Chapter 4 – A gallery of graphs

Solutions to Exercise 4A
1 1
1 a y = ; asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0 e y = + 2; asymptotes at x = 0
x x
y and y = 2 x-intercept where
1 1
y = + 2 = 0, ∴ x = −
x 2
y
(1, 1)
x
0

2
x
2 0
b y = ; asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0
x
y
1
f y = − 3; asymptotes at x = 0 and
x
(1, 2) y = −3 x-intercept where
1 1
0
x y = − 2 = 0, ∴ x =
x 3
y

1 x
c y = ; asymptotes at x = 0 and 0
2x –3
y=0
y

2
1, 1
2
g y = − 4; asymptotes at x = 0 and
x
0
x y = −4 x-intercept where
2 1
y = − 4 = 0, ∴ x =
x 2
y

3
d y = − ; asymptotes at x = 0 and
x
y=0 0
x
y
–4

x
0
(1, –3)

148
 1 1
h y = − + 5; k y= + 3;
2x x+1
asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 5 asymptotes at x = −1 and y = 3
x-intercept where x-intercept where
1 1
y = − + 5 = 0. ∴ x = 0.1 y= +3=0
2x x+1
y
1
∴ = −3
x+1
1
∴ x+1= −
5 3
4
x ∴x= −
0 3
y-intercept where
1
1 y= +3=4
i y= ; asymptotes at x = 1 and 0+1
x−1 y
y=0
1
y-intercept where y = = −1
0−1
y
4
3
x
0
–1

0
x
–1 1 2
l y=− − 4;
x−3
asymptotes at x = 3 and y = −4
2
1 x-intercept where y = − −4=0
j y=− ; x−3
x+2 2
Asymptotes at x = −2 and y = 0 ∴ = −4
1 1 x−3
y-intercept where y = − =− 1
0+2 2 ∴ x−3= −
y 2
5
∴x=
2
y-intercept where
0 2 10
x
–2 y=− −4=−
– 12
0−3 3
y

0 3
x
–3 13

–4

2 Answers given in question 1

149
 1 y
3 a The graph of y = can be
3x + 6 x = -2
obtained by translating the graph of
1
y= two units to the left. 0 x
3x
The equations of the asymptotes are (0, - 1 )
4
x = −2 and y = 0.
1
When x = 0, y =
6
y 1
d The graph of y = can be
2x + 1
obtained by translating the graph of
x = -2 (0, 1)
6 1
x y= half a unit to the left.
0 2x
The equations of the asymptotes are
1
x = − and y = 0.
2
When x = 0, y = 1
3 y
b The graph of y = can be
2x + 4
obtained by translating the graph of x = -1
3 2 (0, 1)
y= two units to the left. x
2x 0
The equations of the asymptotes are
x = −2 and y = 0.
3
When x = 0, y =
4
y
1 1
4 a = .
3x + 1 3(x + 13 )
x = -2 (0, 3)
4 1
x Translate the graph of y = one
0 3x
third of a unit to the left.
When x = 0, y = 1
Theequations of the asymptotes are
1
c The graph of y =
−1
can be x = − and y = 0
2x + 4 3
y
obtained by translating the graph of
−1
y= two units to the left. x = -1
2x 3 (0, 1)
The equations of the asymptotes are x
0
x = −2 and y = 0.
1
When x = 0, y = −
4

1
b Translate the graph of y = one
3x + 1
unit in the negative direcion of the
y-axis.

150
 When x = 0, y = 0 2
d Reflect the graph of y = in the
1 3x + 1
When y = 0, −1=0 x axis. When x = 0, y = −2
3x + 1
1 The equation of the asymptotes are
−1=0 1 1
3x + 1 x = − and y = − .
1 3 3
=1 y
3x + 1
3x + 1 = 1 x = -1
3
x=0 0 x
The equations of the asymptotes are (0, -2)
1
x = − and y = −1.
3
y
x = -1 −2
3 e Translate the graph of y =
3x + 1
(0, 0) four units in the negative direcion of
x
0 the y-axis.
y = -1
When x = 0, y = −6
2
When y = 0, − −4=0
3x + 1
1 2
c Reflect the graph of y = in − −4=0
3x + 1 3x + 1
the x axis and translate the image, 1
1 − =2
y=− one unit in the negative 3x + 1
3x + 1
direcion of the y-axis. 6x + 2 = −1
When x = 0, y = −2 1
1 x=−
When y = 0, − −1=0 2
3x + 1 The equation of the asymptotes are
1 1
− −1=0 x = − and y = −4.
3x + 1 3
y
1
− =1 x = -1
3x + 1 3
0 x
3x + 1 = −1
2 y = –4
x=−
3 (0, -6)
The equation of the asymptotes are
1
x = − and y = −1.
3 −2
y f Translate the graph of y =
3x + 1
x = -1 three units in the positive direcion of
3
-2 the y-axis.
3 x
0 When x = 0, y = 1
y = -1 2
(0, -2) When y = 0, − +3=0
3x + 1

151
 2 3 3 1
− +3=0 h = =
3x + 1 3x + 4 3(x + 3 ) 3x +
4 4
3
2 1
=3 Translate the graph of y = four
3x + 1 x
thirds units in the negative direcion of
9x + 3 = 2
the x-axis and one unit in the negative
1
x=− direction of the y-axis.
9 1
The equation of the asymptotes are When x = 0, y = −
1 4
x = − and y = 3. 3
3 When y = 0, −1=0
y 3x + 4
3
−1=0
3x + 4
y=3 3
=1
x = -1 (0, 1) 3x + 4
3
x
0 3x + 4 = 3
1
x=−
3
2 2 The equation of the asymptotes are
g = 4
3x + 2 3(x + 32 ) x = − and y = −1.
2 3
Translate the graph of y = two y
3x
thirds units in the negative direcion of
the x-axis and one unit in the negative x = -4
3 0
direction of the y-axis. x
When x = 0, y = 0 y = -1
2
When y = 0, −1=0
3x + 2
2
−1=0
3x + 2 4
2 5 RHS = +1
=1 x−1
3x + 2 4+x−1
3x + 2 = 2 =
x−1
x=0 x+3
=
The equation of the asymptotes are x−1
2 = LHS
x = − and y = −1.
3 y
y

