SS symmetry

Article
Post-Quantum Integral Inequalities for Three-Times
( p, q)-Differentiable Functions
Loredana Ciurdariu 1, *,† and Eugenia Grecu 2,†

1 Department of Mathematics, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania

2 Department of Management, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
* Correspondence: [email protected]
† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract: A new ( p, q)-integral identity involving left and right post quantum derivatives, by using
three times ( p, q)-differentiable functions is established and then this identity is used to derive several
new post-quantum Ostrowski type integral inequalities for three times ( p, q)-differentiable functions.
These results are generalizations of corresponding results in the area of integral inequalities.

Keywords: post quantum calculus; convex functions; Ostrowski’s type inequalities

1. Introduction
Convexity theory played an essential role in the development of the theory of mathe-
matical inequalities [1]. Some inequalities have numerous applications and a growing role,
both in different branches of pure mathematics and in a number of applied sciences. In
the last few decades, many generalizations of convex functions have been formulated [2]
and used, such as m-convex, (α, m)- convex, log-convex, h-convex, exponentially convex,
harmonically convex, preinvex functions, generalized-convex functions and convex with
respect to the pairs of functions. Inequalities and convexity play an important role in
approximation and optimization theory.
Citation: Ciurdariu, L.; Grecu, E. Mathematical inequalities have also given interesting study perspectives in some
Post-Quantum Integral Inequalities economic fields, such as cost, income and profit [3], and also in welfare economics [4],
for Three-Times ( p, q)-Differentiable wealth distribution, the study of utility and even prospect theory (e.g., comparing the
Functions. Symmetry 2023, 15, 246. satisfaction that the consumer gets if he makes one choice or another) [5].
https://doi.org/10.3390/ Mathematical researchers have proposed many types of inequalities, such as the
sym15010246
Hermite–Hadamard (H-H) type, the Ostrowski type, the Opial type, the H-H-Mercer type,
Academic Editors: Hüseyin Budak the Simpson type, the Bullen type and other types by using convex functions and focusing
and Sergei D. Odintsov on obtaining some new bounds for the left and right sides of these inequalities.
One of the most studied of such inequalities is the H-H one, also known as the “trape-
Received: 29 November 2022
zoidal inequality”. It was discovered independently by Hermite and Hadamard [6] and
Revised: 26 December 2022
has attracted the interest of many researchers in the last few decades [7–16]. Compared
Accepted: 13 January 2023
with the initial perspective, this inequality has been and is being studied through a variety
Published: 16 January 2023
of new approaches. A possible explanation of the exceptional interest given to this type
of inequality may be represented by the symmetry contained within. Even the new gen-
eralizations of this type of inequality preserve such symmetry, and sometimes they may
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. contain a certain type of asymmetry.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Jackson analyzed the q-difference operator in [17]. The knowledge of q calculus [18]
This article is an open access article and difference equations was first used in physics and chemistry problems [17]. In [19],
distributed under the terms and Siegel presented string theory involving q calculus.
conditions of the Creative Commons The classical concept of quantum calculus introduced in [20] has been extended
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and generalized in several directions. In quantum calculus H-H, Ostrowski-, Gruss- and
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Montgomery-type inequalities have been studied in numerous articles [21–30]. This topic
4.0/).

Symmetry 2023, 15, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010246 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry

Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 2 of 13

has a number of applications in many fields of mathematics (number theory, combina-

