4

b 10 a log x 81 = 4
ln(5x) − ln(3 − 2x) = ln e
x4 = 81
ln(5x) = ln(e(3 − 2x))
x=3
3e − 2ex = 5x
1
(5 + 2e)x = 3e b log x =5
32
3e 1
x= ≈ 0.7814 x5 =
5 + 2e 32
1
x=
9 a ln x + ln(3x + 1) = ln e 2

ln(3x2 + x) = ln e
11 ln x2 + ln 4 = ln(9x − 2)
3x2 + x − e = 0
√ 4x2 = 9x − 2
−1 ± 1 + 12e
x= 4x2 − 9x + 2 = 0
6
−1 (4x − 1)(x − 2) = 0
but x >
3 1
√ x = ,2
−1 + 1 + 12e 4
x=
6
≈ 0.7997 12
1
loga N = (loga 24 − loga 0.375 − loga 729)
2
1 64 
= loga
2 729
8
= loga
27
8
N=
27

188
Solutions to Exercise 5E
1 a y 2 a y

y = loge(3x) x=3

x x
1 0 3 4
3

domain = (3, ∞), range = R

b y
b y
y = 4loge(5x) x = −3

(4.39, 0)
0 x
−3 −0.9
x
1
5 domain = (−3, ∞), range = R
c y c y

x = −1
y = 2loge(4x)

−1 0 (0.65, 0)
x
x (0, −1)
1
4
domain = (−1, ∞), range = R
d y
d y
y = 3loge x () x=2
2 3
x
2
x
0 2 (0.79, 0)
3
2 
domain = , ∞ , range = R
3

189
e x = −2 y i y
x=4
3

0 x (0, 0.39)
−2 −1 (0, −1.4) x
0
(0.43, 0)
domain = (−2, ∞), range = R  4
domain = −∞, , range = R
3
f y

x=2 3 a y

(3, 0) y = log2 2x
x
0 2
x
0 1, 0
2
domain = (2, ∞), range = R

g y domain = R+
x = −1
b y
x=5
(0, 1) y = log10 (x − 5)
x x
−1 0 0 (6, 0)
(1.72, 0)
domain = (−1, ∞), range = R
domain = (5, ∞)
h y
c y
x=2
(0, 0.69)
y = −log10 x
x (1, 0)
0 1 x
0

domain = (−∞, 2), range = R

domain = R+

190
d y h y
x = −5
y = log10 (−x) 1
−5100, 0
x x
(−1, 0) 0 0

domain = R− y = log10 (−x − 5) + 2

domain = (−∞, −5)
e y
x=5 i y

y = log10 (5 − x)
(0, log10 5)
x − 1, 0
0 3 x
(4, 0) 0

domain = (−∞, 5) y = 4 log2 (−3x)

f y domain = R−

j y
1 y = 2 log2 (2 − x) − 6 x = 2
,0
4 x
0
x
(−6, 0) 0
y = 2 log2 2x + 2 (0, −4)
domain = R+

g y domain = (−∞, 2)
y = −2 log2 (3x)
k y y = loge(2x − 1)
1, 0
3 x x= 1
2
0 0 x
1

domain = R+

Domain = ( 12 , ∞)

191
 l y 5 b
y = −loge(3 − 2x)
x=3 i ii y
2
x y = f(−x) y = f(x)
0 1
(0,−loge(3))
x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)

y = −f(x)
Domain = (−∞, 3
2)
iii iv y
y = f(3x)
4 a x = 1.557
1 y = f(x)
b x = 1.189 3 (1, 0) x
0 3
x
y=f
3

6 A dilation of factor loge 3 from the

y-axis

1
7 A dilation of factor from the
loge 2
y-axis

192
Solutions to Exercise 5F
1 a + b = 5 . . . (1) 4 y = ae x + b
ae4 + b = 11 . . . (2) x = 0, y = 0
(2) − (1) 0=a+b
a(e4 − 1) = 6 a = −b
6 x = 1, y = 14
a=
e4 −1
14 = ae + b
6
∴b=5− 4 = (e − 1)a
e −1
4 14
5e − 11
b= 4 a= ≈ 8.148
e −1 e−1
−14
b= ≈ −8.148
e−1
2 a loge (5 + b) = 0 . . . (1)
a loge (10 + b) = 2 . . . (2)
5 y = ae−bx
From (1)
x = 3, y = 50
loge (5 + b) = 0
50 = ae−3b . . . (1)
5+b=e 0
x = 6, y = 10
b = −4
10 = ae−6b . . . (2)
From (2)
1
⇒ 5 = e3b
∴ a loge 6 = 2 2
2 3b = ln 5
∴a=
loge 6 1
b= ln 5
3
1
3 y = ae x + b b = ln(5) 3
x → −∞, y → 4 −x
y=a×5 3
4=b
∴ a = 250
x = 0, y = 6
6=a+b
=a+4
a=2

193
6 f (x) = ae−x + b 9 y = aebx
x → ∞, f (x) → 500 x = 3, y = 10
500 = b x = 6, y = 50
x = 0, f (x) = 700 10 = ae3b . . . (1)
700 = a + 500 50 = ae6b . . . (2)
a = 200 (2)
⇒ 5 = e3b
1 (1)
Sub in equation ⇒ 50 = a ×
5 1
b = ln(5) 3
a = 250 x
y = a × 53
Sub in (1) ⇒ 10 = a × 5
7 y = a log2 x + b
a=2
x = 8, y = 10
10 = 3a + b . . . (1)
10 y = a log2 (x − b)
x = 32, y = 14
x = 5, y = 2
14 = 5a + b . . . (2)
2 = a log2 (5 − b) . . . (1)
(2) − (1) ⇒ a = 2
Sub in (1) ⇒ 10 = 6 + b x = 7, y = 4

b=4 4 = a log2 (7 − b) . . . (2)