y=1
x=- 2 x
3 0
0 x x=1

y = -1

152
 1 8 a
6 RHS = +2
x+1
1 + 2(x + 1)
=
x+1
2x + 3
=
x+1
= LHS
y

y=2 b
0 x
x = -1

1
RHS = − −2
x−2
−1 − 2(x − 2)
= c
x−2
7 −1 − 2x + 4
=
x−2
3 − 2x
=
x−2
= LHS
y

x=2

x
0
y = -2

153
Solutions to Exercise 4B

1 a y=
1 y
(x + 3)2
Asymptotes at x = −3 and y = 0
1 1
y-intercept where y = =
(0 + 3) 2 9
y
0 2
x
– 41
1
9
x
–3 0 1
d y= +3
(x − 1)2
Asymptotes at x = 1 and y = 3
1
No x-intercepts: + 3 > 0 for
(x − 1)2
1
b y= 2 −4 all x
x 1
Asymptotes at y = −4 and x = 0 y-intercept where y = + 3=4
(0 − 1)2
1 y
x-intercept where y = 2 − 4 = 0
x
1 1
∴x = , ∴x=±
2
4 2
y
4
0 3
x x
0 1
–4
1
e y= −4
2(x + 3)2
Asymptotes at x = −3 and y = −4
1 1
c y=− x-intercepts: y = −4=0
(x − 2)2 2(x + 3)2
Asymptotes at x = 2 and y = 0 ∴
1
=8
y-intercept where y = −
1
= (x + 3)2
(0 − 2)2 1√
1 ∴ x+3=± 2
− 4
4 1√
∴ x = −3 ± 2
4
1 71
y-intercept at −4=−
2(0 + 3) 2 18

154
 y y-intercept at
3
−6=−
17
(0 + 3) 2 3
y
0
x –3
–3 x
0
–4 –5 23

–6

2
f y=− +1
(x − 2)2
Asymptotes at x = 2 and y = 1 h y=−
1
+2
2 (x − 4)2
x-intercepts: y = − +1=0 Asymptotes at x = 4 and y = 2
(x − 2)2
1 1 1
∴ = x-intercepts: y = − +2=0
(x − 2) 2 2 (x − 4)2
√ 1
∴ x−2=± 2 ∴ =2
(x − 4)2
√ √
∴ x=2± 2 2
2 1 ∴ x−4=±
y-intercept at − +1= 2
(0 − 2) 2 2 √
y 2
∴ x =4±
2
1 31
y-intercept at − 2
+2=
(0 − 4) 16
y

1
1
2 x
0 2
2
15
3 1 16
g y= −6 x
(x + 3)2 0 4
Asymptotes at x = −3 and y = −6
3
x-intercepts: y = −6=0
(x + 3)2 2 Answers given in Question 1.
1
∴ =2
(x + 3)2
√ 1
± 2 3 a When x = 0, y =
∴ x+3= 36
2
√ Asymptotes at x = −2 and y = 0
2
∴ x = −3 ±
2

155
 y 1
c When x = 0, y = −
16
Asymptotes at x = −2 and y = 0
y
(0, 1 )
36
x
0 0
x = -2 x
x = -2 (0, – 1 )
16

3
b When x = 0, y =
16
Asymptotes at x = −2 and y = 0
y

(0, 3 )
16
x
0
x = -2

156
Solutions to Exercise 4C
y y
1 a d
( 10, − 10(
2 (3, 2) x
0
x
0 3 7
The graph of y2 = x is translated 3 The graph of y2 = x is dilated by a
units to the right and 2 units up. 1
factor of from the y-axis and then
When y = 0, x = 7 2
translated 5 units left. The vertex is at
b y (−5, 0). To find the y-axis intercepts,
let x = 0:
x
0 y2 = 2(5) ⇒ y = ±10
(−4, −2)
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:
−4
02 = 2(x + 5) ⇒ x = −5
The graph of y = x is translated
2

4 units left and 2 units down. The e y

vertex is at (−4, −2). To find the 4+ 6

y-axis intercepts, let x = 0: 4
(−3, 4)
(y + 2)2 = 4 ⇒ y = −4 or 0 4− 6
x
0 5

To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0: The graph of y2 = x is dilated by a

1
factor of from the y-axis, translated
(y + 2)2 = x + 4 ⇒ x = 0 2
3 units left and four units up. The
y vertex is at (−3, 4).
c
When x = 0
(1, 2) √
(y − 4)2 = 2(3) ⇒ y = 4 ± 6
x
0
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:
(−4)2 = 2(x + 3) ⇒ x = 5
The graph of y = xis dilated by2
1 y
a factor of from the y-axis. The f
2 x
vertex is at (0, 0). To find the y-axis 0 8

intercepts, let x = 0:
(0, −4)

y = 2(0) ⇒ y = 0
2

The graph of y2 = x is dilated by a

To find the x-axis intercept, let 1
factor of from the y-axis and 2
2
y = 0 : (0)2 = 2x ⇒ x = 0 translated 4 units down. The vertex

157
 is at (0, −4). To find the y-axis i y

intercepts, let x = 0: 2 2 −2
x
−2 0
(y + 4)2 = 2(0) ⇒ y = −4 (−4, −2)
−2

−2−2 2
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:
(y + 4)2 = 2x → x = 8 Complete the square on the left hand
side and then factorise the right hand
g y
side: y2 + 4y = 2x + 4 The

0 13
x y2 + 4y + 4 = 2x + 8
2
(2, −3) (y + 2)2 = 2(x + 4)
graph of y2 = x is dilated by a factor
1
Factorise the righthand side first: of from the y-axis, translatedï£ij 4
2
units left and 2 units down.The vertex
(y + 3)2 = 2(x − 2)
is at (−4, −2). To find the y-axis
The graph of y2 = x is dilated by a intercepts, let x = 0:
1 √
factor of from the y-axis, translated (y + 2)2 = 2(4) → y = −2 ± 2
2
2 units right and 3 units down. The
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:
vertex is at (2, −3). To find the y-axis
intercepts, let x = 0: (2)2 2 = 2(x + 4) ⇒ x = −2