torics, orthogonal polynomials and hypergeometric functions) and also in physics and
mathematics (mechanics and relativity theory) [31–35].
Chakarabarti and Jajonnathan [36] introduced the concept of post-quantum calcu-
lus for the generalization of q-oscillator algebra, which is well known in physics, and
in [37], Tunc and Gov introduced the concepts of (q1 , q2 ) derivatives ω1 Dq1 ,q2 f ( x ) and ( p, q)
integrals over finite intervals.
The fundamental theorem of ( p, q) calculus [38] and some ( p, q) Taylor formulas
were studied in [39], and as an example, the concept of ( p, q) beta [38] and ( p, q) gamma
functions was introduced in [40]. ( p, q) calculus is efficiently used in fields such as Lie
groups, hypergeometric series and physics. In addition, ( p, q) calculus is expected to be
very important in the development of analysis and applications [40].
In [41], Kunt et al. found some (q1 , q2 ) analogues of H-H-type inequalities and mid-
points. Cortez et al. obtained the integral identities via the φ preinvex function in [42]. Using
new ideas [41,43], in recent years, numerous authors have provided other refinements and
extensions of the inequalities [44–46] of the H-H and Ostrowski types [18,38,44,47–53]. Stud-
ies relative to convexity and preinvex functions have applications such as maximizing the
likelihood from multiple linear regression involving a Gauss–Laplace distribution [54–58].
Starting from the inequalities given in [48], our goal is to find a similar identity
regarding the post-quantum left and right derivatives and the corresponding inequalities
in the case of three-times differentiable functions in post-quantum calculus.
This article is organized into four main sections. After the introduction in Section 1,
there follows a brief review of the fundamental notions of ( p, q) calculus necessary for
subsequent approaches (Section 2). Section 3 provides an identity that plays an essential
role in developing the main results of this paper (i.e., new refinements to the Ostrowski-type
integral inequality for three-times ( p, q) differentiable functions). Section 4 presents the
conclusions as well as future research perspectives.

2. Materials and Methods

The traditional H-H-type inequality says that “if f : [ a, b] → R is a convex function,
then the following inequality takes place:
  Z b
a+b 1 f ( a) + f (b)
f ≤ f ( x )dx ≤ (1)
2 b−a a 2

and when f is a concave function, then previous inequality holds in the opposite direc-
tion” [6].
The Ostrowski integral inequality for differentiable functions was given in [59], being
studied by many researchers:
0
Theorem 1. “Let f : [ a, b] → R be a differentiable function on ( a, b) whose derivative f : [ a, b] →
R is bounded on ( a, b) and
0 0
|| f ||∞ = supt∈(a,b) | f (t)| < ∞.
Then " #
1 ( x − a+2 b )2
Z b
1 0
| f (x) − f (t)dt| ≤ + 2
(b − a)|| f ||∞
b−a a 4 (b − a)
for all x ∈ [ a, b]” [48,59].

Throughout this paper, it is assumed that 0 < q < p ≤ 1, and [ a, b] is a real interval
pn −qn
with a < b. In addition, the ( p, q) number of n is [n] p,q = p−q = pn−1 + pn−2 q + . . . +
pqn−2 + qn−1 , n ∈ N:
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 3 of 13

Definition 1 ([46]). “For a continuous function f : [ a, b] → R, the ( p, q) a derivative of function

f at t on [ a, b] is defined by

f ( pt + (1 − p) a) − f (qt + (1 − q) a)
a D p,q f ( t ) = , t 6= a, (2)
( p − q)(t − a)

a D p,q f ( a ) = lim a D p,q f (t).00

t→ a

Definition 2 ([47]). “For a continuous function f : [ a, b] → R, the ( p, q)b derivative of a function

f at t on [ a, b] is defined by

b f (qt + (1 − q)b) − f ( pt + (1 − p)b)

D p,q f (t) = , t 6= b, (3)
( p − q)(b − t)
b
D p,q f ( a) = lim b D p,q f (t).00
t→b

Example 1. We define the function f : [ a, b] → R by f ( x ) = Ax2 + Bx + C, where A, B and C

are constants with 0 < q < p ≤ 1. Then, for x 6= a, we obtain

2 A( px + (1 − p) a)2 + B( px + (1 − p) a) + C
a D p,q ( Ax + Bx + C ) =
( p − q)( x − a)
A(qx + (1 − q) a)2 + B(qx + (1 − q) a) + C
−
( p − q)( x − a)
A( x − a)( p − q)[( p + q) x + a(2 − ( p + q))] + B( p − q)( x − a)
=
( p − q)( x − a)
= A([2] p,q ( x − a) + 2a) + B.