(2) ÷ (1) ⇒

8 y = a log2 (x − b) 2 log2 (5 − b) = log2 (7 − b)

x → 5, y → −∞ (5 − b)2 = 7 − b

b=5 b2 − 10b + 25 = −b + 7

x = 7, y = 3 b2 − 9b + 18 = 0

3 = a log2 (7 − 5) (b − 6)(b − 3) = 0

a=3 b = 3 or 6
since log2 (x) is only defined for x > 0
and log2 (5 − b) is one of the points,
b = 6 is impossible
∴ b=3
Sub in (1) ⇒ 2 = a log2 (5 − 3)
a=2

11 y = a ln(x − b) + c

194
vertical asymptote x = 1, ∴ b = 1 12 f (x) = a ln(−x) + b
y = a ln(x − 1) + c x = −2, f (−2) = 6
x = 3, y = 10 6 = a ln 2 + b . . . (1)
10 = a ln 2 + c . . . (1) x = −4, f (−4) = 8
x = 5, y = 12 8 = a ln(4) + b . . . (2)
12 = a ln 4 + c . . . (2) 8 = 2a ln 2 + b
= 2a ln 2 + c (2) − (1) ⇒ 2 = a ln 2
(2) − (1) ⇒ a ln 2 = 2 2
a= ≈ 2.885
2 ln 2
a= ≈ 2.885 Sub in 1 ⇒ 6 = 2 + b
ln 2
y = 2 log2 (x − 1) + c b=4
Sub in (1) ⇒ 10 = 2 log2 2 + c
c=8

195
Solutions to Exercise 5G
1 a log2 8 = k log2 7 + 2 k −4.42
3 − 2 = k log2 7
l 5.76
1 = k log 27
1 m −6.21
k=
log2 7
n 2.38
b log2 7 − x log2 7 = 4
o 2.80
(1 − x) log 27 = 4
4
1−x= 3 a x < 2.81
log2 7
4 b x > 1.63
x=1−
log2 7
log2 (7) − 4 c x < −0.68
x=
log2 7
d x ≤ 3.89
c loge 7 − x loge 14 = 1
e x ≥ 0.57
loge 7 − 1 = x loge 14
loge 7 − 1
x= 4 a x = log2 5
loge 14
b 2x − 1 = log3 8
2 a 2.58 2x = log3 (8) + 1
log3 (8) + 1
b −0.32 x=
2
c 2.18 c 3x + 1 = log7 20
3x = log7 (20) − 1
d 1.16 log7 (20) − 1
x=
3
e −2.32
d x = log3 7
f −0.68
e x = log3 6
g −2.15
f x = log5 6
h −1.38
g Let a = 3 x
i 2.89

j −1.7

196
 a2 − 9a + 8 = 0 6 a a log2 7 = 3 − log6 14
(a − 8)(a − 1) = 0 a log2 7 = log6 216 − log6 14
∴ a = 8 or a = 1
 108 
a log2 7 = log6
7
∴ 3 x = 8 or 3 x = 1  108 
∴ x = log3 8 or x = 0 log6
7
a=
log2 7
h Let a = 5 x  108 
a2 − 4a − 5 = 0 ln
7 ln 2
(a − 5)(a + 1) = 0 a= ×
ln 6 ln 7
∴ a = 5 or a = −1 2.73622 0.69314
a= ×
1.791759 194591
∴ 5 x = 5 or 5 x = −1
a = 1.5271138 × 0.356207
∴x=1
a = 0.544

5 a 7 x > 52 ⇔ x > log7 52 b log3 18 = log11 k

ln 18
b 32x−1 < 40 ⇔ 2x − 1 < log3 40 log11 k =
ln 3
⇔ 2x < log3 (40) + 1 = 2.6309
1 k = 112.6309
⇔ x < (log3 (40) + 1)
2
1 k = 549.3
= (log3 (120))
2

c 43x+1 ≥ 5 ⇔ 3x + 1 ≥ log4 5 7 logr p = q ⇒ p = rq (1)

⇔ 3x ≥ log4 (5) − 1 logq (r) = p ⇒ r = q p (2)

Raise both sides of (2) to the power q:
1 5
⇔x≥ log4 ( ) rq = (q p )q
3 4
p = q pq (from (1))
1 5
= log2 ( ) Change to logarithm form:
6 4
logq p = pq
d 3 x−5 ≤ 30 ⇔ x − 5 ≤ log3 30
⇔ 3x ≤ log3 (30) + 5 8 u = log9 x
1
⇔ x < (log3 (30) + 5) a x = 9u
3
= log3 (7290)
b log9 (3x) = log9 (3 × 9u )
e 3 x < 106 ⇔ x < log3 106 = log9 9u + log9 3
1
f 5 x < 0.6 ⇔ x ≤ log5 0.6 =u+
2