(y + 3)2 = 2(−2) j y

which means that there is no y- 0

x
intercept. To find the x-axis intercept, 3
(−3, −3) −3 2
lety = 0:
−3− 6
(3) = 2(x − 2) ⇒ y = 6.5
2
Move all the y terms to the left hand
h y side and all the x terms to the right
( )
1, 1
2
hand side.
y2 + 6y − 2x + 3 = 0
x
0
y2 + 6y = 2x − 3
Complete the square on the left hand
The graph of y2 = x is dilated by side and then factorise the right hand
a factor of 2 from the y-axis. The side:
vertex is at (0, 0). To find the y-axis y2 + 6y = 2x − 3
intercepts, let x = 0: y2 + 6y + 9 = 2x + 6
y2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0 (y + 3)2 = 2(x + 3)
The graph of y2 = x is dilated by a
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:
factor of 1 from the y-axis, translated
02 = x ⇒ x = 0 3 units left and 3 units down. The

158
 vertex is at (−3, −3). l y

To find the y-axis intercepts, let 0 x

x = 0:
√
(
− 37 , − 7
20 2 ) −7
2

(y + 3)2 = 2(3) ⇒ y = −3 ± 6 − 7 − 37
2 2
Move all the y terms to the left hand
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:
side and all the x terms to the right
(3)2 = 2(x + 3) ⇒ x = 1.5 hand side.
y2 + 7y − 5x + 3 = 0
y
k y2 + 7y = 5x − 3
Complete the square on the left hand
0 x side and then factorise the right hand
( )
− 1 , − 1 −1
4 2 side:
y2 + 7y = 5x − 3
Move all the y terms to the left-hand !2
7 37
side and all the x terms to the y + 7y +
2
= 5x +
2 4
right-hand side. !2 !
y2 + y − x = 0 y+
7
=5 x+
37
2 20
y2 + y = x
The graph of y2 = x is dilated by a
Complete the square on the left hand 1
side. factor of from the y-axis, translated
5
y2 + y = x 37 7
units left and down.
!2 !2 20 2
1 1
!
37 7
y +y+
2
= x+ The vertex is at − . − .
2 2 20 2
!2 To find the y-axis intercepts, let x = 0
1 1
y+ = x+ √
2 4 7
!2
37
!
7 37
1 y+ =5 ⇒y=− ±
The graph of y2 = x is translated 2 20 2 2
4
1
units left and units down. The
2 To find the x-axis intercept,let y = 0:
!
1 1
ï£ijï£ijvertex is at − , − . 7
!2
37
!
3
4 2 =5 x+ ⇒x=
To find the y-axis intercepts, let 2 20 5
x = 0:
m y
!2
1 1
y+ = ⇒ y = 0 or y = −1
2 4 x
0
To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:

The graph of y2 = x is reflected in the

!2
1 1
= x+ ⇒x=0 y axis. The vertex is at (0, 0). To find
2 4

159
 the y-axis intercepts, let x = 0: 2 a

y2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0

To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:

02 = x ⇒ x = 0

n y

0 x
(−1, −1) −1
−2 b

Move all the y terms to the left hand

side and all the x terms to the right
hand side. y2 + 2y − x = 0
y2 + 2y = x
Complete the square on the left hand
side. y2 + 2y = x
y2 + 2y + 1 = x + 1
(y + 1)2 = x + 1
The graph of y2 = x is translated 1 c
unit left and 1 unit down. The vertex
is at (−1, −1). To find they-axis
intercepts, let x = 0:

(y + 1)2 = 0 + 1 ⇒ x = 0 or x = −2

To find the x-axis intercept, let y = 0:

(1)2 = x + 1 → x = 0

160
Solutions to Exercise 4D
√
1 a y = 2 x + 3; {x : x ≥ 0} y
No x-intercept; y-intercept at (0,3)
y is defined for {y : y ≥ 3}
y 11
x
0
3 (2, –3)
x
0
√
d y = x + 2 + 1; {x :√x ≥ −2}
x-intercept at (1 + 2, 0); no
√ y-intercept.
b y = x − 2 + 3; {x : x ≥ 2} y is defined for {y : y ≥ 1}
No axis intercepts Starting point at (−2, 1)
y is defined for {y : y ≥ 3} y
Starting point at (2,3)
y
1 + √2
(–2, 1)
x
(2, 3) 0
x
0
√
e y = − x + 2 + 3; {x√ : x ≥ −2}
√ y-intercept at (3 − √2, 0)
c y = x − 2 − 3; {x√: x ≥ 2} x-intercept where − x + 2 + 3 = 0
x intercept where x − 2 − 3 = 0 √
√ ∴ x+2=3
∴ x−2=3
∴ x+2=9
∴ x−2=9
∴x=7
∴ x = 11 x-intercept at (7, 0)
x-intercept at (11,0); no y-intercept. Starting point at (−2, 3)
y is defined for {y : y ≥ −3} y defined for {y : y ≤ 3}
Starting point at (2, −3) y

(–2, 3)
3 – √2
x
0 7

161
 √ √
f y = 2 x + 2 − 3; {x√: x ≥ −2} x-intercept where −(x − 4) − 2 = 0
∴ −(x − 4) = 2
p
y-intercept at (3 − 2 √2, 0)
x-intercept where 2 x + 2 − 3 = 0 ∴ −(x − 4) = 4
√ 3
∴ x+2=
2 ∴x=0
9 x-intercept at (0, 0)
∴ x+2= Starting point at (4, −2)
4
1 y defined for {y : y ≥ −2}
∴x= y
4 1 
x-intercept at , 0
4
Starting point at (−2, −3)
y defined for {y : y ≥ −3}
y x
0
(4, –2)
1
4 √
x c y = −2 −(x + 4) − 1; {x : x ≤ −4}
0
2√2 – 3 No axis intercepts.
Starting point at (−4, −1)
(–2, –3)
y defined for {y : y ≤ −1}
y
√
2 a y = − x − 2 + 3; {x : x ≥ 2}
No y-intercept; √
x-intercept
√ where − x − 2 + 3 = 0
∴ x−2=3 x
0
∴ x−2=9 (–4, –1)
∴ x = 11
x intercept at (11,0) √
Starting point at (2,3) d y=2 3−x √
y defined for {y : y ≤ 3} When x = 0, y = 2 3
y When y = 0, x = 3
Starting point at (3, 0)
Defined for x ≤ 3 and then y ≥ 0
(2, 3) y

x
0 11
2 3

√ x
b y = −(x − 4) − 2; {x : x ≤ 4} 0 3
y-intercept at (0, 0)