Definition 3 ([46,48]). “For a continuous function f : [ a, b] → R, the ( p, q) a integral of a

function f at t on [ a, b] is defined by
∞
qn qn qn
Z x  

a
f (t) a d p,q t = ( p − q)( x − a) ∑ p n +1
f
p n +1
x + ( 1 −
p n +1
)a (4)
n =0

Rb
for x ∈ [ a, b]. The function f is called a ( p, q) a integrable function on [ a, b] if a f (t) a d p,q t exists”.

Definition 4 ([47,48]). “For a continuous function f : [ a, b] → R, the ( p, q)b integral of a

function f at t on [ a, b] is defined by
∞
qn qn qn
Z b  

x
f (t)b d p,q t = ( p − q)(b − x ) ∑ p n +1
f
p n + 1
x + (1 − n +1 ) b
p
(5)
n =0

Rb
for x ∈ [ a, b]. The function f is called a ( p, q)b integrable function on [ a, b] if a f (t)b d p,q t exists”.

Example 2. We define the function f : [ a, b] → R with f (t) = At2 + B, where A and B are
constants. Then, we have

∞ 2 ∞
qn
 n
qn
Z b
q
2
( At + B) a d p,q t = A( p − q)(b − a) ∑ n+1 b + + B ( p − q )( b − a ) ∑
a n =0 p p n +1 n =0 p
n +1

b2
   
2 1 1 1
= A(b − a)[ + a2 1 − + + 2ab − ]
[3] p,q [2] p,q [3] p,q [2] p,q [3] p,q
+ B ( b − a ).
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 4 of 13

Lemma 1 ([46]). “For α ∈ R − {−1}, the following equality holds:

(b − a)α+1 00
Z b
(t − a)α a d p,q t = . (6)
a [α + 1] p,q

1 1
Theorem 2 ([37]). “Let f , g : [ a, b] → R be continuous functions and r > 1 with s + r = 1.
Then,
Z b Z b  1s Z b  1r
| f (t) g(t)| a d p,q t ≤ s
| f (t)| a d p,q t | f (t)| a d p,q t .00
r
(7)
a a a

The basic properties of these derivatives and integrals can be found in [18,38].
In recent years, new estimations of post-quantum Ostrowski-type integral inequalities
for twice ( p, q) differentiable functions were presented in [48]:

Theorem 3 ([48]). “Let f : a, b → R be a twice ( p, q) differentiable function such that b D2p,q f and
2 b 2 2
a D p,q f are continuous and integrable functions on J1 and J2 , respectively. If | D p,q f | and | a D p,q f |
are convex functions, then

[4] p,q − [3] p.q

 
1
|ba L p,q ( x )| 2 2
≤ ( x − a) (b − x ) [( x − a) | a D2p,q f ( x )| + | a D2p,q f ( a)|
[4] p.q [3] p,q [4] p,q

[4] p,q − [3] p.q b 2

 
1 b 2
+(b − x ) | D p,q f ( x )| + | D p,q f (b)| ].00
[4] p.q [3] p,q [4] p,q

Theorem 4 ([48]). “Let f : a, b → R be a twice ( p, q) differentiable function such that b D2p,q f

and a D2p,q f are continuous and integrable functions on J1 and J2 , respectively. If |b D2p,q f |r and
| a D2p,q f |r are convex functions for r ≥ 1, then
 1− 1
1 r
|ba L p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )2 ( b − x )2
[3] p,q
 1r
[4] p,q − [3] p.q

1 2 r 2 r
× [( x − a) | a D p,q f ( x )| + | a D p,q f ( a)|
[4] p.q [3] p,q [4] p,q
 1r
[4] p,q − [3] p.q b 2

1 b 2
+ (b − x ) | D p,q f ( x )| +r
| D p,q f (b)| r
].00
[4] p.q [3] p,q [4] p,q

Theorem 5 ([48]). “Let f : a, b → R be a twice ( p, q) differentiable function such that b D2p,q f

and a D2p,q f are continuous and integrable functions on J1 and J2 , respectively. If |b D2p,q f |r and
| a D2p,q f |r are convex functions for r > 1, 1s + 1r = 1, then
 1
1 s
|ba L p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )2 ( b − x )2
[2s + 1] p,q
!1
| a D2p,q f ( x )|r + ( p + q−)| a D2p,q f ( a)|r r
× [( x − a)
[2] p,q
!1
|b D2p,q f ( x )|r + |b D2p,q f (b)|r r 00
+ (b − x ) ].
[2] p,q

