Ch.

2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex 2.01 – Vertical translations of functions d)

Q5. a) f(x) = x4
in f(x) = x4 – 1 the function has been vertically
translated 1 unit downwards
b) in f(x) = x4 +6 the function has been vertically
translated 6 unit upwards
Q6. a)

b)

c)

d)

Q7.

Q8.

Q9. a) y = x2 concave up parabola, since a = 1

2
y = x + 2 concave up parabola, since a = 1
translated 2 units upwards
Q1. a) y = x3 + 3 y = x2 - 3 concave up parabola, since a = 1
The constants, c = 3 means the graph is shifted translated 3 units downwards
or translate 3 units upwards. Also a Vertical
translation
b) y = x2 - 7
The constant, c = -7 means the graph is shifted
or translate 7 units downward. Also a Vertical
translation
c) y = x2 - 1
The constant, c = -1 means the graph is shifted
or translate 1 units downward. Also a Vertical
translation
d)

Q2. a)
b) y = 3x exponential growth graph
b) x
y = 3 – 4 means translated 4 units
c) downwards
1 1
Q3. y = 𝑥 + 9 is the standard hyperbola y = 𝑥 which
has been translated 9 units

Q4. a) y = x2 translated 3 units downwards is y = x2 - 3

b)

c)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

c) y = |x|

Q10.
Q11. a)
b)
3𝑥 + 1 1
Q12. a) = +3 common denominator = 1
𝑥 𝑥
1 + 3𝑥
= 𝑥
3𝑥 + 1 1
b) y = 𝑥
is the standard hyperbola y = 𝑥 shifted
3 units up

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex 2.02 – Horizontal translations of functions

Q1. a) y = (x – 4)2

in the form f(x + b) if b > 0 the graph is

translated to the left by b units

Also if b < 0 the graph is translated to the right

by b units

hence in this case b = - 4 therefore the graph of

y = x2 is translated 4 units to the

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex 2.03 – Vertical dilations of functions b)

Q1. a) parent function is y = x c)

i) y = 6x d)

vertical dilation, scale factor = 6 (stretched e)

ii) Q4. a)

iii) b)

b) c)

c) d)

d) Q5. a)

e) b)

f) c)

Q2. a) y = kf(x) d)

k = scale factor e)

=6 Q6. a) f(x) = log2 x and f(x) = 2 log2(x)

y = x2 f(x) = x2

y = 6x2

domain: (-∞,∞)

range: [0, ∞)

b) y = kf(x)

k = scale factor
1
=4

y = ln x f(x) = ln x
1
y = lnx
4

domain: (0,∞)
b) y = 3x and y = 2. 3x
range: (-∞, ∞)
y = 3x is the standard exponential curve which has
c) a y intercept = 1.

d) y = 2. 3x has a y intrercept of 2 , since at x = 0

e) y = 2 . 30

Q3. a) =2

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

c)

d)

e)

Q7. a)

b)

c)

Q8.

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex 2.04 – Horizontal dilations of functions b)

c)

Q5. a)

b)

c)

Q6. a)

b)
Q1. a) f(x) = (8x)4
c)
since a > 1, the function is compressed,
horizontal dilation d)
1 e)
scale factor =
8
f)
b)
Q7.
c)
Q8. a)
d)
b)
Q2. a) i)
Q9. a)
ii)
b)
iii)

b)

c)

d) y = |x|

i) y = 5|x|

e)

f)

Q3. a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Q4. a)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex. 2.05 – Combinations of Transformations 3 units down, c = -3

y = (x +4)3 – 3
b) f(x) = |x| 9 units up, 1 unit right
1 unit right, b = -1
9 units up, c = 9
f(x) = |x -1| + 9
c) f(x) = x
dilated vertically with a scale factor of 3,
translated 6 unis down
k = 3, c = -6
f(x) = 3x – 6
d) y = ex - reflected in the x axis, k = -1,
translated 2 units up, c = 2
x
y = -e + 2
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Q4. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Q5. a) y = 2logx to y = 2log(x + 3) – 1

Horizontal translation of 3 units to the left,

Vertical dilation of 2, translation of 1 unit down
b)
c)
d)
Q1. a) (2, -6)
e)
3 units to the right means the new
f)
x coordinate = 2 + 3
Q6. a)
=5
b)
5 units down means the y coordinate = - 6 – 5
c)
= -11
d)
image = (5, -11)
e)
b)
Q7. a) translated 6 units down, c = -6,
c)
3 units right, b = 3
d)
new x coordinate = x + 3
Q2. a)
new y coordinate y – 6
b)
(x + 3, y – 6)
Q3. a) y = x3 3 units down, 4 to the left
b) reflected in the y axis, x coordinate is –x
4 to the left, b = 4
translated 6 up, y coordinate becomes y + 6