162
 √ √
e y = −2 3 − x √ b y = 3(x − 1);√ x ≥ 1
When x = 0, y = −2 3 Graph of y = 3x translated 1 unit in
When y = 0, x = 3 the positive direction of the x- axis.
Starting point at (3, 0) Defined for x-axis intercept is (1, 0) y-values
x ≤ 3 and then y ≤ 0 y≥0
y y
3 x
0

-2 3
x
0 1

√ √
f y=4 3−x−4 √ c y = − 2x x ≥ 0
When x = 0, y = 4 3 − 4 y-values y ≤ 0
When y = 0, x = 2 y
Starting point at (3, −4)
Defined for x ≤ 3 and then y ≥ −4
y x
0

4 3-4

2 x
0 √
d y = − 2(3 − x) x√≤ 3
(3, -4) The graph of y = − −2x translated 3
units in the positive direction of the
√ x- axis
3 a y = 3x; x ≥ 0 x-axis intercept (3, 0)√
y-values y ≥ 0 y -axis intercept (0, 6)
y
y-values y ≥ 0
y

x 3
0 x
0

163
 √ y
e y = −2 4(2 − x) x≤2 y ≥ −4
y≤0
y
2 4 6-4
x
0 ( 5 , 0)
2
x
0
(3, -4)
-4 2

4 a
√
f y = 4 2(3 − x) − 4 x≤3 b

164
Solutions to Exercise 4E
1 a C(0, 0), r = 3 ∴ x2 + y2 = 9 y
b C(0, 0), r = 4 ∴ x2 + y2 = 16 8
c C(1, 3), r = 5
∴ (x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25 x
–8 0 8
d C(2, −4), r = 3
∴ (x − 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9 –8

5
e C(−3, 4), r = b x2 + (y − 4)2 = 9
2
25 No x-intercepts,
∴ (x + 3) + (y − 4)2 =
2
4 y-intercepts at (0,1) and (0,7)
f C(−5, −6), r = 4.6 y
∴ (x + 5)2 + (y + 6)2 = 4.62
7

2 a (x − 1)2 + (y √
− 3)2 = 4
C(1, 3), r = 4 = 2 4

b (x − 2)2 + (y +√4)2 = 5 1
C(2, −4), r = 5 x
0
c (x + 3)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9 c (x + 2)2 + y2 = 25
√
C(−3, 2), r = 9 = 3 x-intercepts at (3,0) and (−7, 0)
y
d (x + 5)2 + (y −√4)2 = 8√
C(−5, 4), r = 8 = 2 2

3 a x2 + y2 = 64 x
x-intercepts at (±8, 0) –7 –2 0 3
y-intercepts at (0, ±8)

d (x + 1)2 + (y − 4)2 − 169 = 0

Centre at (−1, 4), radius 13

165
 y 4 a x2 + y2 − 6y − 16 = 0
∴ x2 + y2 − 6y + 9 − 9 − 16 = 0
∴ x2 + (y − 3)2 − 25 = 0

4 ∴ x2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
√
C(0, 3), r = 25 = 5
x
–1 0
b x2 + y2 − 8x + 12y + 10 = 0
∴ x2 − 8x + 16 + y2 + 12y + 36 = 42
e (2x − 3)2 + (2y − 5)2 = 36 ∴ (x − 4)2 + (y + 6)2 = 25
!2 !2
3 5
x− + y− =9
2 2 √
C(4, −6), r =
3 5
42
Centre at , , radius 3
2 2
c x2 + y2 − 6x + 4y + 9 = 0
∴ x2 − 6x + y2 + 4y + 9 = 0
∴ x2 − 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 − 4 = 0

∴ (x − 3)2 + (y√+ 2)2 = 0

C(3, −2), r = 4 = 2

d x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y − 12 = 0
∴ x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 − 6y + 9 − 12 − 4 − 9 = 0
f (x + 5) + (y − 5) = 36
2 2
∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 − 25 = 0
Centre at (−5, 5), radius
√ 6
x-intercepts at (−5 + 11, 0) and ∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
√ √
(−5 − 11, 0) √ C(−2, 3), r = 25 = 5
y-intercepts
√ at (5 + 11, 0) and
(5 − 11, 0) e x2 + y2 − 8x + 4y + 1 = 0
y ∴ x2 − 8x + 16 + y2 + 4y + 4 + 1 − 20 = 0
∴ (x − 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 19
√
C(4, −2), r = 19
(-5,5)
x f x2 + y2 − x + 4y + 2 = 0
0
1 1
∴ x2 − x + + y2 + 4y + 4 = 2 +
4 4
1 9
∴ (x − )2 + (y + 2)2 =
2 4
1 3
C( , −2), r =
2 2
166
 √
5 a y = + 9 − x2 e y
Starting points at (±3, 0) 7
y
-7 x
0

x -7
–3 0 3
f y

5
2
5
y 2 x
b 0
3

-5
3 2
x
0

6 a y = 36 − (x − 2)2
p
-3
Starting points at (−4, 0) and (8,0)
c yy
Centre at (2,0)
y

-4 4 x
x

-4
x
–4 0 2 8
√
d y = − 25 − x2
Starting points at (±5, 0)
y
b y − 2 = 4 − (x + 2)2
p

Starting points at (−4, 2) and (0,2)