197
c x = 9u 9 log5 x = 16 log x 5
⇒ log x x = log x 9u ln x 16 ln 5
⇒ =
ln 5 ln x
⇒ 1 = u log x 9
(ln x) = 16(ln 5)2
2
1 1
⇒ = log x 81 ln x = ±4 ln 5
u 2
2 x = e± ln 625
log x 81 =
u 1
x = 625,
625

10 q p = 25 ⇒ p = logq 25
logq q 1
log5 q = =
logq 5 logq 5
2 2
= =
logq 25 p

198
Solutions to Exercise 5H
1 f −1 : (−2, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = loge (x + 2) 5 a domain( f ) = R+
range( f ) = R
2 ∴ domain( f −1 ) = R
range( f −1 ) = R+
f (x) = ln 2x
x = ln(2 f −1 (x))
2 f −1 (x) = e x
1
f −1 (x) = e x
2
to find f −1 (x),
f (x) = e−x + 3 b domain f = R+
−1 range f = R
∴ x = e− f (x)
+3
− f −1 (x) ∴ domain f −1 = R
x−3=e
range f −1 = R+
− f (x) = ln(x − 3)
−1
f (x) = 3 ln(2x) + 1
f −1 (x) = − ln(x − 3)
x = 3 ln(2 f −1 (x)) + 1
x−1
3 = ln(2 f −1 (x))
3
x−1
2 f −1 (x) = e 3

1 x−1
f −1 (x) = e 3
2

c domain( f ) = R, range(f) = (2, ∞)

∴ domain( f −1 ) = (2, ∞), range(f −1 ) = R
f (x) = e x + 2
to find f −1 (x),
f (x) = ln(x − 1)
−1
∴ x = ef (x)
+2
x = ln( f −1 (x) − 1) x − 2 = ef
−1
(x)

e = f −1 (x) − 1 f −1 (x) = ln(x − 2)

f −1 (x) = e x + 1

y+4
4 x=e 3

199
d domain( f ) = R, range(f) = R+ g
∴ domain(f −1 ) = R+ , range(f −1 ) = R domain( f ) = (−1, ∞), range(f) = R

f (x) = e x+2 ∴ domain(f −1 ) = R, range(f −1 ) = (−1, ∞)

−1 f (x) = log10 (x + 1)
∴ x = ef (x)+2

f (x) = log10 ( f −1 (x) + 1)

ln x = f −1 (x) + 2
f −1 (x) + 1 = 10 x
f −1 (x) = ln x − 2
f −1 (x) = 10 x − 1
1  
e domain( f ) = − , ∞ ,
2 h domain(f) = R, range(f) = R+
range( f ) = R ∴ domain(f −1 ) = R+ , range(f −1 ) = R
∴ domain(f −1 ) = R, f (x) = 2e x−1
 1  −1
range( f −1 ) = − , ∞ x = 2e( f (x)−1)
2
x −1
f (x) = ln(2x + 1) = e( f (x)−1)
2
x = ln(2 f −1 (x) + 1)
 x
f (x) − 1 = ln
−1
2
e x = 2 f −1 (x) + 1  x
ex − 1 f −1 (x) = ln +1
f −1 (x) = 2
2
 2 
6
f domain(f) = − , ∞ ,
3
range(f) = R ac

∴ domain(f −1 ) = R,
 2 
range( f −1 ) = − , ∞
3
f (x) = 4 ln(3x + 2)
x = 4 ln(3 f −1 (x) + 2)
x
e 4 = 3 f −1 (x) + 2
x

f (x) =
−1 e4 − 2 b range(f) = (−∞, 1)
3
∴ domain(f −1 ) = (−∞, 1)
f (x) = 1 − e−x
−1
x = 1 − e− f (x)

− f −1 (x) = ln(1 − x)
f −1 (x) = − ln(1 − x)

200
7 b f (x) = 2 ln x + 1
x = 2 ln f −1 (x) + 1
ac
x−1
= ln f −1 (x)
2
x−1
f −1 (x) = e( 2 )

range ( f −1 ) = domain( f ) = R+

−1 P − b
9 t= loge
k A
b f (x) = 5e2x − 3
−1 y−5
x = 5e2 f (x)
−3 10 a = ln x
2
x+3 −1
 
= e2 f (x) y−5
5 x=e
2
 x + 3
2 f (x) = ln
−1
5 P
b = e−6x
1  x + 3 A
f (x) = ln
−1
P
2 5
−6x = ln
domain = (−3, ∞) A
∴ f −1 : (−3, ∞) → R,  1 P
x = − ln
1 x+3 6 A
f −1 (x) = ln
2 5 y
c = xn
a
y
8
y ln
a
n = log x =
ac a ln x
y
d 10 x =
5
y
x = log10
5
5−y
e ln(2x) =
3
 
5−y
3
2x = e
 
5−y
1 3
x= e
2

201
 y
f = x2n b using the CAS calculator
6
y (8.964, 8.964), (−2.969, −2.969)
2n = log x
6
y
13 a i
1  y  1 ln
6

n = log x =
2 6 2 ln x
y = ln(2x − 1)

g 2x − 1 = ey
ey + 1
x=
2 ii
h y = 5(1 − e−x )
y
e−x = 1 −
5
5 − y
−x = ln
5
5 − y  5 
x = − ln = ln
5 5−y
iii

11 a f (x) = 2e x − 4
x+4 −1
= e f (x)
2
 x + 4
f (x) = ln
−1
2
b using the CAS calculator
(0.895, 0.895), (−3.962, −3.962)
b f (x) and g(x) are inverse functions

