Scribd
Upload
20 views4 pages

Detection of Depression in Social Media Via Twitter Using Machine Learning Approach

The document discusses using machine learning approaches to analyze social media posts to identify syntactical markers related to onset and perpetual symptoms of depression. By analyzing posts, it may be possible to develop an algorithm that can predict depression in an effective manner and also extend ancient methods of identification.

Uploaded by

haimiryaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views4 pages

Detection of Depression in Social Media Via Twitter Using Machine Learning Approach

The document discusses using machine learning approaches to analyze social media posts to identify syntactical markers related to onset and perpetual symptoms of depression. By analyzing posts, it may be possible to develop an algorithm that can predict depression in an effective manner and also extend ancient methods of identification.

Uploaded by

haimiryaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

:I:8I>DCD;:EG:HH>DC>C,D8>6A&:9>6K>6-L>II:G

.H>C<&68=>C:A:6GC>C<EEGD68= 

,6C<::I6+ $6B>I: G /  $6B7A:


:E6GIB:CID;8DBEJI:GH8>:C8:C<>C::G>C< :E6GIB:CID;8DBEJI:GH8>:C8:C<>C::G>C<
)  , DAA:<:D;C<>C::G>C<JG6C<6769 )  , DAA:<:D;C<>C::G>C<JG6C<6769
&6=6G6H=IG6"C9>6 &6=6G6H=IG6"C9>6
,6C<::I6@6B>I:<B6>A 8DB K7@6B7A:N6=DD 8DB


  '    %(     %  )GD8::9I=6II=:8DC8:EID;HNCI68I>86AB6G@:GHEG:H:CI>C
!   ! %      #  % EDHI:9 IL::IH >H LDCI ID 9:K:ADE:9 6EEA>:9 B6I= BD9:AH
!  !(  L=>8=B6NH><=I6C9:K:CEG:9>8I9:EG:HH>DCHNBEIDBH>C
# %% %! 6 L6NH 86C 8DBE:I:CI 6C9 :MI:C9 6C8>:CI B:I=D9H ID
  !     
9:H><C6I>DC  -D 7J>A9 6HHD8>6I: 9:<G:: 6A<DG>I=B>8 GJA:
 # #%!     
"  "# L=>8=L>AA6C6ANO:-L::IHG:;A:8I
   %   "  " ,:A; 6HH:HH:99:EG:HH>K:DEI>DCH86CB6@:>I9D67A:;DG
 %  %! !      "     E:DEA: ID >CK:HI><6I: HD8>6A B:9>6 EDHIH ;DG HNCI68I>86A
#% %& %  
       ! %    %
>9:CI>;>86I>DC I=6I HNBEIDBH 9:I:G>DG6I>C< EHN8=DAD<>86A
! %   " # HI6I: L6N 7:;DG: 6C8>:CI B:I=D9H EG:H:CIAN JH: 45 
     "   !  !   "9:CI>;N HNCI68I>86A B6G@:GH >C HD8>6A B:9>6 EDHIHE:GB>IH
   %    !  #     ;DG667>96C8:I=6IB6N7A6C9>H=6C8>:CIB:I=D9H6C9<>K:
! &     ## "% ;6G :6GA>:G EG:K>H>DC D; 9:EG:HH>K: B6G@:GH  0=>A: H:K:G6A
 !#%     :M>HI>C< HIJ9>:H D; 9:EG:HH>DC G:A6I:9 HD8>6A B:9>6 EDHIH
$      JH:9 68:7DD@ HDB: 8:CI:G:9DC-L>II:G96I6  !DL:K:G
I=:G: 6G: 8:GI6>C 9>;;:G:C8:H 7:IL::C I=:  EA6I;DGBH I=6I
                