Centre at (−2, 2)
–5 5 y
x
0

(–2, 2)

x
0

167
7 a x2 + y2 ≤ 4 y
y
6
2

x
x – 6 0 6
–2 0 2
– 6
–2

b x2 + y2 > 1 f x2 + y2 < 8
y y

2 2
1
x
–1 0 1 x
–1 –2 2 0 2 2

–2 2
c x2 + y2 ≤ 5
y
8 a
5

x
– 5 0 5

– 5

d x2 + y2 > 9
y

3 Centre at (3,1), radius 1

x
–3 0 3

–3

e x2 + y2 ≥ 6

168
b y

3
x
0

e x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y − 3 = 0
∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 16
Centre at (5,2), radius 2 Centre at (−2, 3), radius 4
y
c

3
x
0
–2

f x2 + y2 − 8x + 22y + 27 = 0
∴ (x − 4)2 + (y + 11)2 = 110
No axis intercepts √
√ Centre (4,-11), radius 110
Centre at (2,0), radius 2
y
d x + y − 6y − 16 = 0
2 2

∴ x2 + (y − 3)2 = 25 4
Centre at (0,3), radius 5 x
0

–11

169
Solutions to Exercise 4F
a √
1 y= +3 6 y=a x−h
x
Passes through (1, 8) When x √ = 1, y = 2
∴8=a+3 ∴ 2 = a 1 − h . . . (1)
∴a=5 When x √ = 10, y = 4
5 ∴ 4 = a 10 − h . . . (2)
∴y= +3
x Divide
√ (2) by (1)
10 − h
a 2= √
2 h = 3, k = 4 ∴ y = +4 √ 1 − h√
x−3 2 1 − h = 10 − h
Passes through (0, 6)
a Square both sides.
Therefore, 6 = +4
−3 4(1 − h) = 10 − h
∴ a = −6 4 − 4h = 10 − h
6
∴y=− +4 3h = −6
x−3
h = −2
a Substitute
√ in (1)
3 y= +k 2 = a √3
x
When x = 1, y = 8 2 3
a=
∴ 8 = a + k . . . (1) 3
When x = −1, y = 7
∴ 7 = −a + k . . . (2) 7 16 = a(9 − h) . . . (1)
Add (1) and (2) 4 = a(6 − h) . . . (2)
15 = 2k Divide (1) by (2)
15 1 9−h
k= and a = 4=
2 2 6−h
24 − 4h = 9 − h
a 15 = 3h
4 h = 2, k = −4 ∴ y = −4 h=5
x−2
Passes through (0, 4) Substitute in (2)
a a=4
Therefore, 4 = −4
−2
∴ a = −16
16
∴y=− −4 8 (4 − k)2 = −4(4 − h) . . . (1)
x−2
(8 − k)2 = −4(−4 − h) . . . (2)
√
5 y=a x Expanding and simplifying
= 2, y = 8
When x √ 16 − 8k + k2 = −16 + 4h . . . (10 )
∴8=a 2
8 √ 64 − 16k + k2 = 16 + 4h . . . (20 )
∴a= √ =4 2 Subtract (1’) from (2’)
2
48 − 8k = 32

170
 a
8k = 16 ii −3 = + b . . . (1)
3−2
k=2 a
Substitute in (1) −10 = + b . . . (2)
10 − 2
4 = −16 + 4h
(1) − (2)
∴h=5
a
7=a−
8
√
9 a y=3 x−1−2 7a
7=
8
1
b y= +2 a=8
x−2
b = −11
2
c y=− −2 √
x−1 b y=2 x−h+k
√
d y= 2−x+1
i √
1 3 = 2 2 − h + k . . . (1)
e y= −3 √
(x − 2)2
6 = 2 10 − h + k . . . (2)
f (x − 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 49 (2) − (1)
√ √
a 3 = 2( 10 − h − 2 − h)
10 a i y= +b √ √
x−2
a (3 + 2 2 − h) = 2 10 − h
10 = + b . . . (1)
3−2 Square both sides
a √
3= + b . . . (2) 9 + 12 2 − h + 4(2 − h) = 4(10 − h)
10 − 2
√
(1) − (2) 12 2 − h = 40 − 4h − 8 + 4h − 9
a √
7=a− 12 2 − h = 23
8
7a 144(2 − h) = 232
7=
8 −144h = 241
a=8 241
h=−
b=2 144
Fromttr(1)
241
3=2 2+ +k
144
23
3= +k
6
5
k=−
6
ii

171
 √
−3 = 2 2 − h + k . . . (1) equation:
√ (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = a2
0 = 2 10 − h + k . . . (2)
If it touches the x-axis, then it must
Using CAS be at (2,0):
241 41 ∴ (0 + 3)2 = a2 , ∴ a = ±3
h=− ,k = −
144 6 (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9

11 a A circle with centre (2,1) has e A circle with centre on the line y = 4
equation: has
(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = a2 equation: (x − b)2 + (y − 4)2 = a2
If it passes through (4, −3), then: If it passes through (2,0) and (6,0)
(4 − 2)2 + (−3 − 1)2 = a√ 2 then
∴ 4 + 16 = a2 , ∴ a = ±2 5 (2 − b)2 + (0 − 4)2 = a2 . . . (1)
(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 20 (6 − b)2 + (0 − 4)2 = a2 . . . (2)
(2) – (1) gives (6 − b)2 − (2 − b)2 = 0
b Circle centre (−2, 3) has equation of ∴ (36 − 12b + b2 ) = (4 − 4b + b2 )
the form
∴ 32 − 12b = −4b
(x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = r2
Circle passes through (−3, 3) ∴ 8b = 32, ∴ b = 4
Therefore Substitute into (1):
(−3 + 2)2 + (3 − 3)2 = r2
(2 − 4)2 + (0 − 4)2 = a2
∴ r = 1 ∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1
Note: Centre (−2, 3) and passing ∴ 4 + 16 = a = 20
through (−3, 3) immediately gives (x − 4)2 + (y − 4)2 = 20
you r = 1. Think of the horizontal
diameter.
12 It touches the x- axis and has radius 5.
c Again using the simple approach. Let(a, 5) be the centre. It is easy to show
The diameter through the circle it cannot be (a, −5) if it goes through
with entre (−2, 3) and passing (0, 8).
through (2, 3) tells us that the We also know that a2 + (5 − 8)2 = 25.
radius is 4. Hence the equation is ∴ a = 4 or a = −4
(x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 16 The circle has equation
(x − 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25 or
d A circle with centre (2, −3) has (x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25

