Design and Development of a Low-Cost IoT based Water

Quality Monitoring System

Sultanus Salehin1 , Tahseen Asma Meem2 , Akib Jayed Islam3 , and Nasim Al Islam 4
1Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
2,3,4 American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
1 [email protected], 2 [email protected]
3 [email protected], 4 [email protected]

Abstract. As a consequence of rising urbanization and industrial growth, water

contamination and degradation are developing at an alarming rate. Water short-
age across the world demands a long-term strategy to make the most of it. Wa-
ter quality is traditionally assessed by collecting water samples by hand and
then testing and analyzing them in a lab environment. This paper provides an
insight at how cutting-edge technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT),
can provide a sustainable and cost-effective way to monitor multiple water pa-
rameters in real time. The proposed system was successfully used to calculate
the turbidity, TDS, pH level, and temperature of 30 different water samples.
The measured turbidity level in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) was then
communicated through wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks to an internet of
things - cloud computing platform, where it could be viewed using an Android
smartphone or PC. The experiments showed that the monitoring system could
constantly monitor the pH level, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature
of water from various sources at different times, providing safe water for indus-
trial, agricultural, and commercial purposes. The cost and complexity of im-
plementation are minimal due to the use of sensors and the Arduino Nano mi-
crocontroller, making it simple to validate the efficacy of the built system.

Keywords: Water quality monitoring, pH level, Temperature, Turbidity, IoT,

sensors, TDS.

1 Introduction

Atmosphere (air), lithosphere (rocks and soil), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere
(living aspects of the environment) are the four basic elements of the environment.
Water and oxygen are essential for life on Earth; in fact, biologists believe that water
is the source of life. Water and oxygen are essential for life on Earth; in fact, biolo-
gists believe that water is the source of life [1]. Fresh natural water is an essential
source of survival, and its consumption is fast growing as natural fresh water re-
sources such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs become scarce. Improper water resource
management has resulted in severe water shortages in several parts of the world. Over
the last few decades, an exponential increase in population growth, urbanization, and
2

industrialisation has resulted in ever-increasing water pollution in Bangladesh and

many other developing countries throughout the world. In Bangladesh, where river
water is in short supply, it is widely used for home, agricultural, and industrial pur-
poses. Extreme environmental contamination incidents have happened in the periph-
ery waterways surrounding Dhaka city and the Karnaphuli River in Chittagong city
over the last 40 years. Other urban rivers, like as the Korotoa, Teesta, Rupsha, Pashur,
and Padma, are in critical condition, according to current data. Pollutants carried by
water caused significant pollution in riverbeds downstream [2]. As a result of water
contamination, human health is harmed, as well as the ecological balance among oth-
er species.
According to a study, by 2025, nearly 1.8 billion people living in various parts of
the world may experience complete water scarcity [3]. However, pollution, which is
mostly caused by industrial production, mining, power generation, and other reasons,
is a major contributor to the degradation of water bodies, exposing humans to a varie-
ty of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, and others.
Diarrhea kills an estimated 842,000 people every year around the world [4]. As a
result, it is past time to take efforts to ensure water quality balance by establishing an
autonomous monitoring system. The pH value range for drinking should be between
6.5 and 8.5. Turbidity is a measurement of how many suspended particles are visible
in water. The higher the turbidity, the greater the risk of waterborne infections such as
diarrhoea, cholera, and other illnesses. If the turbidity is low, the water is completely
clear. The temperature of the water is measured using a temperature sensor, which
determines whether the water is hot or cold. The manual collecting of water samples
from various sites is a traditional method of water quality monitoring [4].
Several research have been conducted to measure the water content in an environ-
mental system by simply taking water samples with equipment such as glass, scoops,
and bottles. Water samples are gathered, and the findings are examined in a laboratory
to determine the water content, which is a time-consuming and traditional technique.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has been demonstrated to be a cutting-edge technical
phenomenon due to its versatility in collecting, monitoring, and analyzing data gath-
ered from even the most remote sites. [5-6].
Researchers are becoming more interested in water quality monitoring systems in
the twenty-first century. The ultimate goal of all recent IoT-related research in this
field was to create an efficient, cost-effective, real-time water quality monitoring sys-
tem that integrated wireless sensor networks with the internet of things [7]. In this
study, we proposed a water quality monitoring system that consists of a microcontrol-
ler and basic sensors, is small, and is highly beneficial for monitoring pH, turbidity,
TDS, water flow and water temperature, and then uploading the sensor data to the
cloud.

