Calculus (SMD 001 U 1M) End-Sem Solutions
Calculus (SMD 001 U 1M) End-Sem Solutions
End-Sem Solutions
Department of Mathematics, IIT Jammu, India
Marks: 45
Time: 3 : 00 PM to 5 : 00 PM
• You can refer to the Tutorial problems, class notes or book (write
name with page number), if you are using it. Otherwise, it will not
be considered.
1
1. Let { an } be a sequence of real numbers such that
7
| a n +1 − a n | < | a n − a n −1 | .
8
Prove that { an } is convergent (give details). (5 Marks)
Sol.
7
| a3 − a2 | < | a2 − a1 |
8
7 7 2
| a4 − a3 | < | a3 − a2 | < | a2 − a1 |
8 8
7 n −1
and in general | an+1 − an | < | a2 − a1 |.
8
Therefore
| a n + m − a n | ≤ | a n + m − a n + m −1 | + · · · + | a n +1 − a n |
n 7 n+m−2 7 n −1 o
< +···+ | a n − a n −1 |
8 8
7 n −1 n 7 m−1 o
< | a2 − a1 | +···+1
8 8
7 n −1 1
< | a2 − a1 | .
8 1 − 78
Now
| an+m − an | < ε.
2
2 Discuss the convergence of the following series.
∞ 1
1. ∑ cos n100
. (2.5 Marks)
n =1
∞
n!
2. ∑ n n 2n
. (2.5 Marks)
n =1
(2) Let an = n!
n n 2n . Then an > 0 for all n ∈ N, and
a n +1 ( n + 1) ! n n 2n n n 1
= = .
an (n + 1)n+1 2n+1 n n! n+1 2
1
Therefore limn→∞ ( an+1 /an ) = 2e < 1.
By ratio test, ∑∞
n=1 an converges.
(n!)1/n (n · n · · · n)1/n 1
( an )1/n = < = .
2n 2n 2
n! 1
0< n n
< n.
n 2 2
3
3 For any integer n > 2, show that f ( x ) = x n − ax − b can have at most
three distinct roots in R. (5 Marks)
y1 ∈ ( x1 , x2 ), y2 ∈ ( x2 , x3 ), y3 ∈ ( x3 , x4 )
We arroved at a contradiction.
4
4. Determine the points a ∈ R at which the functions f ( x ) = | cos( x )|
and g( x ) = cos(| x |) are (write details). (5 Marks)
x 7→ cos( x ) 7→ | cos( x )|
f ( a + h) − f ( a) | cos( a + h)| − 0
lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
| cos(nπ + π2 + h)|
= lim
h →0 h
n
|(−1) cos( π2 + h)|
= lim
h →0 h
n
|(−1) (−1) sin(h)
= lim .
h →0 h
For fixed n, the limit on the right side does not exist. Hence | cos( x )|
is not differentiable at a = nπ + π
2 for n ∈ Z.
x 7→ | x | 7→ cos(| x |)
g (0 + h ) − g (0) cos(|h|) − 1
lim = lim
h →0 h h →0
h
cos h−1
lim if h < 0
h →0− −h
=
limh→0+ cos h−1
if h > 0
h
and clearly, the last two limits are unequal, so cos(| x |) is not differ-
entiable at 0.
5
5. (a) Let Let f : [−1, 1] → R be a continuous function and let
Z 1
an = tn f (t)dt.
−1
(b) Let
1 if x ∈ Q
f (x) =
−1 if x ∈ R \ Q.
Consider bn .
Therefore Z 1
M
| bn | ≤ tn Mdt = .
0 n+1
Thus, bn → 0 as n → ∞.
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(b) Let [ a, b] be any interval in R.
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6. Let f : [0, 1] → [0, ∞) be a continuous function. Then show that
Z 1
f ( x ) dx > 0 if and only if there exists at least one point x0 ∈ [0, 1]
0
such that f ( x0 ) > 0. (5 Marks)
n−1
1 1
A n = f (0) + f +···+ f .
n n n
Z 1
Now f ( x ) dx > 0, which implies that limn→∞ An > 0. From the
0
expression of An , f ni > 0 for some i ∈ {0, 1, . . . , n − 1}.
f ( x0 )
f (x) > for all x ∈ [0, ε). ( Prob.3, Tut.4)
2
Z 1 Z 1 Z ε Z 1
⇒ f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx
x0 0 0 ε
f ( x0 )
> ε+0 > 0
2
8
7. Define f : [1, ∞) → R by
h i
1, if x ∈ n, n + 1
for n ∈ N
2n
f (x) =
0,
otherwise
Z ∞
Then show that the improper integral f ( x ) dx converges to 1 but the
1
series ∑∞
n=1 f ( n ) is divergent. (5 Marks)
1 1
n+ n
≤ t ≤ ( n + 1 ) + n +1 .