86JH: JC6B7><JDJHAN 8DBEA:I:AN 8DCIG6GN 8DCI:CI 6C9
 
-L>II:G 96I6 >H JC6B7><JDJHAN LDGI=N 45  =DL:K:G
" "'-+(.-"(' 68:7DD@ JH:GH D;I:C EDHI 7:ADL I=:>G G:6A C6B:H ID
;G>:C9H 6C9 B:B7:GH D; I=: ;6B>AN -L>II:G JH:GH JHJ6AAN
"I>HEDHH>7A:ID8DCHIGJ8I69::EA:6GC>C<BD9:AL=>8=
JH: G:6A C6B: 6C9 6G: 699>I>DC6A 9DJ7IA:HH ID 7: A>C@:9
86C <>K: DK:GK>:L D; E:GHDCH B:CI6A =:6AI= ;6G :6GAN >C
L>I= JH:GH I=:N C::9 C::G B:I  -=>H E:GB>IH ;DG 6C
I>B:6H8DBE6G:IDI=:IG69>I>DC6A6EEGD68=:H7N6C6ANO>C<
699>I>DC6A 6CDCNBDJH B:6CH I=6I D; 8DBBJC>86I>DC
HI6I>HI>86A B6G@:GH >C HD8>6A B:9>6 EDHI %DIH D; E:DEA:
L=>8=86CD;;:G6A:HH;6@:688DJCID;HHD8>6I:>C'JGH>C<
C:6GAN 67DJI B>AA>DCH 6G: I68@A>C< L>I= I=: EGD7A:B D;
>C9>K>9J6AVH I=DJ<=IH 6C9 :ME:G>:C8:H  -L>II:G 8DC?D>CIAN
9:EG:HH>DC 6C9 DCAN HDB: D; I=:B G:8:>K: 6C 8DBE:I:CI
=6K:67GD69EDEJA6I>DCD;JH:GH6<:C8NB><=I7:JHJ6AAN
IG:6IB:CI  :EG:HH>DC >H 6 EG::B>C:CI :MEA6C6I>DC ;DG
9DJ7IA:HH ID =DA9 D;; >C B:CI6A =:6AI= 8DCC:8I:9 6C6ANH>H
>C86E68>IN 68GDHH I=: LDGA9 6C9 6EEGDM>B6I:AN   
699>I>DC6AAN 6H 6 JCHJ7IA: 8DCIG6HI D; EJ7A>86AAN DJI I=:G:
>C9>K>9J6AH>C6N:6G8DBB>II:9HJ>8>9:L=>8=>HDC:D;I=:
>C;D EGDK>9>C< I=: H>BEA:HI L6N ID 7:6I 6 CJB7:G D; I=:
B6?DGG:6HDCH;DG9:6I=6BDC<  N:6GDA9H +:HJAI6CI
8DCHIG6>CIHD;6C8>:CIHIG6I:<>:HD;>C;DGB6I>DC6HHDGIB:CI 
IG:6IB:CI ;DG 9:EG:HH>DC HFJ6G: B:6HJG: JHJ6AAN 9:A6N:9