The rest of the paper is organized in the following sections: Section II summarizes
the project's related works, Section III describes the design procedure and hardware
implementation of the proposed system, Section IV shows the results and discussions,
Section V summarizes the project's future goals and conclusion.
 3

2 Related Works

In this current era, water quality monitoring application is particularly incorporat-

ing with IoT, a system where almost all the devices can work autonomously and in-
teract with other devices without any human involvement. We reviewed various dis-
tinct methodology on this type of systems established by researchers in order to de-
velop a quality model. Authors have developed distinct methods for determining wa-
ter quality by examining characteristics such as turbidity, pH, temperature, conductiv-
ity, and so on. Theofanis P. Lambrou et al. [8] worked with a water level controlling
system focusing on multiple key characteristics i.e. mobility, portability, cost-
effectiveness and reliability. Based on this, the authors employed a sensor array to-
gether with multiple microsystems in order to carry out - signal conditioning and pro-
cessing. The wireless system made it possible to remotely process the data and reduce
the costs of installation significantly. However, the proposed method could not cover
all types of contamination. Change of performance parameter and working procedure
were noted in the work of K. Saravanan et al. [9]. They proposed a state-of-the-art
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system for real-time water quali-
ty monitoring that interacts with Internet of Things (IoT) which was implemented in a
metro city of Tamilnadu state in India. Arduino Atmega 368 using GSM modules
were used to identify the contamination level of water as well as pipeline leakage. The
main goal of this work includes the parameter check using flow sensor, temperature
sensor, color sensor etc. The whole system was made cost effective upon calibration
with additional sensors. However, in SCADA systems, which run 24 hours a day, 7
days a week in factories, minimizing energy consumption of low-power sensors is
also a challenging issue.
In the research work done by Shriram K. Vasudevan and Balraj Baskaran [10], a
novel water quality monitoring system was proposed which turned out to be an effi-
cient one in the process of eradicating pollution control trends. They built an un-
manned surface vehicle (USV) to gather information about quality parameters, chem-
ical index in particular, analyze and create characteristic curves of each of them about
the water body under experiment. The whole process of data collection, tracking of
quality parameters and assessment was done in real-time as the data were transferred
immediately to the cloud. Alif Akbar Pranata et al. [11] worked on a real-time water
quality management system embedded with IoT that used a proposed broker less pub-
lisher/subscriber (pub/sub) architecture framework. They also emphasized on the
conventional water quality parameters i.e. dissolved oxygen level, temperature, pH
level etc. like others. The proposed system was compared with a lightweight, ISO
standard pub-sub protocol named Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Cloete et al. [12] developed a water quality monitoring system with smart sensors
using a microcontroller. The system avoided wired communication to disseminate the
collected data and could display the acquired data via an UI (User Interface). This
robust, real-time system had an automated warning notification option to alert the
users if any parameter goes beyond the safety level. But the system had no way to
keep track of the measurement history due to the unavailability of a data logging sys-
4