3. Results
Several new estimates of post-quantum H-H-type integral inequalities for three-times
( p, q) differentiable functions are presented below, starting from the results presented
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 5 of 13

in [48]. Let us define J1 = [b − p(b − x ), b] and J2 = [ a, a + p( x − a)]. At first, a basic result

(a new identity) for the following inequalities is established:

Lemma 2. Let f : [ a, b] → R be a three-times ( p, q) differentiable function with a D3p,q f and

b D3 f continuous and integrable functions on J and J , respectively. Then, we have
p,q 2 1

Z 1
b
a M p,q ( x ) = ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 [( a − x ) t3 a D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)d p,q t
0
Z 1
+ (b − x ) t3 b D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)d p,q t], (8)
0

where
Z p3 x+(1− p3 ) a Z b
b [2] p,q [3] p,q
a M p.q ( x ) = [( b − x ) 3
f ( t ) d
a p.q t + ( x − a ) 3
f (t)b d p,q t]
p6 q6 a p3 x +(1− p3 )b

1 p5 − [2] p,q [3] p,q q( p − q)2

− { [( x − a)(b − x )3 f ( p2 x + (1 − p2 ) a)
( p − q)2 pq p2 q5
p
+ ( x − a)3 (b − x ) f ( p2 x + (1 − p2 )b)] + 3 [( x − a)(b − x )3 f (q2 x + (1 − q2 ) a)
q
p3 − q[3] p,q
+ ( x − a)3 (b − x ) f (q2 x + (1 − q2 )b)] + [( x − a)(b − x )3
pq4
× f ( pqx + (1 − pq) a) + ( x − a)3 (b − x ) f ( pqx + (1 − pq)b)]}.

Proof. By using Definition 1, we have

3 1
a D p,q f ( tb + (1 − t ) a ) = a D p,q ( a D2p,q f (ta + (1 − t)b)) =
( p − q)3 (b − a)3 t3 pq

q f ( p3 tb + a(1 − p3 t)) + p f ( pq2 tb + a(1 − q2 pt)) − [2] p,q f ( p2 qtb + a(1 − p2 tq))
×[
p2

q f ( p2 qtb + a(1 − p2 qt)) + p f (q3 tb + a(1 − q3 t)) − [2] p,q f ( pq2 bt + a(1 − pq2 t))
− ]. (9)
q2

Now, by applying the relation in Equation (9) and Definition 3, we obtain

Z 1
1
I= t3 a D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)d p,q t =
0 ( p − q)3 (b − a)3 pq

Z 1
q f ( p3 tx + a(1 − p3 t)) + p f ( pq2 tx + a(1 − q2 pt)) − [2] p,q f ( p2 qtx + a(1 − p2 tq))
× [
0 p2

q f ( p2 qtx + a(1 − p2 qt)) + p f (q3 tx + a(1 − q3 t)) − [2] p,q f ( pq2 xt + a(1 − pq2 t))
− ]d p,q t,
q2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 6 of 13

or we can obtain
1 1 q
Z
p
I = { f ( p3 tx + a(1 − p3 t)) − 2 f (q3 tx + a(1 − q3 t))
( p − q) ( x − a) pq 0 p2
3 3 q
 
p+q 1
+ + f ( pq2 tx + a(1 − pq2 t))
q2 p
 
1 p+q
− + 2 f ( p2 qtx + a(1 − p2 qt))}d p,q t
q p
∞
1 q qn 3 q
n
3 q
n
=
( p − q)3 ( x − a)4 pq
{( x − a)( p − q) 2
p ∑ p n +1
f ( p
p n +1
x + a ( 1 − p
p n +1
))
n =0
∞
p qn qnqn
− 2
( x − a)( p − q) ∑ n+1 f (q3 n+1 x + a(1 − q3 n+1 ))
q n =0 p p p
∞
p2 + pq + q2 qn qn qn
+ 2
( x − a)( p − q) ∑ n+1 f ( pq2 n+1 x + a(1 − pq2 n+1 ))
pq n =0 p p p
∞
p2 + pq + q2 qn qn qn
−
p2 q
( x − a )( p − q ) ∑ n +1 f ( p 2
q
p n +1
x + a ( 1 − p 2
q
p n +1
)}
n =0 p