=6C<:H >C A6C<J6<: 6C9 68I>K>IN 6G: HNHI:B6I>86AAN
>BEG:8>H: DG ADHI :CI>G:AN 45  ,D8>6A B:9>6 EGDK>9: C:L
8DGG:A6I: ID I=: 9>;;:G:C8: >C 7:=6K>DG DC HD8>6A B:9>6 
8=6C8: ID G:BD9:A :6GAN 9:EG:HH>DC >CI:G8:HH>DC H:GK>8:H
BDI>DC6A A6C<J6<: 6C9 HNCI68I>86A DEI>DCH JI>A>O:9 >C
BDHIAN >C   N:6G DA9H 69JAI  :K:GN H:8DC9 8DJCIA:HH
HD8>6A B:9>6 EDHIH 6G: L:AA IG>:9 ID >BEG:HH>DC I=6I
CJB7:G D; IL::IH 6G: EDHI:9 DC IL>II:G L=>8=
8=6G68I:G>O:9 B6?DG 9:EG:HH>DC  .H:GH BDHIAN JH: HD8>6A
6EEGDM>B6I:AN8GDHHDK:G  IL::IHH:CIE:GB>CJI:
C:ILDG@>C< ED9>JBH HJ8= 6H -L>II:G :MEG:HH ID I=:>G
C:6GAN 67DJI ILD =JC9G:9H 7>AA>DC D; IL::IH EDHI:9
;::A>C<H 6C9 K>:LH >C LG>II:C @>C9  6I6 8DCI:CI D; EDHIH
6CCJ6AAN6C96EEGDM;>K:=JC9G:9B>AA>DCHE:G96N4 5 
DCIL>II:GHFJ6G:B:6HJG:H><C>;>86CIAN=:AE;JA;DG6C6ANH>H
D; EDEJA6I>DC JH:H 6CN D; I=: K6G>:IN D; I=: HD8>6A
6H6G:HJAID;I=:>GBDHIINE>86AAN8G:6I:9L>I=>CI=:8DJGH:
C:ILDG@>C< 6EEH A>@: 68:7DD@ 6C9 IL>II:G 7:86JH:
D; 96>AN A>;: 68I>K>I>:H 6C9 HE:8>6A :K:CIH  -=>H <>K:H 6C
9:EG:HH>DC >H 6HHD8>6I: 9:<G:: =:6AI= EGD7A:B I=:G:;DG:
:ME:CH>K:6C98D=:G:CIHJ<<:HI>DCI=6I;DG<:II>C<68I>K>IN
INE>86AAN C::9H I=: 6L6G:C:HH 67DJI HNBEIDBH  ,D8>6A
ID >C9>K>9J6AH I=>C@>C< BDD9 HD8>6A>O6I>DC
B:9>6 EDHI 8DCI:CI <>K: 6C :ME:CH>K: HJEEAN D;
8DBBJC>86I>DC68I>K>I>:H 
>C;DGB6I>DC 6C9 96I6 I=6I B6N 7: 688JHIDB:9 IG6>C