172
Solutions to Technology-free questions
3
1 a y = − ; asymptotes at x = 0, y = 0 y
x
y
(0, 3)
y=1
(–1, 3) x
x (–3, 0) 0
0 x = –1
2
e y=− ; asymptotes at x = 0, y = 0
2 x2
b y= ; asymptotes at x = 0, y = 0 y
x2
y

x
(1, 2) 0
x
0

1
f y=− ; asymptotes at
1 x−1
c y= ; asymptotes at x = 1, y = 0 x = 1, y = 0
x−1 y-intercept at (0, 1)
y-intercept at (0, −1)
y y

x=1
(2, 1) (0, 1)
0 x
x 0
(0, –1)
x=1

2 4
d y= + 1; g y= + 3; asymptotes at
x+1 2−x
asymptotes at x = −1, y = 1 x = 2, y = 3
4
x-intercept at (−3, 0) x-intercept: +3=0
2−x
y-intercept at (0,3) 4
∴ = −3
2−x
∴ 4 = −3(2 − x)
10
∴ 4 = 3x − 6 ∴ x =
 10 3
x-intercept at ,0
3
y-intercept at (0,5)

173
 √
y k y = −2 x + 2 + 2
Starting point at√(−2, 2)
x=2 x-intercept: −2 x + 2 + 2 = 0
√
(0, 5) ∴ x+2=1
y=3
∴ x + 2 = 1, ∴ x = −1
10
x x-intercept at (−1, 0) √
0
3 y-intercept at (0, 2 − 2 2)
y
3
h y = − 2 + 1; asymptotes at
x (–2, 2)
x = 0, y = 1
3
x-intercepts: y = − 2 + 1 = 0 0
x x
3 √ –1
∴ 2 = 1 ∴x =± 3 –2√2 + 2
x √ √
x-intercepts at (− 3, 0) and ( 3, 0)
y l y2 = 4(x − 2)
When y = 0, x = 2 and when
x = 0, y2 = −8. Therefore x-axis in-
y=1 tercept (2, 0) and no y-axis intercept.
The vertex is at (2, 0) since y2 = 4x
x
(–√3, 0) (√3, 0) is translated to the right 2 units.

√
i y=2 x+2
y-intercept at (0,2)
y

2
x
0

33
√ m y = 0, x = and when
j y=2 x−3+2 16
x = 0, (y − 1)2 = −32. There-
Starting point at (3,2) 33
fore x-axis intercept ( , 0) and
y 16
no y-axis intercept. The vertex
is at (2, 1) since y2 = 4x is trans-
lated to the right 2 units and up 1
(3, 2)
x
0

174
 unit.
Therefore a = 81

4 √ √
6 = a 2 − h . . . (1)10 = a 10 − h . . . (2)
Divide
√ (2) by (1).
5 10 − h
= √ ∴ 25(2 − h) = 9(10 − h)
3 2−h
−40 = 16h
5
n y = 0, x = −3 and when x = h=−
2
0, (y − 4)2 = 4 ⇒ x = 6 and x = 2. Substitute
r in (1)
Therefore x-axis intercept (−3, 0) and 5
6=a 2+
y-axis intercepts are (0, 2) and (0, 6). 2
3
The vertex is at (1, 4) since y2 = −4x 6=a√
is translated to the right 1 unit and up √2
a=2 2
4 units.

5 9 = a(1 − h) . . . (1)25 = a(2 − h) . . . (2)

Divide (2) by (1).
25 2 − h
= ∴ 25(1 − h) = 9(2 − h)
9 1−h
7 = 16h
7
h=
16
Substitute in (1)
7
9 = a(1 − )
16
9a
9=
2 h = 2 and k = 5. 16
Therefore y =
a
+5 a = 16
x−2
When x = 0, y = 8
a
8=− +5 6 a y2 + 4y = x + 2
2
y2 + 4y + 4 = x + 6
Therefore a = −6 (y + 2)2 = x + 6

b y2 + 6y + 2x + 4 = 0
3 h = −2 and k = −5.
a y2 + 6y + 9 + 2x + 4 = 9
Therefore y = −5
(x + 2)2
When x = 1, y = 4 (y + 3)2 = 5 − 2x
a
4=− −5
9

175
 √
c 2y2 + 8y − 5x + 6 = 0 3 2  5 2  5 2 2

∴ x− + y+ =
5x 2 2 2
y2 + 4y − +3=0  3 2  5 2 25
2 ∴ x− + y+ =
2 2 4
5x
y2 + 4y + 4 = +1
2 c 2x2 + 2y2 − x + y − 4 = 0
x y
1
y2 + 4y + 4 = (5x + 2) ∴ x2 + y2 − + = 2
2 2 2
x 1 y 1 1
∴x − +
2
+ y2 + + =2+
2 16 2 16 8
4
 1 2  1 2 17
7 x+ =4 ∴ x− + y+ =
x 4 4 8
x2 + 4 = 4x d x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y = 0
x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 ∴ x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 − 6y +√9 = 13
(x − 2)2 = 0 ∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = ( 13)2

∴x=2 e x2 + y2 = 6(x + y)
1
Touches at (2, ) ∴ x2 − 6x + 9 + y2 − 6y + 9 = 18
2 ∴√(x − 3)2 +√(y − 3)2 =
( 18)2 = (3 2)2
6 − (−3) 3
8 Gradient of PQ = = f x2 + y2 = 4x − 6y
2 − (−4) 2
Equation of line: ∴ x2 − 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y +√9 = 13
3
y − 6 = (x − 2) ∴ (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = ( 13)2
2
a When x = 0, y = 3 and when
10
y = 0, −12 = 3x − 6 ⇒ x = −2
x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y = 23
Therefore A(−2, 0) and B(0, 3)
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 − 6y + 9 = 23 + 4 + 9
b PB2 = 22 + 32 = 13
(x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 36
and AQ2 = (−2)2 + 32 = 13
Therefore PB = AQ Centre: (−2, 3) Radius: 6