12 a f (x) = 2 ln(x + 3) + 4
x = 2 ln( f −1 (x) + 3) + 4
 x − 4
= ln( f −1 (x) + 3)
2
 
x−4
2
f (x) + 3 = e
−1

 
x−4
2
f −1 (x) = e −3

202
Solutions to Exercise 5I
t
1 a N = 1000 × 2 15

b 50 minutes

2 d = do 10mt
When t = 1, d = 52 cm
When t = 3, d = 80
Consider the equations
52 = do 10m . . . (1)
80 = do 103m . . . (2)
Divide (2) by (1)
80 Approximate the solutions using
= 102m b>Number>Convert to Decimal.
52
 20 
2m = log10
13
1  20 
m = log10 ≈ 0.094
2 13
Substitute in (1)  20 
1
2 log10
52 = d0 10 13
 20  12
log10
∴ 52 = d0 10 13
 20 2
Hence 52 = 1/2d0
13
 13  1
and d0 =
2
× 52 3 a N = N0 ekt
20
∴ m ≈ 0.094 and d0 ≈ 41.9237 i When t = 0, N = 20 000
∴ 20 000 = N0 e0
Graphic calculator techniques for
question i.e. N0 = 20 000
In a Calculator page use:
ii N = 20 000ekt
b>Algebra>Solve System of Equa-
When t = 1, N = 20 000and20%
tions>Solve System of Equations and
of 20 000 = 16 000
enter as shown opposite.
∴ 16 000 = 20 000 × ek
Hint: do can be entered using a template
∴ ek = 0.8
from t, otherwise just use d0.
∴ k = loge (0.8) ≈ −0.223

203
 b When N = 5000 1
5 a A(t = 1690) = A0
2
5000 = 20 000eloge (08)t 1
A0 e−1690k = A0
∴ 0.25 = 0.8 t
2
loge (0.25) 2 = e1690k
and t =
loge (0.8) loge 2 = 1690k
≈ 6.2126 loge 2
It takes about 6.2 years for there to be k=
1690
5000 people infected.
b A = 0.2A0
loge 2
4 M = M0 e−kt − t 1
When t = 0, M = 10 A0 e 1690 = A0
5
When t = 140, M = 5 loge 2
t
5 = e 1690
a 10 = M0 e0
loge 2
∴ M0 = 10 loge 5 = t
1690
Also 5 = 10e−140k log 5
t = 1690 e
0.5 = e−140k loge 2
−1 = 3924
k= loge (0.5)
140
1
= loge (2) ≈ 0.00495 6 A = A0 ekt
140 When t = 0, A = 20
= 4.95 × 10−3 ∴ A0 = 20
−1 Half life is 24 000 years.
b When t = 70 M = 10e 140 loge (2)×70 ∴ 10 = 20e24000k
= 10e−05 loge 2 1 1
∴k= loge ( )
24000 2
= 10 × 2−0.5
When does 20% remain?
≈ 7.0711 20ekt = 4
The mass is 7.07 g after 70 days. 1
ekt =
5
−1 1 1
c When M = 2 2 = 10e 140 (loge 2)t t = loge ( )
k 5
t
∴ 0.2 = 2 140 t ≈ 55726 years
loge (0.2)
∴ t = −140 ≈ 325.07
loge (2) 7 A = A0 ekt
After 325 days the mass remaining 1
A = A0 when t = 5730
is 2g. 2
1
∴ = e5730k
2

204
 1 1 b 6.389 km
∴k= loge ( )
5730 2
When does 40% remain?
ekt = 0.4 11 P = 500000(1.1)n
ekt =
2 4000000 = 500000(1.1)n
5 8 = (1.1)n
1 2
t = loge ( ) n ≈ 21.82
k 5
t ≈ 7575 years
12 T = T 0 e−kt
When t = 0, T = 100
8 P = P0 ekt
∴ T 0 = 100
When t = 0, P = 10000
T = 40 when t = 5
∴ P0 = 10000 2
A = 15000 when t = 13 ∴ = e−5k
3 5
∴ = e13k 1 2
2 ∴ k = − loge ( )
1 3 5 5
∴k= loge ( ) T = 100e−kt
13 2
P = 10000e kt When t = 15
T = 100e−15k
∴ T = 6.4
a When t = 16
P = 10000e16k
∴ P = 16471 13 N = N0 ekt
101 = N0 e2k . . . (1)
b 30000 = 10000ekt
loge 3 = kt 203 = N0 e4k . . . (2)
1
t = loge (3) Divide(2) by (1)
k
203
t ≈ 35 = e2k
101
!
1 203
9 C = C0 (1.12)n k = loge
2 101
M = M0 (0.94)n k ≈ 0.349, N0 ≈ 50.25
M0 = 5C0
∴ M = 5C0 (0.94)n 5
C > 5M ⇔ (1.12)n > 25(0.94)n 14 a k = loge
4
This happens after approximately
b 7.21 hours
18.4 years.

10 P(h) = 1000 × 10−0.05428h

a 607 millibars

205
15 a N = a × bt c N > 1 000 000
1000 = a 1000bt > 1 000 000
15 000 = 1000 × b5 bt > 1000
15 = b5 t > 12.75 . . .
1 13 hours
a = 1000, b = 15 5
d 664 690
b N > 5000 3 hours
1000bt > 5000
bt > 5
b > 2.97 . . .