∞
( x − a)( p − q) q qn qn qn
= {
( x − a)4 ( p − q)3 pq p2 ∑ p n + 1
f ( p3 n+1 x + a(1 − p3 n+1 ))
p p
n =0
∞
p4 q n +3 q n +3 q n +3
−
q5 ∑ p n + 4
f ( p3 n+4 x + a(1 − p3 n+4 ))
p p
n =0
p2 + pq + q2 ∞ qn+2 3q
n +2
3q
n +2
+
q4
p ∑ n +3
f ( p
p n +3
x + a ( 1 − p
p n +3
))
n =0 p
∞
p2 + pq + q2 q n +1 3q
n +1
3q
n +1
−
pq2 ∑ p n +2
f ( p
p n +2
x + a ( 1 − p
p n +2
))}
n =0
Z p3 x+(1− p3 ) a
1 [2] p,q [3] p,q ( p − q)3
= {− f (t) a d p,q t
( p − q )3 ( x − a )4 p4 q p2 q4 a
p5 − [2] p,q [3] p,q q( p − q)
+ p3 [( x − a)( p − q)[ f ( p2 x + a(1 − p2 ))
p2 q5

p p3 − q[3] p,q
+ 3
f (q2 x + a(1 − q2 )) + f ( pqx + a(1 − pq))]}. (10)
q pq4

By using Definition 2, we have

b 1
D3p,q f (ta + (1 − t)b) = b D p,q (b D p,q f (ta + (1 − t)b)) =
( p − q)3 (b − a)3 t3 pq

p f (q3 ta + b(1 − q3 t)) + q f ( p2 qta + b(1 − p2 qt)) − [2] p,q f ( pq2 ta + b(1 − pq2 t))
×[
q2

p f (q2 pta + b(1 − q2 pt)) + q f ( p3 ta + b(1 − p3 t)) − [2] p,q f ( p2 qta + b(1 − p2 qt))
− ]. (11)
p2

Now, by applying the relation in Equation (11) and Definition 4, we obtain

Z 1
1
J= t3 b D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)d p,q t =
0 ( p − q )3 ( b − x )3 pq
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 7 of 13

Z 1
p f (q3 tx + b(1 − q3 t)) + q f ( p2 qtx + b(1 − p2 qt)) − [2] p,q f ( pq2 tx + b(1 − pq2 t))
× [
0 q2
p f (q2 ptx + b(1 − q2 pt)) + q f ( p3 tx + b(1 − p3 t)) − [2] p,q f ( p2 qtx + b(1 − p2 qt))
− ]d p,q t,
p2
or we can obtain
1 1 p
Z
q
J = { f (q3 tx + b(1 − q3 t)) − 2 f ( p3 tx + b(1 − p3 t))
( p − q) (b − x ) pq 0 q2
3 3 p
   
p+q 1 2 2 1 p+q
− + f ( pq tx + b ( 1 − pq t )) + + f ( p2 qtx + b(1 − p2 qt))}d p,q t.
q2 p q p2

In the same way, we find that

∞
( p − q)(b − x ) p qn 3 q
n
3 q
n
J = 4 3
{ 2
(b − x ) ( p − q) pq q ∑ p n +1
f ( q
p n +1
x + b ( 1 − q
p n +1
))
n =0
∞
q qn qn qn
−
p2 ∑ p n +1
f ( p3
p n +1
x + b (1 − p3
p n +1
))
n =0
∞
p2 + pq + q2 qn qn qn
−
pq2 ∑ p n + 1
f ( pq2 n+1 x + b(1 − pq2 n+1 ))
p p
n =0
∞
p2 + pq + q2 qn qn qn
+
p2 q ∑ p n + 1
f ( p2 q n+1 x + b(1 − p2 q n+1 ))}
p p
n =0