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

(-x, y + 6)

c)
d)
e)
Q8. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Q9. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Q10. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Q11. a)
b)
Q12.
Q13. a)
b)
Q14. a)
b)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex 2.06 – Graphs of functions with combined

transformations

Q1. a) f(x) = x2 shown in green

concave up parabola,

turning point or vertex is (0,0)

axis of symmetry is the y axis

i) f(x) = x2 + c

c > 0 is vertical translation, shift upwards

c)

d)

Q2. a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Q3. a)
ii) if c < 0,
b)
is vertical translation, shift downwards
c)

d)

e)

Q4. a)

b)

Q5. a)

b)

c)

Q6.
b) f(x) = (x + b)2
Q7.
i) b > 0 horizontal translation to the left
Q8. a)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

b)

c)

d)

e)

Q9. a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Q10. a)

b)

Q11. a)

b)

c)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Ex 2.07 – Equations and inequalities Q9. a)

Q1. a) b)

b) Q10. a)

c) b)

d) c)

e) Q11. a)

f) b)

g) Q12. a)

h) b)

i)

Q2. a)

b)

Q3. a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Q4. a)

b)

Q5. a)

b)

c0

Q6. a)

b)

c)

Q7. a)

b)

Q8. a)

b)

c)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Test Yourself 2

Q1. y = f(x) → y = f(x – 8) is a horizontal translation 8

units to the right (B)
Q2.

y = x2 is a concave up parabola since a = 1

(coefficient of x2)
the given parabola is translated 3 units to the
right, reflected in the x axis, hence a is now
negative. The shift to the right means it is (x – 3)
and note the –(x – 3) provides the negative
coefficient of x (D)
Q3. y = f(x) → y = -2f(x + 1) + 4
horizontally translated 1 unit to the left, vertically
dilate by scale of -2, vertical translation o4 units
x→x–1
y → -2
b) draw a horizontal line shown in red from y = 8 to
0→4 (C)
x–1 intersect the graph and read the x coordinate as
Q4. a) y = e – 2 exponential graph
shown by the blue vertical line
y intercept is when x = 0
y = e0 – 1 – 2
= e-1 – 2
= - 1.6321..
x intercept is when y = 0
0 = ex – 1 – 2
2 = ex – 1 take logs of both
x–1
ln 2 = ln e
= (x – 1)ln e
=x–1
1 + ln 2 = x
x = 1 + ln 2
= 1.693..
x = 3.34 at point D
c) ex – 1 – 2 = 20
ex – 1 = 20 + 2
= 22 take logs of both sides
x–1
ln e = ln 22

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

(x – 1) ln e = ln 22 ln e = 1 Q11.
x – 1 = ln 22 Q12.
x = ln 22 + 1 Q13. a)
= 4.091042453 b)
= 4.09 c)
Q5. point (24,36) Q14.
a) y = 3f(4x) – 1 Q15. a)
4x means the x coordinate is scaled by a factor b)
or 4 hence the image coordinate is: Q16. a)
4x = 24 b)
x=6 Q17. a)
The y coordinate is determined by the y
b)
equation. Note that f(4x) = 36
y = 3f(4x) – 1 c)
= 3 × 36 – 1
= 107 d)
b) y = f[3(x+2)] + 4 e)
the x
c) Q18. a)
d) b)
e)
Q6. a) i) y = f(x) + c translates the graph vertically c)
(along the y axis) by a factor c
d)
y = x 3 → x3 + 3
ii) y = f(x + b) translates the graph horizontally e)
along the x axis. if b is positive the graph is
f)
translated to the left.
g)
7 units to the left means b = 7
h)
y = (x + 7)3
i)
b) i) y = |x| vertically dilated by scale factor 3
j)
y = kf(x) dilates the graph vertically (along
Q19. a)
the y axis) by a scale factor of k
k=3 b)
y = 3|x|
ii) horizontal dilation factor 2 c)
y = f(ax) stretches the curve horizontally Q20.
1
along the x axis by a factor of 𝑎
1
Q21. a)
𝑎
=2
1 1 b)
a= → y = f(ax) = | 𝑥|
2 2
y = |2 |
𝑥 Q22. a)

Q8. b)
Q9.
c)
Q10. a)
b) d)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Q23. a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Q24. a)

b)

c)

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 Ch. 2 – Transformations of Functions

Challenge Exercise

Q1. a)

b)

c)

Q2. a)

b)

c)

Q3. a)

b)

c)

Q4. a)

b)

Q5. a)

b)

c) i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

Q6. a)

b)

Q7.

Q8.

Q9.

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