206
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 a y = ex − 2 d y = 2 − e−x
x = 0: y = −1 x = 0: y = 1
y = 0: e x = 2 ⇒ x = loge 2 y = 0: e−x = 2 ⇒ x = − loge 2
asymptote: y = −2 asymptote: y = 2

b y = 10−x + 1 e y = loge (2x + 1)

x = 0: y = 2 x = 0: y = 0
no x intercepts as y > 1 1
asymptote: y = 1 asymptote: x = −
2

1 f y = loge (x − 1) + 1
c y = (e x − 1)
2 no y intercepts as x > 1
x = 0: y = 0 y = 0: loge (x − 1) = −1 ⇒ x = 1 + e−1
asymptote: y = −
1 asymptote: x = 1
2

207
 g y = − loge (x − 1) The domain of f −1 is R.
no y intercepts as x > 1 Interchange x and y and solve for y:
y = 0: − loge (x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 x = 3 loge (y − 2)
asymptote: x = 1 x
loge (y − 2) =
3
x
y = e3 + 2
x
f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = e 3 + 2

c f (x) = log10 (x + 1)
domain = (−1, ∞), range = R
The domain of f −1 is R.
Interchange x and y and solve for y:
x = log10 (y + 1)
h y = − loge (1 − x) y = 10 x − 1
x = 0: y = 0 f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = 10 x − 1
asymptote: x = 1
d f (x) = 2 x + 1
domain = R+ , range = (2, ∞)
The domain of f −1 is (2, ∞).
Interchange x and y and solve for y:
x = 2y + 1
2y = x − 1
y = log2 (x − 1)
f −1 : (2, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = log2 (x − 1)

2 a f (x) = e2x − 1
3 a loge y = loge (x) + 2
domain = R, range = (−1, ∞)
The domain of f −1 is (−1, ∞) . = loge (x) + loge (e2 )
Interchange x and y and solve for y: = loge (e2 x)
x = e2y − 1
y = e2 x
e = x+1
2y

b log10 y = log10 x + 1
2y = loge (x + 1)
1 = log10 x + log10 10
y= loge (x + 1)
2 = log10 10x
f : (−1, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) =
−1
1 y = 10x
loge (x + 1)
2
b f (x) = 3 loge (x − 2)
domain = (2, ∞), range = R

208
 c log2 y = 3 log2 x + 4 c 2 x = 3 x+1
= log2 x3 + log2 24 loge 2 x = loge 3 x+1
= log2 16x3 x loge 2 = (x + 1) loge 3
y = 16x3 x loge 2 − x loge 3 = loge 3
x(loge 2 − loge 3) = loge 3
d log10 y = −1 + 5 log10 x
loge 3
= − log10 10 + log10 x5 x=
loge 2 − loge 3
x5 loge 3
= log10 =
10 2
x5 loge
y= 3
10

e loge y = 3 − loge x 5 a 22x − 2 x − 2 = 0

= loge e3 − loge x (2 x )2 − 2 x − 2 = 0
e3 (2 x − 2)(2 x + 1) = 0
= loge
x 2 x = 2, −1
3
e But 2 > 0 for all real x, so the only
x
y=
x solution is given by 2 x = 2, i.e. x = 1.
f loge y = 2x − 3 b loge (3x − 1) = 0
y=e 2x−3
3x − 1 = 1
3x = 2
4 a 3 = 11
x
2
x=
x = log3 11 3
loge 11 c log10 (2x) + 1 = 0
x= by change of base
loge 3
log10 (2x) = −1
(Alternatively, take logarithms to base
e of both sides and simplify, as in part 2x = 10−1
c below.) 1
=
10
b 2 x = 0.8 1
x=
x = log2 (0.8) 20
loge (0.8)
= by change of base
loge 2

209
 d 9 3 loga x = 3 + loga 8
10 − 7 × 10 + 12 = 0
2x x
= 3 + loga 23
(10 x )2 − 7 × 10 x + 12 = 0 = 3 + 3 loga 2
(10 − 3)(10 − 4) = 0
x x
= 3(1 + loga 2)
10 = 3, 4
x
loga x = 1 + loga 2
x = log10 3, log10 4 = loga a + loga 2
= loga 2a
6 y = 3 log2 (x + 1) + 2
x = 2a
x = 0: y = 3 log2 1 + 2 = 2
y intercept: (0, 2), so b = 2.
10 Given 3 x = 4y = 12z
y = 0: 3 log2 (x + 1) + 2 = 0
x loge (3) = y loge (4) = z loge (12)
Solving for x:
x loge (3) = y loge (4) =
3 log2 (x + 1) = −2
z(loge (3) + loge (4))
2 xy
log2 (x + 1) = − x+y
3
z(loge (3) + loge (4)) z(loge (3) + loge (4))
2 ×
x + 1 = 2− 3 =
loge (3) loge (4)
z(loge (3) + loge (4)) z(loge (3) + loge (4))
2 +
x = 2− 3 − 1 loge (3) loge (4)
 2  2 z2 (loge (3) + loge (4)) (loge (3) + loge (4))
x intercept: 2 − 1, 0 so a = 2− 3 − 1.
−3
loge (3)
×
loge (4)
=
(loge (3) + loge (4)) (loge (3) + loge (4))
z +
loge (3) loge (4)
=
7 f (k) = 5 log10 (k + 1) = 6, so solving z2 (loge (3) + loge (4))2
for k: z(loge (3) loge (4) + loge (4) loge (4)) + (loge (3) loge (3) + loge (4) loge (3))
5 log 10(k + 1) = 6 z2 (loge (3) + loge (4))2
=
z(loge (3) + loge (4))2
6 =z
log 10(k + 1) =
5 OR
z z
k+1=
6
10 5 x= and y =
log12 3 log12 4
6 z2
k = 10 5 − 1 xy =
log12 3 log12 4
z z
x+y= +
8 4e3x = 287 log12 3 log12 4
287 z(log12 3 + log12 4)
e3x = =
4 log12 3 log12 4
 287  xy
3x = loge Therefore =z
4 x+y
1  287 
x = loge
3 4