∞
( p − q)(b − x ) p4 q n +3 3q
n +3
3q
n +3
= {
(b − x )4 ( p − q)3 pq q5 ∑ p n +4
f ( p
p n +4
x + b ( 1 − p
p n +4
))
n =0
∞
q qn qn qn
−
p2 ∑ p n +1
f ( p3
p n +1
x + b (1 − p3
p n +1
))
n =0
p2 + pq + q2 ∞ qn+2 q n +2 q n +3
− 4
p ∑ n+3 f ( p3 n+3 x + b(1 − p3 n+3 ))
q n =0 p p p
∞
p2 + pq + q2 q n +1 q n +1 q n +1
+
pq2 ∑ p n + 2
f ( p3 n+2 x + b(1 − p3 n+2 ))},
p p
n =0

or

1 [2] p,q [3] p,q ( p − q)3 Z b

J = { f (t)d p,q t
( b − x )4 ( p − q )3 p4 q p2 q5 p3 x + b (1− p3 )
p5 − [2] p,q [3] p,q ( p − q)q
− p3 [ (b − x )( p − q) f ( p2 x + b(1 − p2 ))
p2 q5
p
+ (b − x )( p − q) f (q2 x + b(1 − q2 ))
q3

p3 − q[3] p,q
+ (b − x )( p − q) f ( pqx + b(1 − pq))]}. (12)
pq4
Now, by multiplying Equation (10) by −( x − a)4 (b − x )3 and Equation (12) by (b −
x )4 ( x − a)3 , as well as adding the resultant equality, we obtain the desired equality.
Some new post-quantum Ostrowski-type integral inequalities for three-times ( p, q)
differentiable functions are given below:
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 8 of 13

Theorem 6. Let f : [ a, b] → R be a three-times ( p, q) differentiable function such that a D3p,q f and

b D3 f are continuous and integrable functions on J and J , respectively. If | D3 f | and |b D3 f |
p,q 2 1 a p,q p,q
are convex functions, then the following inequality takes place:

1 [5] p,q − [4] p,q

|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 {( x − a)[| a D3p,q f ( x )| + | a D3p,q f ( a)| ]
[5] p,q [4] p,q [5] p,q

1 [5] p,q − [4] p,q

+(b − x )[|b D3p,q f ( x )| + |b D3p,q f (b)| ]}. (13)
[5] p,q [4] p,q [5] p,q

Proof. Taking into account the modulus of Equation (8) and the convexity of the functions
| a D3p,q f | and |b D3p,q f |, we have
Z 1
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 [( x − a) t3 | a D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)|d p,q t
0
Z 1
+ (b − x ) t3 |b D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)|d p,q t
0

Z 1  
≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 {( x − a) t3 t| a D3p,q f ( x )| + (1 − t)| a D3p,q f ( a)| d p,q t
0
Z 1  
+ (b − x ) t3 t|b D3p,q f ( x )| + (1 − t)|b D3p,q f (b)| d p,q t}
0

Z 1 Z 1
= ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 {( x − a)[| a D3p,q f ( x )| t4 d p,q t + | a D3p,q f ( a)| (t3 − t4 )d p,q t]
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
+ (b − x )[|b D3p,q f ( x )| t4 d p,q t + |b D3p,q f (b)| (t3 − t4 )d p,q t]},
0 0

This completes the proof.

Theorem 7. Let f : [ a, b] → R be a three-times ( p, q) differentiable function such that a D3p,q f

and b D3p,q f are continuous and integrable functions on J2 and J1 , respectively. If | a D3p,q f |r and
|b D3p,q f |r are convex functions for r ≥ 1, then the following inequality takes place:

1
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )3 ( b − x )3
1− 1
[4] p,q r
 1r
[5] p,q − [4] p,q

1 3 r 3 r
× [( x − a) | a D p,q f ( x )| + | a D p,q f ( a)|
[5] p,q [4] p,q [5] p,q
 1r
[5] p,q − [4] p,q b 3

1 b 3 r r
+ (b − x ) | D p,q f ( x )| + | D p,q f (b)| ]. (14)
[5] p,q [4] p,q [5] p,q