6HHD8>6I:9:<G:::8DCDB>86AHNHI:B 
  !!
-=: 6>B >H ID 9:K:ADE 6 EGD?:8I >C L=>8= HNHI:B >H 6
67A: ID 86EIJG>C< 6C9 6C6ANO: I=: HNCI68I>86A B6G@:GH
G:A6I:9IDDCH:I6C9E:GE:IJ6AHNBEIDBHD;9:EG:HH>DC 45 

      Q  "


Authorized licensed use limited to: Cardiff University. Downloaded on October 01,2023 at 19:16:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

122
""  %"-+-.+)+(,)-  $ !!
-=:G:AJ8I6C8:D;HNCI68I>86A6C6ANH>H L>I=>CI=:D7HIGJ8I>DC
 &>HH>C< K6AJ: :M8AJH>K:AN =6C9A: 7N I=: G6C9DB
D; B:CI6A HI6I: 86CVI 7: >BBD9:G6I:  N G:H:6G8=>C< 6
;DG:HI6A<DG>I=B 
E:GHDCVHLDG9H>IH=DLH6IG6CHE6G:CI6C9K6AJ67A:L>C9DL
 AHD 67A: ID 8DCHIGJ8I I=: G6C9DB ;DG:HI 8A6HH>;>:G
>CID E:GHDC HI6IJH 45  K:C I=: 7:HI G:H:6G8= D; HD8>6A
;DG86I:<DG>86AK6AJ:H6AHD
C:ILDG@>C< L>AA <>K: 'DGI= B:G>86C C6I>DC L>I= B6?DG
 +6C9DB ;DG:HI 6A<DG>I=B G:9J8:H I=: EGD7A:B D;
688:HH>CIDE:DEA:K>:LH6C9;::A>C<H6C986JH:8DCH>9:G67AN
DK:G;>II>C< 
A6G<:GJC9:GHI6C9>C<6C9IG:6IB:CID;B:CI6AHI6I: 
 A6HH>;>86I>DC6C9G:<G:HH>DCI6H@7DI=86C7:HDAK:
"C4 5 &JCBJC : =DJ9=JGN :I 6A   I:C9H ID JH: 7NJH>C<H6B:G6C9DB;DG:HI6A<DG>I=B 
HD8>6AC:ILDG@>C<H>I:H6H686A8JA6I>K:IDDAD;9:EG:HH>DC>C  :6IJG: :C<>C::G>C< B6>CAN JH:9 G6C9DB ;DG:HI
CJB7:G D; E:DEA: ;DG B:6HJG>C< 9:EG:HH>DC 7N JH>C< ,/& 6A<DG>I=B 
8A6HH>;>:G B:I=D9  "C4 5 &JCBJC : =DJ9=JGN :I  DG >9:CI>;>86I>DC D; I=: BDHI >BEDGI6CI ;:6IJG:H
6A  I:C9HID=6G68I:G>O>C<6C9)G:9>8I>C<)DHIE6GIJB ;GDB6K6>A67A:;:6IJG:HD;I=:IG6>C>C<96I6H:I 
:EG:HH>DC ;GDB ,=6G:9 68:7DD@ 6I6 ;DG  :I:8I
=6G68I:G>O: 6C9 )G:9>8I )DHIE6GIJB :EG:HH>DC 7N JH>C< 
E6I>:CI =:6AI= FJ:HI>DCC6>G:  "C4 5):I:G JGB6E :I
6A   I:C9H ID &68=>C: A6HH>;>86I>DC 6C9 C6ANH>H D;

,J>8>9:  +:A6I:9 DBBJC>86I>DC DC -L>II:G 7N JH>C<
EG>C8>E6A 8DBEDC:CI 6C6ANH>H  "C4 5AK>H ,6G6K>6
:I 6A  I:C9HID9:I:8I>DCD;&:CI6A>AAC:HH6C96C6ANH>H 
K>6 HD8>6A B:9>6 ID )G:9>8I>C< :EG:HH>DC 7N JH>C< G6C9DB
;DG:HI 8A6HH>;>86I>DC  "C4 5$:JB=:: :I 6A   I:C9H ID 
"9:CI>;N>C< :EG:HH>K: JH:GH >C -L>II:G JH>C< &JAI>BD96A
6C6ANH>H L=>8= MIG68IH -L::IH ;GDB -L>II:G I=6I >C9>86I: 
:EG:HH>DC N JH>C< $ B:6CH 8AJHI:G>C< A6I:CI ;JH>DC  N
JH>C< '6PK: 6N:VH 8A6HH>;>:GH  "C459G>6C :CIDC 
:I6A  I:C9H ID JH:  &JAI>I6H@ %:6GC>C< ;DG &:CI6A
!:6AI= DC9>I>DCH L>I= %>B>I:9 ,D8>6A &:9>6 96I6 ;DG

)G:9>8I>C<:EG:HH>DC7NJH>C<&JAI>I6H@%:6GC>C<6EEGD68=

>< G8=>I:8IJG:D;)GDEDH:9&D9:A
 #$% !
   