tem. In the paper “IoT Based Real-time River Water Quality Monitoring System” by
Mohammad Salah Uddin Chowdhury et al., depicted a WSN based water quality
monitoring system which enabled inter and intra node communication. Data visualiza-
tion is done on a server PC with the help of Spark streaming analysis through Spark
MLlib, Neural Network models and Belief Rule Based system. In the prospect of
Bangladesh, this work turned out to be very effective as it focused on high mobility,
high frequency and low power. However, the authors limited their work within river
water parameters (temperature, pH, turbidity) keeping other parameters still to ex-
plore i.e. chemical oxygen demand (COD), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total dissolved
solid (TDS) etc [13].
In the paper “Industry 4.0 as a Part of Smart Cities”, Michal Lom, Ondrej Pribyl
and Miroslav Svitek described the synchronicity of Smart City and the concept of 4th
Industrial Revolution. The phrase "smart city" has been a recent development, par-
ticularly after 2008, when the nations were shaken by the economic crisis. The major
motivations for the establishment of the Smart City Initiative are to develop a sustain-
able approach for cities and to protect residents' quality of life. The smart city cannot
be seen solely as a technological discipline; numerous economic, humanitarian, and
regulatory factors must also be considered. The Internet of Things is a key component
of the Industry 4.0 idea and will be utilized to create "smart" devices. One of the im-
portant aspects of Industry 4.0 are Internet of Services (IoS), which includes smart
transport and logistics, smart health monitoring system and Internet of Energy. Indus-
try 4.0 may be regarded as a part of smart cities, and IoS, IoT, IoE, and IoP can be
seen as constituents that can connect the Smart City Initiative and Industry 4.0 [14].
Zhanwei Sun et al. investigated if an efficient energy management framework can
give a good QOI experience in IOT sensory settings. In contrast to previous efforts, it
is clear and interoperable with lower-level protocols in use, while maintaining long-
term energy efficiency without jeopardizing any achieved QOI values. Under the
constraint of service delay, an energy management solution is determined dynamical-
ly at runtime as the best option for long-term traffic data. Finally, to exemplify the
ideas and methods provided in this article, a comprehensive case study focused on
using sensor networks to perform water level monitoring is presented, along with a
simulation to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms [15].
Traditional methods for measuring water quality, such as the time-consuming
manual laboratory examination process and statistical inferences [16], are time-
consuming, expensive, and inefficient. A number of technologies have been created
around the world to monitor and detect water contamination in real time. In actuality,
biological, chemical, and physical factors in nature influence water quality. The Wa-
ter Quality Index (WQI) was created to measure water quality because a single pa-
rameter cannot properly define it. WQI calculation has traditionally been a time-
consuming process, necessitating the development of a new method to streamline the
process. As a result, numerous systems were created, the majority of which focused
on detecting contamination events. Canary, one of the first such systems, was devel-
oped by Sandia National Laboratories and funded by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). It is now deployed at Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW) and
provides several open source components, the majority of which are online water
 5

quality monitoring and contamination event detection. Multiple direct and surrogate
sensors are also used to relay continuous data to SCADA. It also offers an API that
allows users to change the default algorithms. It also supports REST web services,
allowing for XML input and output. It outperforms other systems in several key areas,
including algorithm transparency, the ability to directly integrate operational data into
its event detection component, and the ability to have centralized processing on a
single computing system while supporting multiple sensors. Another technology is
Elad Salomons' OptiEDS, which aids in the real-time observation of anomalous water
quality circumstances such as water quality monitoring and detection of water con-
tamination. Bluebox is another example of such a device that can detect aberrant be-
havior in water quality measurements. It generates a valid output even if some of the
parameters are missing since it first normalizes the data before calculating the dis-
tance between the parameters in each data point and plots the frequency curves of the
distances to show the result. It is, however, rather costly, costing up to $92,500, and it
lacks the capacity to directly incorporate operational data into event detection. The
Hach Company developed another system, Event Monitor, which includes a heuristic
ability to discover occurrences, mechanically tune itself, and define what constitutes
an irregularity within the system [17].

3 Design Procedure and Hardware Implementation of the

Proposed System

The need for a better methodology for Water Quality Monitoring System (WQMS)
has always been on the increase due to the challenge of the limitation of water re-
sources in a developing country like Bangladesh where the country’s ever-increasing
population, aging economy are mostly dependent on this source. In general, numerous
parameters must be measured in order to perform a water quality analysis. So, keep-
ing the focus on vital water parameters we proposed our WQMS model into two parts
- Hardware implementation & Software part. Proteus Professional 8.0 was used for
simulation purposes after which we proceeded for hardware implementation. The
block diagram and the Flow chart of the proposed WQM system are shown in the
Figure 1 & 2. All sensors including pH sensor, temperature sensor, turbidity sensor,
TDS sensor and water flow sensor are connected to the central MCU and these sen-
sors provides the MCU with the relevant data from the water resource. Through a Wi-
fi module the information is fed to the cloud in real time which can be monitored any
time from Android device or personal computer.
Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board that may be used on a breadboard which
contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog pins, 2 reset pins, and 6 power pins, according to the
pin configuration. The Arduino IDE is used to program it. This is basically a smaller
version of the Arduino UNO, and the two boards have nearly identical functionality.
It has a 5V operational voltage, however the input voltage can be anywhere between 7
and 12V. Because the Arduino Nano's maximum current rating is 40 mA, any load
connected to its pins should not drain more than 40 mA for optimal performance.
[18].
6

Fig. 1. Block Diagram of the proposed WQM system.