9 a x2 + y2 − 6x + 4y − 12 = 0 11 x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y = 20
∴ x2 − 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 − 12 = 13 ∴ x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 − 4y + 4 = 25
∴ (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 52 ∴ (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 52
Length cut off on the x-axis and y-axis =
b x2 + y2 − 3x + 5y − 4 = 0 distance between x- and y-intercepts:
9 25 34
∴ x − 3x + + y + 5y +
2 2
= 4+ y = 0 : ∴ (x − 1)2 + (0 − 2)√
2
= 52
4 4 4
 3 2  5 2 50 ∴ (x − 1)2 = 21, ∴√x = 1 ± 21
∴ x− + y+ = x-axis length = 2 21
2 2 4
x = 0 : ∴ (0 − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 52

176
 √ √
∴ (y − 2)2 = 24, ∴√y = 2 ± 2 6 c y − 2 = − 1 − x2
y-axis length = 4 6 No x-intercepts, y-intercept at (0, 1)
Centre at (0,2)
√ y
12 a y = 9 − x2
x-intercepts at (−3, 0) and (3,0)
y-intercept at (0,3) (0, 2)
y
–1 1
x
0

d y + 3 = 4 − (x + 2)2
p
x
–3 0 3 No x-intercepts, y-intercept at (0, −3)
Centre at (−2, 3)
y
b y = − 16 − (x + 1)2
p

Starting points at (−5,

√ 0) and (3,0)
y-intercept at (0, − 15), centre at x
(−1, 0) 0
y (–2, –3)

–5 –1 3
x
0

177
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
5 vertical asymptote x = 2
1 E y= +3
x2
a
If x = , 7 A Vertex is at (2, −a)
2
5 20 When√x = 0, (y + a)2 = 6 ⇒ y =
y= + 3 = +3
(a/2)2 a2 −a ± 6

1 8 C Endpoint is (a, b and range y ≤ b

2 B y=5− has asymptotes at
3x − 5
y = 5 and 3x − 5 = 0
5 9 E (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = 36
∴x= Centre on the x-axis so b = 0
3
Using (6,6): (6 − a)2 + 62 = 36
1 ∴a=6
3 A y=5+ has asymptotes
(x − 2)2
at y = 5 and x = 2 10 A (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = c2
√ y-axis is an axis of symmetry so
4 D y = −2 x + 3; x ≥ 0
√ a = 0 Using (0,0):
−2 x ≤ 0 ∴ y ≤ 3
(−b)2 = c2 , ∴ b = c; c > 0
1 Using (0,4):
5 A −3x + 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤
3 (4 − b)2 = b2 , ∴ b = 2
b ∴ x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
6 E It is of the form y = +a
x−c
Horizontal asymptote y = a and 11 D (x − 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
√
C(5, −2), r = 9 = 3

178
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a (x − 2)2 = 3x − 2
x2 − 4x + 4 = 3x − 2
x2 − 7x + 6 = 0
(x − 6)(x − 1) = 0
∴ x = 6or x = 1
Intersection points (1, 1) and (6, 6)

b (x + a − 2)2 = 3x − 2
(x + a)2 − 4(x + a) + 4 = 3x − 2
x2 + 2ax + a2 − 4x − 4a + 4 = 3x − 2
x2 + (2a − 7)x + a2 − 4a + 6 = 0
1 p
x= 7 − 2a ± (2a − 7)2 − 4(a2 − 4a + 6


2
1 p
= 7 − 2a ± 4a2 − 28a + 49 − 4a2 + 16a − 24


2
1 √
= 7 − 2a ± −12a + 25


2
Therefore points of intersection are:
1 √
1 √

7 − 2a + −12a + 25 , 7 + −12a + 25
 12 √
2

1 √

7 − 2a − −12a + 25 , 7 − −12a + 25
2 2
25
c i Touch when −12a + 25 = 0. That is when a = .
12
25
ii Do not meet when −12a + 25 < 0. That is when a > .
12

2 a (x + 1)2 = 4x
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4x
x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
(x − 1)2 = 0
x = 1 and y = 2

179
 b (x + 1)2 = −4x
x2 + 2x + 1 = −4x
x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
1 √

x= −6 ± 32
2
√
= −3 ± 2 2
√ √ √ √
Intersect at points (−3 + 2 2, −2 + 2 2) and (−3 − 2 2, −2 − 2 2)

c Distance2 = 32 + 32 = 64. Therefore distance = 8.

d Midpoint = (−3, −2)

√
3 a If (a, a) lies on the line y = x and on the curve with equation y = x − b + c,
√
then a= a−b+c
Subtract c from both sides and square (a − c)2 = a − b
Expand and rearrange a2 − 2ac + c2 = a − b
a2 − (2c + 1)a + c2 + b = 0

b i The line meets the curve at one point if the discriminant of the quadratic in a is
zero.

∆ = (2c + 1)2 − 4(c2 + b)

= 4c2 + 4c + 1 − 4c2 − 4b
= 4c − 4b + 1
4b − 1
If the discriminant is zero, c =
4

180
 1 √
ii Solving the equation x = x−
will give the required coordinates.
4
1 √ 1 1
Squaring both sides of x + = x gives x2 + x + =x
4 2 16
1 1
and rearranging gives x2 − x + =0
2 16
 1 2
x− =0
4
1
Therefore x=
4
1
and y=
4
y

0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x

c i From the above, we know that the line with equation y = x is tangent to the
√ 1
curve with equation y = x − .
4
1
Hence if − < k < 0, the line will cross the curve twice.
4
1
ii If k = 0 or k < − , the line will cross the curve once.
4
iii It will not meet the curve if k > 0.