"I >H 6 8A6HH>;N>C< I:8=C>FJ: 76H:9 DC 6N:VH -=:DG:B
 >< :MEA>86I:HI=:6G8=>I:8IJG:D;EGDEDH:9BD9:A 
8DCH>HI6C6HHJBEI>DCD;>C9:E:C9:C8:6BDC<EG:9>8IDGH "C
H>BEA:I:GBH6'6>K:6N:VH8A6HH>;>:GHI6I:HI=6II=:I=:G:  "C EGDEDH:9 BD9:A L: <6I=:G 96I6 G:A6I:9 ID
>HCD>CI:G8DCC:8I>DC7:IL::CILD9>;;:G:CI;:6IJG:H  9:EG:HH>DC A:K:A 7N JH>C< IL>II:G JH:GH HD8>6A
68I>K>IN
  -DI=>HL:6C6ANO:I=:DCA>C:68I>K>IND;I=:IL>II:G
JH:GL=:CE:GHDCB6@:IL::IHDCIL>II:G 
"""  )+()(,,2,-&  6I6 8DAA:8I:9 ;GDB JH:GVH DCA>C: HD8>6A 68I>K>IN
0: 7J>A9 I=: BD9:A ;DG 9:I:8I>C< 9:EG:HH>DC K>6 IL>II:G 6C9HIDG:>C6I:HI96I6HIDG:L=:G:96I6>HHIDG:;DG
7N JH>C< B68=>C: A:6GC>C< 6EEGD68=  "C L=>8= HI6I>HI>86A I=:;JGI=:GEGD8:HH>C< 
BD9:A >H IG6>C ID :M:8JI: I=: E6GI>8JA6G 8DJGH:LDG@ L>I=DJI  ;I:GHIDG>C<I=:96I6C:MIHI:E>HIDI:HII=:96I6>C
JH>C< 9:;>C>I: >CHIGJ8I>DCH >CHI:69 JH: I=: E6II:GCH 6C9 L=>8=EGD8:HHD;;:6IJG::MIG68I>DC>HE:G;DGB:9 
>CI:G;:G:C8: H>B>A6G ID I=: GI>;>8>6A "CI:AA><:C8:  &68=>C:  :6IJG::MIG68I>DC:;;>868>DJHANIJGC9DLCI=:96I6
A:6GC>C< 8DCI6>CH K6G>DJH 6A<DG>I=BH L=>8= >H JH:9 ID L=>8=BJHI7:EGD8:HH:9L=>A:DG><>C6A96I6H:I>H
9:K:ADE6B6I=:B6I>86ABD9:AL=>8=>HLDG@DCI=:H6BEA: HI>AA688JG6I:AN6C98DBEA:I:AN9:H8G>7: 
96I6EGDK>9:86AA:96HIG6>C>C<96I6L=>8=JH:9ID9:8>H>DCH
 )GDE:GAN DEI>B>O:H ;:6IJG: :MIG68I>DC >H I=: @:N ID
L>I=DJI:MEA>8>IAN:M:8JI:I=:8DJGH:LDG@ -=:G:6G:K6G>DJH
:;;:8I>K:BD9:A8DCHIGJ8I>DC 
6EEA>86I>DCH >C L=>8= B68=>C: A:6GC>C< 6A<DG>I=B >H JH:9
HJ8=6HH:GK>8:E:GHDC6A>O6I>DC'6IJG6AA6C<J6<:EGD8:HH>C<  ;I:G ;:6IJG: :MIG68I>DC H6G86HB 9:I:8I>DC >H
H:CI>B:CI6C6ANH>H8DBEJI:GK>H>DCHE::8=G:8D<C>I>DC6C9 E:G;DGB:96C9;>C6AANG:HJAI>HHIDG:9 
B6CN BDG:  "C I=: EGDEDH:9 BD9:A L: JH:9 B68=>C: 
A:6GC>C< 6A<DG>I=B > : +6C9DB DG:HI 6A<DG>I=B ;DG I=: :ADL ;><  :MEA>86I: I=: LDG@>C< D; I=: EGDEDH:9
9:I:8I>DC D; 9:EG:HH>DC ;GDB IL>II:G 96I6  +6C9DB DG:HI BD9:A >C L=>8= K6G>DJH DE:G6I>DCH 6G: E:G;DGB:9
6A<DG>I=B>H6HJE:GK>H:9B68=>C:A:6GC>C<6A<DG>I=B6HI=: HJ8= 6H 96I6 8DAA:8I>DC 96I6 EG:EGD8:HH>C< 6C9
C6B: >C9>86I:H >I 7J>A9H I=: ;DG:HI D; CJB7:G D; IG::H  H H:CI>B:CI6C6ANH>H 
BJ8= I=: B6M>BJB CJB7:G D; IG:HH >C I=: ;DG:HI <>K:H I=: 
B6M>BJB688JG68NG:HJAI  