Proof. By using Lemma 2 and the power mean inequality, we obtain

Z 1
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 [( x − a) t3 | a D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)|d p,q t
0
Z 1
+ (b − x ) t3 |b D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)|d p,q t
0
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 9 of 13

Z 1
1− 1r Z 1
 1r
≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 [( x − a) t3 d p,q t t3 | a D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)|r d p,q t
0 0
Z 1
1− 1r Z 1
 1r
+ (b − x ) t3 d p,q t t3 |b D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)|r d p,q t ].
0 0

With the convexity of | a D3p,q f |r and |b D3p,q f |r , we have

|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3

 1
1 1 3 r 1 1 3 r
r
× [( x − a) 1
| D
a p,q f ( x )| + ( − )| D
a p,q f ( a )|
1− [5] p,q [4] p,q [5] p,q
[4] p,q r
 1
1 1 b 3 r 1 1 b 3 r
r
+ (b − x ) 1
| D p,q f ( x )| + ( − )| D p,q f (b)| ].
1− [5] p,q [4] p,q [5] p,q
[4] p,q r

Theorem 8. Let f : [ a, b] → R be a three-times ( p, q) differentiable function such that a D3p,q f

and b D3p,q f are continuous and integrable functions on J2 and J1 , respectively. If | a D3p,q f |r and
|b D3p,q f |r are convex functions for r ≥ 1 and 1r + 1s = 1, then the following inequality holds:
 1
1 s
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ 3
( x − a) (b − x ) 3
[3s + 1] p,q
 1
1 3 r 1 3 r
r
× [( x − a) | a D p,q f ( x )| + (1 − )| a D p,q f ( a)|
[2] p,q [2] p,q
 1
1 b 3 1 r
+ (b − x ) | D p,q f ( x )|r + (1 − )|b D3p,q f (b)|r ]. (15)
[2] p,q [2] p,q

Proof. By using Holder’s inequality and applying Lemma 2, we obtain

Z 1
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 [( x − a) t3 | a D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)|d p,q t
0
Z 1
+ (b − x ) t3 |b D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)|d p,q t].
0

|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )3 ( b − x )3
Z 1  1s Z 1  1r
3s 3 r
× [( x − a) t d p,q t | a D p,q f (tx + (1 − t) a)| d p,q t
0 0
Z 1
 1s Z 1
 1r
3s b r
+ (b − x ) t d p,q t | D3p,q f (tx + (1 − t)b)| d p,q t ].
0 0

Now, by taking into account Lemma 1 and the convexity of | a D3p,q f |r and |b D3p,q f |r
from the hypothesis, we obtain
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 10 of 13

|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )3 ( b − x )3
  1 Z 1  1r
1 s
3 r 3 r
× [( x − a) (t| a D p,q f ( x )| + (1 − t)| a D p,q f ( a)| )d p,q t
[3s + 1] p,q 0
  1 Z 1  1r
1 s
+ (b − x ) (t|b D3p,q f ( x )|r + (1 − t)|b D3p,q f (b)|r )d p,q t ].
[3s + 1] p,q 0

From here, we have

|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3
 1  1
1 s 1 1 r
×[( x − a) | a D3p,q f ( x )|r + (1 − )| a D3p,q f ( a)|r
[3s + 1] p,q [2] p,q [2] p,q
 1  1
1 s 1 b 3 1 r
+(b − x ) | D p,q f ( x )|r + (1 − )|b D3p,q f (b)|r ],
[3s + 1] p,q [2] p,q [2] p,q
The proof is finished.

Remark 1. Under conditions of Theorem 6, if | a D3p,q f | ≤ M and |b D3p,q f | ≤ M, then we have

1
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ M( x − a)3 (b − x )3 (b − a) , (16)
[4] p,q

where M is a positive constant.

Remark 2. Under the conditions in Theorem 8, if | a D3p,q f | ≤ M and |b D3p,q f | ≤ M, then we have

1
|ba M p,q ( x )| ≤ M( x − a)3 (b − x )3 (b − a) 1
, (17)
s
[3s + 1] p,q
where M is a positive constant.