2 2
Since f is non-negative function, so
Z n+ 1n Z t Z (n+1)+ 1
2 2n +1
f ( x )dx ≤ f ( x )dx ≤ f ( x )dx
1 1
Z t 1
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ +···+ n ≤ f ( x )dx ≤ + · · · + n + n +1 .
2 2 1 2 2 2
Now t → ∞ if and only if n → ∞ and the two sequences in the last
inequality converge to 1 as n → ∞. Therefore
Z t
lim f ( x )dx = 1.
t→∞+ 1
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8. Determine if the following function is continuous at (0, 0).
x sin( x ) sin(y)
if ( x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y2
0 otherwise.
(5 Marks)
x sin( x ) sin(y)
| f ( x, y)| =
x 2 + y2
| x2 | · |y|
≤ 2
| x + y2 |
≤ |y| (since | x2 |/(| x2 | + |y2 |) ≤ 1).
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| xy|
9. Let f ( x, y) = p .
x 2 + y2 + 1
∂f ∂f
1. Does (0, 0) and (0, 0) exist? (2.5 Marks)
∂x ∂y
2. Is f differentiable at (0, 0)? (2.5 Marks)
Sol. (1)
∂f f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
(0, 0) = lim
∂x h →0 h
0−0
= lim = 0.
h →0 h
∂f
Since f is symmetric in x and y, so ∂y (0, 0) =0
|hk|
lim √ √ ≤ lim |k|
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2 + 1 h2 + k 2 (h,k)→(0,0)
√ √
since |h|/ h2 + k2 ≤ 1 and 1/( h2 + k2 + 1) ≤ 1.
It follows that the above limit is 0, so f is differentiable at (0, 0).
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10. Let f , g : R → R be two times-differentiable functions, and let u :
R2 → R be given by
u( x, t) := f ( x + t) + g( x − t).
∂2 u ∂2 u
( x, t ) − ( x, t) = 0 for ( x, t) ∈ R2
∂t2 ∂x2
(5 Marks)
Sol. We have
u( x, t) = f ( x + t) + g( x − t).
By Chain Rule,
∂u ∂( x + t) ∂( x − t)
( x, t) = f 0 ( x + t) + g0 ( x − t)
∂x ∂x ∂x
= f 0 ( x + t) + g0 ( x − t)
∂2 u ∂( x + t) ∂( x − t)
so 2
( x, t) = f 00 ( x + t) + g00 ( x − t)
∂x ∂x ∂x
= f 00 ( x + t) + g00 ( x − t).
Similarly,
∂u ∂( x + t) ∂( x − t)
( x, t) = f 0 ( x + t) + g0 ( x − t)
∂t ∂t ∂t
= f 0 ( x + t) − g0 ( x − t)
∂2 u ∂( x + t) ∂( x − t)
and 2
( x, t) = f 00 ( x + t) − g00 ( x − t)
∂t ∂t ∂t
= f 00 ( x + t) + g00 ( x − t).
It follows that
∂2 u ∂2 u
( x, t) − 2 ( x, t) = 0 for ( x, t) ∈ R2
∂t2 ∂x
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11. Find the point on the line passing through (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0) that is
closest to the line through (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1). (5 Marks)
d2 = (1 − t − s )2 + ( t − s )2 + s2
= (1 − (t + s))2 + (t − s)2 + s2
= 1 − 2(t + s) + (t2 + 2ts + s2 ) + (t2 − 2ts + s2 ) + s2
= 2t2 + 3s2 − 2t − 2s + 1.
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12. Find the extreme values of the function f ( x, y) = x3 − x + y2 − 2y on
the closed triangular region with vertices at (−1, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 2).
(5 Marks)
• (0, 2)
(− 12 , 1) ( 1 , 1)
• •2
(−1, 0) • • (1, 0)
√
Since 22 > 3, so 2 > 3, i.e. √1 > 21 . Hence the point ( √13 , 1) is
3
outside the triangle. By symmetry around (0, 0) of the triangle, the
point (− √1 , 1) is also outside the triangle.
3
Thus, f has no critical points in the interior of triangle, so the maxi-
mum and minimum values of f will be on the boundary of triangle.
y
The line joining (1, 0) and (0, 2) is x + 2 = 1 i.e. y = 2 − 2x.
y
The line joining (−1, 0) and (0, 2) is − x + 2 = 1 i.e. −2x + y = 2.
Case 1. The line y = 2 − 2x. On this line,
f ( x, y) = x3 − x + (2 − 2x )2 − 2(2 − 2x ) = x3 − x + 4x2 − 4x =: g( x )
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Case 2. The line y = 2 + 2x. On this line,
f ( x, y) = x3 − x + (2 + 2x )2 − 2(2 + 2x ) = x3 − x + 4x2 + 4x =: h( x )
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