Authorized licensed use limited to: Cardiff University. Downloaded on October 01,2023 at 19:16:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

123
 -:HI688JG68N>HB:6HJG:7NI=: H8DG: (JGBD9:A<>K:H
 I=: 7:II:G G:HJAI L=:C I=:   H8DG: >H B6M>BJB 
 &6I=:B6I>86AAN>I86C7::MEG:HH:96H
 ͳ
 ‫ ͳܨ‬ൌ ʹ ‫כ‬ ଵ ଵ ሺͳሻ
൅ 
 ௣௥௘௖௜௦௜௢௡ ௥௘௖௔௟௟
 
   &:6HJG: 86A8JA6I:H I=: G:A6I>K>IN 7:IL::C G:86AA 6C9
 EG:8>H>DC 

  86A8JA6I: 7N 9>K>9>C< CJB7:G D; 68IJ6A EDH>I>K:
 G:HJAIH7NI=:CJB7:GD;EDH>I>K:IL::IH L=>8=>H8A6HH>;>:G
 86A8JA6I:9 

   86A8JA6I: 7N 9>K>9>C< CJB7:G D; 68IJ6A EDH>I>K:
 IL::IH7NI=:CJB7:GD;6AAG:A6I:9H6BEA:H6AAH6BEA:HI=6I
 H=DJA9=6K:7::C>9:CI>;>:96HEDH>I>K:

>< 0DG@>C<D;I=:)GDEDH:9&D9:A
   .-.+,()

DAADL>C< I67A: 8DCI6>CH HDB: :M6BEA:H D; EDH>I>K: IL::IH "C I=>H E6E:G 6H L: 6G: LDG@>C< DC EG:9>8I>C< IL::IH
6C99:EG:HH>K:IL::IH  H:CI>B:CIH 7JI >I 86C 7: BDG: 688JG6I: 6C9 7:II:G L>I= I=:
A6G<: 96I6  -=: 7>I =6G9 E6GI L6H H:6G8=>C< I=: 6CCDI6I:9
-%"  1&)%()(,"-"/')+,,"/-0-, 96I6H:I6C98A:6C>C<>I;DGI=:6C6ANH>H 
 " #  " # 
"C ;JIJG: " L6CI JH: 9::E A:6GC>C< I:8=C>FJ:H ;DG I=:
AL6NH 7G>C< NDJG DLC :EG:HH>DCHJ8@H "B>C
BDG: 688JG6I: G:HJAI  " 6AHD L6CI ID 6C6ANO: I=: 9:EG:HH>DC
HJCH=>C: I=:B>99A:D;>I
 A:K:AD;I=:>C9>K>9J6A7NEG:9>8I>C<I=:9:EG:HH>K:6HL:AA6H
I=: EDH>I>K: DG C:JIG6A IL::IH D; I=: JH:G  " L6CI ID JH:
,=6G>C<=6EE>C:HH96>AN "=6I:BNH:A;IDD
BJAI>EA: ;68IDGH ID 6C6ANO: >C DG9:G ID B6@: BDG: 688JG6I:

G:HJAIH 
:<>C:68=96NL>I=6HB>A: "IL6HBN;6JAI"A:INDJ
6C96<G6I:;JA=:6GI  8DCIGDAB:   ('%.,"(',

 -=: HD8>6A B:9>6 76H:9 B:CI6A 8DC9>I>DC D; 6C >C9>K>9J6A
!6K:67A:HH:996N "IVHHDADJ9>CBN=:69 86C 7: 6C6ANO:H 7N I:HI>C< I=: G:A6I>DC 7:IL::C 9:EG:HH>DC
 6C9 HE:8>;>8 HNCI68I>86A B6G@:GH I=GDJ<= 6C 6A<DG>I=B>8
"6BCDI9:EG:HH:9
EGD<G6B  0=>8= 86C =:AE ID @CDL I=: H><C D; 9:EG:HH>DC
>C9 E:DEA: L=D L>AA B6@: :K:GNDC:?JHIEG:I:C9>C<
NDJ7:II:G ID7:=6EEN
I6@>C< EA68: L>I= >C9>K>9J6A -=: 9:EG:HH>K: 7:=6K>DG DG
 8DC9>I>DC 86C 7: 9>6<CDH:9 DG ;>C9 DJI I=GDJ<= I=: JH: D;
HNCI68I>86A B6G@:GH 6H 6 IDDA 7N L=>8= I=: 9:EG:HH>K:
 8=6G68I:G 86C 7: :6H>AN EG:9>8I 7N I=: IL::IH :K:C L>I=DJI
I=:JH:D;69K6C8:9BD9:A -=>H86C7:;>C9>C<DJI?JHI7N
   "! HDB: 8DAA:8I>K: 8A:6G 6C9 K>HJ6A 6C6ANH>H D; IL::IH  -=>H
 EGD?:8I :ME6C9H I=: H8DE: D; 9>6<CDH>H D; 9:EG:HH>DC ;GDB
ME:G>B:CI6ADJI8DB: HD8>6AB:9>6 
    
-%""  (&)+",('(1)+"&'-%(.-(&( " =:6GI>AN I=6C@H ID I=: EJ7A>H=:G G:H:6G8=:G 6C9
1",-"' ')+()(,,2,-& 
EGD;:HHDG ;DG <J>9>C< B: ;DG I=: EGD?:8I  -=: 8DAA:<:
 6JI=DG>IN 6AHD =:AE:9 B: 7N EGDK>9>C< B: 6 <G:6I HJEEDGI
   6C9I=::CI>G:C::9:9>C;G6HIGJ8IJG:L=>8=L6HG:FJ>G:9;DG
M>HI>C<HNHI:B )GDEDH:9HNHI:B I=: <J>96C8: ;DG I=: EGD?:8I  AHD 6 <G:6I I=6C@H ID BN
 ADK>C< ;6B>AN 6C9 ;G>:C9H ;DG HJEEDGI>C< 6C9 7:A>:K>C< >C
A<DG>I=BJH:9 '6>K:7N:VH +6C9DB;DG:HI B: 
 6A<DG>I=B 6A<DG>I=B  
   
 ,8DG:   4 5 &DL:GN  GN6C  DCL6N & :6IJG: U ,IJ9>:H ID "C;DGB I=:
88JG68N A6HH>;>86I>DC D; :EG:HH>K: ,NBEIDBH ;GDB -L>II:G 6I6 ;DG
 )DEJA6I>DC!:6AI= U 6G1>K   
 45   G:9O: & !6GB6CVV  *J6CI>;N>C< B:CI6A =:6AI= H><C6AH >C
-L>II:G  0DG@H=DE DC DBEJI6I>DC6A %>C<J>HI>8H 6C9 A>C>86A
)HN8=DAD<N U%   

Authorized licensed use limited to: Cardiff University. Downloaded on October 01,2023 at 19:16:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