210
11 2 log2 12 + 3 log2 5 − log2 15 − log2 150 so the horizontal asymptote is y = 5 and
= log2 (122 × 53 ) − log2 (15 × 150) therefore b = 5.
Now find when y = 0, i.e.
24 × 32 × 53 e2x − 6e x + 5 = 0
= log2
32 × 53 × 2
(e x − 1)(e x − 5) = 0
= log2 8
e x = 1, 5
=3
x = 0, loge 5
x = 0 corresponds to the intercept
12 a log p 7 + log p k = 0 (0, 0), so x = loge 5 corresponds to the
log p 7k = 0 intercept (a, 0). Thus a = loge 5.
7k = 1
1 16 3 x = ekx
k=
7 x loge (3) = kx for all x
b 4 logq 3 + 2 logq 2 − logq 144 = 2 k = loge (3)
34 × 22
logq =2
144 1
17 a f −1 (x) = loge (x + 4),
34 × 22 3
= q2 dom f −1 = (−4, ∞)
144
3 1
q= b −4
2 3x + 4

13 ln y = a + b ln x
18 f (27) = 27
ln y − b ln x = a
k log3 (27) = 27
y
ln b = a 3k = 27
x
y
= ea k=9
xb
y = ea xb
19 a x3 − 3x2 − 6x + 8 = 0

14 The range of f is the range of a (x − 1)(x2 − 2x − 8) = 0

complete log function, which is R. So (x − 1)(x − 4)(x + 2) = 0
the domain of f −1 is R.
x = 1 or x = 4 or x = −2

b e x = 1 or e x = 4 or e x = −2
15 y = f (x) = e2x − 3ke x + 5
Hence x = 0 or x = loge (4)
(0, 0): 1 − 3k + 5 = 0, so k = 2
Hence y = e2x − 6e x + 5.
x → −∞, e2x − 6e x + 5 → 0 + 0 + 5 = 5,

211
 a a
20 a Domain of f ◦ g = domain of g = R 22 eloge 2 − e− loge 2 + 1 = 0
f ◦ g(x) = loge (2x2 + 4) a 2
Range = [loge (4), ∞) − +1=0
2 a
b Domain of h−1 = [loge (4), ∞) a2 − 4 + 2a = 0
Consider a2 + 2a − 4 = 0
x = loge (2y2 + 4) √
−2 ± 4 + 16
a=
e x = 2y2 + 4 2
√
2y2 = e x − 4 = −1 ± 5
√
ex − 4 ∴ a = −1 + 5
y =
2
2
r
ex − 4
y=− 23 logab x =
loga (x)
2 loga (ab)
r
ex − 4 loga (x)
h−1 (x) = − =
2 loga (a) + loga (b)
Range of h−1 = R−
loga (x)
=
1 + loga b)
21 Let g(x) = 2 x and f (x) = x2 − 12x + 32 1 − log14 (2) log14 14 − log14 (2)
=
log1 42 log14 2
a f (g(x)) = 0 log14 7
=
22x − 12 × 2 x + 32 = 0 log14 2
(2 x − 8)(2 x − 4) = 0 = log2 7
x = 3 or x = 2
24
b g( f (x)) = 1 [ f (x)]2 + [g(x)]2 = 5
2
2 x −12x+32 = 1 (e x + e−x )2 + (e x − e−x )2 = 5
x2 − 12x + 32 = 0 e2x + 2 + e−2x + e2x − 2 + e−2x = 5
x = 4 or x = 8 2e2x + 2e−2x = 5
c 2e4x + 2 = 5e2x
f (g−1 (x)) = 0 2e4x − 5e2x + 2 = 0
(log2 x)2 − 12 log2 (x) + 32 = 0 (2e2x − 1)(e2x − 2) = 0
log2 (x) = 4 or log2 (x) = 8 1 1
x = − loge (2) or x = loge (2)
x = 2 or x = 2
4 8 2 2
x = 16 or x = 256

212
25 a Let y = 3 x and y0 = 3 x +2 − 2 1
0 
Intersect at − log3 4,
Rearranging the second equation 4
y0 + 2 = 3 x +2
0
c Let x = 3y+2 − 2
Therefore we can write: y = log3 (x + 2) − 2
x = x0 + 2 and y = y0 + 2 f −1 : (−2, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) =
Hence x0 = x − 2 and y0 = y − 2 log3 (x + 2) − 2
c = d = −2

b 3 x+2 − 2 = 3 x 26 a f (−x) = f (x)

9 × 3x − 3x = 2
b 2(eu + e−u )
8 × 3x = 2
1 c 0
3 =
x
4
d e2u + e−2u
x = − log3 (4)
When x = − log3 4, e g(−x) = −g(x)
1
y = 3− log3 4 =
4 f 2e x , 2e−x , e2x − e−2x