Remark 3. All previous results can also be particularized for quantum calculus when we have
p = 1. This means the identity in Equation (8) and the inequalities in Equations (13)–(15) can be
rewritten for quantum calculus if we set p = 1.

Therefore, the following can be obtained:

Remark 4. (a) If p = 1 in Theorem 6, then the following inequality holds:

1 [5] q − [4] q
|ba Mq ( x )| ≤ ( x − a)3 (b − x )3 {( x − a)[| a Dq3 f ( x )| + | a Dq3 f ( a)| ]
[5] q [4] q [5] q

1 [5] q − [4] q
+(b − x )[|b Dq3 f ( x )| + |b Dq3 f (b)| ]}.
[5] q [4] q [5] q

(b) If we have p = 1 in Theorem 7, then the following inequality holds:

|ba Mq ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )3 ( b − x )3
 1r
[5] q − [4] q

1 1 3 r 3 r
× [( x − a) | a Dq f ( x )| + | a Dq f ( a)|
1− 1 [5] q [4] q [5] q
[4] q r
 1r
[5] q − [4] q b 3

1 b 3 r r
+ (b − x ) | Dq f ( x )| + | Dq f (b)| ].
[5] q [4] q [5] q
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 11 of 13

(c) If p = 1 in Theorem 8, then the following inequality holds:

|ba Mq ( x )| ≤ ( x − a )3 ( b − x )3
 1  1
1 s 1 1 r
× [( x − a) | a Dq3 f ( x )|r + (1 − )| a Dq3 f ( a)|r
[3s + 1]q [2] q [2] q
 1
1 b 3 1 b 3 r
+ (b − x ) | Dq f ( x )|r + (1 − )| Dq f (b)|r ].
[2] q [2] q

Analogue results similar to the inequalities in Equations (16) and (17) are given
in [48,52] for twice ( p, q) differentiable functions and in [22].

4. Discussion and Conclusions

Starting from the identity and inequalities given in [48], our goal was to find a similar
identity involving the left and right post-quantum derivatives and the corresponding
inequalities in the case of the three-times ( p, q) differentiable functions in the frame of
post-quantum calculus.
In this paper, we presented a new ( p, q) integral identity by using the third ( p, q) a and
( p, q)b derivatives. This identity was used to establish new post-quantum Ostrowski-type
integral inequalities for three-times ( p, q)-differentiable convex functions in Theorems 6–8.
Several examples and consequences were presented in Examples 1 and 2 and Remark 4 to
illustrate the investigated results.
It was also proven that these newly established integral inequalities can be turned
into q Ostrowski-type integral inequalities for convex functions or classical Ostrowski-
type inequalities for convex functions. These results contribute to the enrichment of the
specialized literature in the field of Ostrowski-type inequalities. We hope that our results
can be applied in interpolation theory, hypergeometric series, quantum algebra and applied
mathematics.
It is a new and interesting problem that these results can be used to obtain similar
inequalities for the new concepts of convexity, which have been extended and generalized
in different dirrections.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.C. and E.G.; methodology, L.C.; software, L.C.; vali-
dation, L.C. and E.G.; formal analysis, L.C.; investigation, L.C. and E.G.; resources, L.C. and E.G.;
data curation, L.C.; writing—original draft preparation, L.C.; writing—review and editing, L.C. and
E.G.; visualization, L.C. and E.G.; supervision, L.C. and E.G.; project administration, L.C. and E.G.;
funding acquisition, L.C. and E.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the
manuscript.
Funding: PFE 26/30.12.2021, PERFORM-CDI@UPT100 .
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research,
Innovation and Digitalization, project number PFE 26/30.12.2021, PERFORM-CDI@UPT100 . The
increase in performance was thanks to the Polytechnic University of Timisoara, who strengthened
the research, development and technological transfer capacity in the field of “Energy, Environment
and Climate Change” at the beginning of the second century of its existence within Program 1-
Development of the national system of Research and Development, Subprogram 1.2-Institutional
Performance-Institutional Development Projects-Excellence Funding Projects in RDI, PNCDI III.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 246 12 of 13

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