124
45 3><BDC9 , ,C6>I= +)U -=: =DHE>I6A 6CM>IN 6C9 9:EG:HH>DC
H86A: 8I6)HN8=>6IGH86C9 U  
45 3=JC< 0  0  $ U  H:A; G6I>C< 9:EG:HH>DC    H86A: G8=>K:H D;
:C:G6A)HN8=>6IGN U  S 
45 &D=G  3=6C< & ,8=J:AA:G ,U ):GHDC6A H:CH>C< JC9:GHI6C9>C<
B:CI6A =:6AI= JH>C< J7>FJ>IDJH H:CHDGH 6C9 B68=>C: A:6GC>C< U CC
+:KA>C)HN8=DA   
45 -HJ<6L6 , &D<> 2  $>@J8=> 2  $>H=>CD   J?>I6$  "ID= 2 
6C9 (=H6@> !U(C :HI>B6I>C< 9:EG:HH>K:I:C9:C8N D; IL>II:G JH:GH
;GDB I=:>G IL::I 96I6 U "C)GD8::9>C<H D; I=: C9 "CI:GC6I>DC6A
0DG@H=DE DCB7>:CI "C;DGB6I>DC -:8=CDAD<>:H &"-V 
&6G  S 
45 2DH=>=>@D ,J=6G6 2>CO=6C1J A:M ,6C9N ):CIA6C9U ::E &DD9
DG86HI>C< 9:EG:HH:9 BDD9 76H:9 DC H:A;G:EDGI:9 =>HIDG>:H K>6
+:8JGG:CI ':JG6A ':ILDG@HU "CI:GC6I>DC6A 0DGA9 0>9: 0:7
DBB>II::EG>A  
45 9G>6C :CIDC &6G<6G:I &>I8=:AA >G@ !DKNU &JAI>I6H@ %:6GC>C<
;DGB:CI6A=:6AI=8DC9>I>DCL>I=A>B>I:9HD8>6AB:9>6U)GD8::9>C<HD;
I=: I= DC;:G:C8: D; I=: JGDE:6C =6EI:G D; I=: HHD8>6I>DC ;DG
DBEJI6I>DC6A%>C<J>HI>8H/DA ))  EG>A  
45 &6GN6B &D=6BB:9 A96GL>H= !6;>O6GDDF =B:9U )G:9>8I>C<
9:EG:HH>DC A:K:AH JH>C< HD8>6A B:9>6 EDHIHU I= "CI:GC6I>DC6A
,NBEDH>JBDCJIDCDBDJH:8:CIG6A>O:9,NHI:BH 
4 5 $:JB=:: $6C< =6C=:: 2DDC JC 2> $>B   T"9:CI>;N>C<
:EG:HH>K:.H:GH>C-L>II:G.H>C<&JAI>BD96AC6ANH>HU><DBE
 
4 5 AK>H,6G6K>6=JC!6D=6C<+:C6J9#DAA:I:%DG:COD2> ,=>C
=:CU&", &:CI6A "AAC:HH :I:8I>DC 6C9 C6ANH>H K>6 ,D8>6A
&:9>6U "CI:GC6I>DC6A DC;:G:C8: DC 9K6C8:H >C ,D8>6A ':ILDG@H
C6ANH>H6C9&>C>C</DAJ<JHI  
4 5 ):I:G JGB6E J6AI>:GD DADB7D #DC6I=6C ,8DJG;>:A9 T&68=>C:
A6HH>;>86I>DC 6C9 C6ANH>H D; ,J>8>9:  +:A6I:9 DBBJC>86I>DC DC
-L>II:GU  
4 5 &JCBJC:=DJ9=JGN,8DIIDJCIHG>8# !DGK>IO6GDC!D;;U
=6G68I:G>O>C< 6C9 EG:9>8I>C< EDHIE6GIJB 9:EG:HH>DC ;GDB H=6G:9
68:7DD@96I6U,D8>6A-:8=CDAD<>:H6C90:AA :>C<:7  
4 5 &JCBJC : =DJ9=JGN ,8DII DJCIH G>8 !DGK>IO T,D8>6A &:9>6
6H6&:6HJG:B:CI-DDAD;:EG:HH>DC>C)DEJA6I>DCHU0:7,8>&6N
 



Authorized licensed use limited to: Cardiff University. Downloaded on October 01,2023 at 19:16:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

125

You might also like