213
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 C 4 logb x2 = logb 16 + 8 6 C 34 log3 x+log3 4x
= logb 24 + 8 = 3log3 x +log3 4x
4

= 4 logb 2 + 8 = 3log3 4x
5

(x)2 = 4x5
4 logb =8
2
x2 7 B Using the ‘solve’ command CAS
logb =2 calculator gives x = 0.2755 . . ., so
2
x2 x ≈ 0.28.
= b2
2
8 A The graph is translated 3 units in
x2 = 2b2
√ the negative direction of the y axis
x = ± 2b ∴ b = −3
When x = 0, y = 0
2 D loge 4e3x ∴ 0 = ae0 − 3
= loge 4 + loge e3x 0=a−3
= loge 4 + 3x a=3

3 B 3 log3 (x − 4) 9 C f : R+ → R, f (x) = log5 x

= x−4 (5, 0)
4 E The Functions g and h here the 0 , log5 5
same domain of R\{−1}, so B = C. 0,1
It follows that either option D or E The graph does not pass through the
Must be true. point (5,0).
Now range (g) = R\{0}.
Using a CAS calculator to plot 10 D 3 log2 x − 7 log2 (x − 1) = 2 + log2 y
the graph of h shows that range x3
(h) , R\{0}. log2 = 2 + log2 y
(x − 1)7
x3
5 A As x = 5 log2 − log2 y = 2
(x − 1)7
log10 (5k − 3) = 2
x3
5k − 3 = 10 2 log2 =2
y(x − 1)7
5k = 103 x3
= 22
103 y(x − 1)7
k=
5 x3
y=
4(x − 1)7

214
11 A e2x − 12 = −e x 15 B Consider
e2x + e x − 12 = 0 x = e3y+4

(e x + 4)(e x − 3) = 0 3y + 4 = loge (x)

∴ ex = 3 3y = loge (x) − 4
1
x = loge (3) y = (loge (x) − 4)
3
1
12 C f (x) = (loge (x) − 4)
−1
3
Domain of f −1 = range of
13 C
f = (e4 , ∞)
14 D
16 D f (6x) = 2 loge (18x) = loge (324x2 )
f (6x) = f (y) ⇒ y = 324x2

215
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 The temperature, T ◦ C, of a liquid x minutes after it begins to cool is given by
T = 90(0.98) x

a When x = 10
T = 90(0.98)10
= 73.5366

b When T = 27
27 = 90(0.98) x
27
= 10.98 x
90
0.3 = 0.98 x
∴ loge (0.3) = x loge (0.98)
loge (0.3)
∴ x=
loge (0.98)
= 59.5946

2 Let P denote the population of the village in years after 1800.

P = 240(1.06)n
When n = 0, P = 240

a When n = 20
P = 240(1.06)20 = 769.71
At the beginning of 1820 the population is approximately 770.

b If P = 2500
2500 = 240(1.06)n
2500
= (1.06)n
240
125
i.e. = (1.06)n
12
Taking logarithms
 125  of both sides
loge = n log(1.06)
12
 125 
loge
12
∴ n=
loge (1.06)
= 40.217
The population will reach 2500 in the year 1840.

216
3 V = ke−λt

a as V = 22 497 when t = 0
k = 22 497
After one year the value of the car is $18 000
∴ Take logarithms, base e of both sides.
loge 18 000 = loge (22 497)λ
 22 497 
∴ λ = loge
18 000
≈ 0.223
≈ 0.22 (correct to two decimal places)

b V = 22 497e−0.22×3
when t = 3
V = 22 497e−0.22×3
= 11 627.60
The value is $11 627.6 after 3 years. (This is obtained by taking λ = 0.22)

4 $M is the value of a particular house in a certain area t years after January lst 1988.

a It is given that M = Ae−pt

and when t = 0, M = $65 000
∴ A = 65 000
Furthermore when t = 1, M = 61 000
∴ 61 000 = 65 000e−p
61
∴ = e−p
65
 61 
and − p = loge
65
 65 
i.e. p = loge
61
p = 0.635
∴ A = 65 000 and p = 0.064 to two significant figures.

b M = 65 000e−pt
When t = 5
M = 65 000e−5p
= 47 199.687
To the nearest hundred the value is $47 200

217
5 a NA (t) = 10 000 + 1 000t y
NC (t) = 8 000 + 3 × 2 t

1000 t
0000 +
y=1

y = 8000 + 3 × 2t
t
0 15

b i Using intersect from the CALC menu the point of intersection of the two graphs
has coordinates (12.21, 22209.62)

ii t = 12.21 i.e. on Jan 13

iii 22 210

c i 10 000 + 100t = 8000 + 3 × 2t

∴ 2000 + 1000t = 3 × 2t
2000 + 1000t
∴ = 2t
3
 2000 + 1000t 
∴ log10 = t log10 2
3
2 + t
∴ log10 1000 + log10 = t log10 2
3
1   2 + t 
∴ t= 3 + log10
log10 2 3

ii (12.21, 12.21) is found by

d Nc (15) = NA (15)
∴ 8000 + c × 215 = 10 000 + 1000 × 15
∴ c × 215 = 17 000
∴ c = 0.52