181
 √
4 a From the graphs of y = kx and y = x − 1, it is clear that if k ≤ 0, the line y = kx
can only cut the curve once.
√
For two solutions, consider the equation: kx = x − 1
∆ = (2k − 1)2 − 4k2
= 4k2 − 4k + 1 − 4k2
= −4k + 1
1
Thus for two solutions, −4k + 1 > 0, i.e. k < , and k > 0.
4
1
Hence 0 < k < .
4
1
b There is one solution when k = or k ≤ 0.
4
5 px + qy = 1 . . . (1) and y2 = 4a(a − x) . . . (2)

a Substitute for x from !(1) into (2)

1 − qy
y2 = 4a a −
p
py2 = 4a(ap − (1 − qy)
py2 − 4aqy − 4a2 p + 4a = 0 . . . (3)
∆ = 16a2 q2 − 4p(4a − 4a2 p)
= 16a2 q2 + 16a2 p2 − 16pa
∆ = 0 ⇒ aq2 + ap2 − p = 0
p
∴a= 2
p + q2
1
b i p=q=1⇒a=
2
The quadratic (3) becomes:
y2 − 2y − 1 + 2 = 0
(y − 1)2 = 0
Therefore y = 1 and from (1), x = 0
Coordinates are (0, 1)
3
ii p = 3, q = 4 ⇒ a =
25
The quadratic (3) becomes:
48y 27 12
3y2 − −4× + =0
25 625 25
16y 9 4
y2 − −4× + =0
25 625 25
625y2 − (16 × 25)y − 36 + 100 = 0

182
 625y2 − (16 × 25)y + 64 = 0
625y2 − (16 × 25)y + 64 = 0
(25y − 8)2 = 0
8
y=
25
Substitute in (1)
8
3x + 4 × =1
25
7
x=−
75 !
7 8
Coordinates are − ,
75 25

c px + qy = 1 . . . (1) and y2 = 4a(a − x) . . . (2) and a = 1

Touches when p = p2 + q2 . . . (4)

i When x = 0, y = 2.
1 1
From (1), q = . From (4), p = p2 +
2 4
1
∴ p − p+ =0
2
!2 4
1
p− =0
2
1
Therefore p =
2
Equation is x + y = 2

ii When x = −3, y = −4.

From (1),−3p − 4q = 1
1
Therefore,q = − (−3p − 1)
4
Substitute in (4)
1
p = p2 + (−3p − 1)2
16
16p = 16p2 + 9p2 + 6p + 1
25p2 − 10p + 1 = 0
(5p − 1)2 = 0
1
p=
5
1 1
From (4) = + q2
5 25
4
q2 =
25
2
q=
5
1 2
Equation is x + y = 1
5 5

183
 a
6 px + qy = 1 . . . (1) and y = . . . (2)
x
a Substitute for y from (2) into (1)
qa
px + =1
x
px2 + qa = x
px2 − x + qa = 0 . . . (3)
∆ = 1 − 4paq
1
∆=0⇒a=
4pq
1
b i When p = 1 and q = 1, a =
4
Substituting in (3)
1
x2 − x + = 0
!2 4
1
x− =0
2
1 1
x = and y =
2 2
1
ii When p = 2 and q = 2, a =
16
Substituting in (3)
1
2x2 − x + = 0
8 !2
1 1 1
2
x − x− x− =0
2 16 4
1 1
x = and y =
4 4
1
c i When x = 2, y = , a = 1
2
∴ 4pq = 1 . . . (4)
q
Also 2p + = 1
2
1
From (4) q =
4p
Substitute:
1
2p + =1
8p
16p2 − 8p + 1 = 0
(4p − 1)2 = 0
1
p=
4
Therefore q = 1. The equation is:
x
+y=1
4

184
 1
ii When x = −2, y = − , a = 1
2
∴ 4pq = 1 . . . (4)
q
Also −2p − = 1
2
1
From (4) q =
4p
Substitute:
1
−2p − =1
8p
−16p2 − 8p − 1 = 0
(4p + 1)2 = 0
1
p=−
4
Therefore q = −1. The equation is:
x
− −y=1
4
7 a The circle has centre (10, 0) and radius 5 and therefore has the equation
(x − 10)2 + y2 = 25.

b The line with equation y = mx meets the circle with equation (x − 10)2 + y2 = 25.
Therefore x satisfies the equation (x − 10)2 + (mx)2 = 25
Expanding and rearranging gives x2 − 20x + 100 + m2 x2 = 25
and therefore (1 + m2 )x2 − 20x + 75 = 0

c The discriminant is ∆ = 400 − 4 × 75 × (1 + m2 )

= 400 − 300(1 + m2 )
= 100 − 300 m2
As the line is a tangent to the circle, there is only one point of contact and hence
only one solution to the equation obtained in part b. Therefore the discriminant = 0,
which implies √
1 3
m=±√ =±
3 3

1
d When m2 = , the equation (1 + m2 )x2 − 20x + 75 = 0 becomes
3
4 2
x − 20x + 75 = 0
3
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 3 gives
4x2 − 60x + 225 = 0

185
 The left-hand side is a perfect square and hence
(2x − 15)2 = 0
15
The solution is x=
2
√
3
The y-coordinate is given by substituting into y = mx = ± x.
3
√
3 15
y=± ×
3 2
√
5 3
=±
2
 15 √ 
5 3
The coordinates of P are ,± .
2 2

 15 2  5 √3 2
s
e Distance of P from the origin = +
2 2
1√
= 225 + 75
2
√
=5 3

8 a The circle has centre the origin and radius 4.

Hence the equation is x2 + y2 = 16.

b i The general form for a straight line is y = mx + c.

When x = 8, y = 0, hence 0 = 8m + c and c = −8m.
So the tangents have equations of the form y = mx − 8m

ii As in Question 1, consider when the line with equation y = mx − 8m meets the

circle x2 + y2 = 16.
Substitute for y: (mx − 8m)2 + x2 = 16
Expand and collect like terms to obtain
(m2 + 1)x2 − 16m2 x + 64m2 − 16 = 0
There will be a tangent when the discriminant is equal to 0, i.e. when there is
only one solution.
∆ = 256m4 − 4(m2 + 1)(64m2 − 16)
= 256m4 − 4(64m4 + 48m − 16)
= −4(48m2 − 16)
= 64(−3m2 + 1)

186
Thus there is a tangent if 3m2 = 1
√
1 3
i.e. m=±√ =±
3 3
Since y = mx − 8m, is the equations of the tangents
√ √
3 8 3
y= x−
3 3
√ √
3 8 3
and y=− x+
3 3

187