6 n = A(1 − e−Bt )

a i When t = 2, n = 10 000 and when t = 4, n = 15 000

10 000 = A(1 − e−2B ) (1)
and 15 000 = A(1 − e−4B ) (2)
Divide (2) by (1)

218
 3 A(1 − e−4B )
=
2 A(1 − e−2B )
∴ 3(1 − e−2B ) = 2(1 − e−4B )
∴ 3 − 3e−2B = 2 − 2e−4B
∴ 1 + 2e−4B − 3e−2B = 0

ii Let a = e−2B
Then 1 + 2a2 − 3a = 0
i.e. 2a2 − 3a + 1 = 0

iii ∴ (2a − 1)(a − 1) = 0

1
∴a= or a = 1
2
1
iv ∴ e−2B = or e−2B = 1
2  
1
∴ −2B = loge or −2B = 0
2
1
∴ B = loge 2 or B = 0, and then A ∈ R+ and n = 0 for any A.
2
v Substitute in (1) 
10 000 = A 1 − e− loge 2
 1
10 000 = A 1 − e loge 2

1
10 000 = A
2
∴ A = 20 000

b n

20 000

t
0
 
1
 − 2 loge 2 
c 18 000 = 20 000 1 − e
 1
18 000 = 20 000 1 − 2 −2

219
 9 1
∴ = 1 − 2− 2
10
1
∴ 2− 2 = 0.1
t
− loge 2 = loge 0.1
2
2 loge 10
∴ t= ≈ 6.644
loge 2
After 6.65 hours the population is 18 000

7 P = 75(10−0.15h )

a When h = 0, P = 75
The barometric pressure is 75 cm of mercury when h = 0.

b When h = 10, P = 75 × 10−1.5 = 2.3717

The barometric pressure is 2.37 cm when h = 10.

c When P = 60
60 = 75 × 10−0.15h
∴ 0.8 = 10−0.15h
∴ log10 (0.8) = −0.15h
−1
∴ h= log10 (0.8)
0.15
= 0.646 km
The barometric pressure is 60 cm of mercury then h = 0.646.

8 A = A0 ekt
When t = 1, a = 60.7
When t = 6, a = 5
Consider the equations
60.7 = A0 ekt (1)
5 = A0 ekt (2)
Divide 2 by 1
50
= e5k
607
1  50 
∴ k = loge ≈ −0.4993 ≈ −0.5
5 607
Substitute in (1)

220
  50  1
5
60.7 = A0
607
 607  1
5
∴ A0 = 60.7 × ≈ 100.007 ≈ 100
50
9 a x Note: When t = 0, x = 8(1 − 1) = 0
As t → ∞, e−0.2t → 0 ∴ x → 8

x=8

t
0
b i When t = 0, x = 8(1 − 1) = 0 Amount reacted after 0 min is 0 gram

ii When t = 2, x = 8(1 − e−04 ) ≈ 2.64 Amount reacted after 2 min is ≈ 2.64 gram

iii When t = 10, x = 8(1 − e−2 ) ≈ 6.92 Amount reacted after 10 min is ≈ 6.92
gram

c When x = 7, 7 = 8(1 − e−02×t )

0.875 = 1 − e−0.2t
e−0.2t = 0.125
−0.2t = loge (0.125)
t = −5 loge (0.125)
= 5 loge 8
≈ 10.397
After 10.4 minutes there is 7 g of the substance which has reacted.

10 T − T s = (T 0 − T s )e−kt
T s = 15◦
T 0 = 96◦

a When t = 5, T = 40

221
 ∴ 40 − 15 = (96 − 15)e−5k
25 = 81e−5k
25
e−5k =
81
25
−5k = loge
81
1 25
k = − loge
5 81
≈ 0.235

b When t = 10  
1 25
5 loge 81 ×10
T − 15 = (96 − 15)e
 25 2
i.e. T − 15 = 81 ×
81
T = 22.716
The temperature of the egg is 22.7◦ C when t = 10.

c When T = 30  
1 25
5 loge 81
30 − 15 = (96 − 15)e
t
15  25  5
=
81 81
5  25  t
5
i.e. =
27 81
5
loge
27 t
∴  25  =
5
loge
81
∴ t ≈ 7.17
The egg reaches a temperature of 30◦ C after 7.17 minutes.





 20e0.2t 0 ≤ t ≤ 50
11 N(t) =  50 < t ≤ 70

 10
20e

+ 1) t > 70

 10
10e (e
 70−t

222
a N(t)

20e10

10e10
y = 10e10
(0, 20)
t
0 50 70

b i N(10) = 20e0.2×10 (0 ≤ t ≤ 50)

= 20e2
≈ 147.78

ii N(40) = 20e0.2×40 (0 ≤ t ≤ 50)

= 20e8
≈ 59 619.16

iii N(60) = 20e10 (50 < t ≤ 70)

≈ 440 529.32

iv N(80) = 10e10 (e70−80 + 1)(t > 70)

= 10e10 (e−10 + 1)
= 10(1 + e10 )
≈ 220 274.66

c i Considering the graph

N = 2968 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 50
∴ 2968 = 20.e0.2t
148.4 = e0.2t
∴ t = 5 loge (148.4)
= 24.99955
After 25 days the population is 2968.

223
ii For N = 21 932, 0 ≤ t ≤ 50. This can be seen from the graph above.
21 932 = 20.e0.2t
1096.6 = e0.2t
∴ t = 5 loge (1096.6)
≈ 34.9998
After 35 days the population is 21932.

224