Fig. 2. Flow Chart of the proposed system

ESP8266 ESP-01 Wi-Fi module is a self-contained SOC (System on a Chip)

which enables the microcontroller to connect to a wireless network and doesn't re-
quire a microcontroller to manage its inputs and outputs, as it works similarly to a
small computer. Consequently, it may be configured to not only connect to a Wi-Fi
network but also to act as a microcontroller. The pH scale, which goes from 0 to 14, is
used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution that measures the amount of
hydrogen [H] + ions present in a given solution. This module can calculate PH levels
by measuring the potential difference between two electrodes: a reference node and a
 7

glass electrode sensitive to hydrogen ions. This sensor is an Arduino-compatible sen-

sor that can be used for water quality testing and aquaculture. The pH scale runs from
1 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral, acidic with a pH less than 7 and basic or
alkaline having a pH greater than 7 [19].
Water turbidity sensor for Arduino sensor evaluates water quality by detecting tur-
bidity. It detects suspended particles in water by measuring light transmittance and
scattering rate, which is related to the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in the
water. The level of liquid turbidity rises in tandem with the TSS. Turbidity sensors are
used to determine the turbidity of water in rivers and streams, as well as wastewater
and effluent studies, sediment transport research, and laboratory tests. [19]. Water
Flow Sensor: A plastic valve body, a water rotor, and a hall-effect sensor make up a
water flow sensor. The rotor rolls when water goes through it. Its speed varies accord-
ing to the velocity of flow. The appropriate pulse signal is then output by the hall-
effect sensor [19]. Despite the fact that the sensor works well up to 125°C, it is rec-
ommended that the temperature be kept below 100°C due to the PVC jacketing on the
cable. Only a wire (and ground) is required to connect the DS18B20 sensor to a mi-
croprocessor. Because each DS18B20 has a unique silicon serial number, many
DS18B20s can be used on the same 1-Wire bus system at the same time, enabling
temperature sensors to be placed in a variety of locations within the same project.
Analog TDS Sensor/Meter for Arduino is an Arduino-compatible TDS kit for deter-
mining the TDS value of water in order to determine the water's purity. TDS is the
number of soluble solids dissolved in one liter of water in milligrams. When the TDS
level is high, more soluble particles dissolve in the water, making the water less pure
[19].
Our proposed system uses multiple sensors which includes pH sensor, water tur-
bidity sensor, water flow sensor, waterproof DS18B20 digital temperature sensor and
analog TDS sensor. As the principal processing module, we employed Arduino Nano,
a compact breadboard friendly microcontroller unit which is one of the most signifi-
cant parts of the WQMS. In addition, Arduino Nano is very popular for its low power
consumption feature and is small and compact in size. For a critical point-of-sale
technological requirement, the size is a beneficial usage. To measure the acidity or the
alkalinity, we used a pH sensor while a water turbidity sensor was used to detect the
suspended particle which enables the user to determine the light scattering and trans-
mitting rate of the available water. The purpose of using a temperature sensor was to
monitor the real time temperature of the water resource as well as the surrounding to
ensure the soundness of the quality of water. Moreover, the TDS sensor helps to de-
termine the cleanliness of the water resource by computing the total dissolved solids
in the water.
The software simulation is depicted in the Figure 3 and Figure 4 shows the soft-
ware experimental set up of our proposed system. For data sensing and control from
sensors, the microcontroller is utilized. The microcontroller unit has a SoC ADC that
interprets the analog signals received by the sensors into digital signals for in depth
analysis. The analog output of the sensor is needed to be linked to the analog pins of
the MCU to obtain this analog output.
8

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of software simulation

A data transmission module ESP8266 ESP-01 Wi-Fi module is utilized to update

the processed data to the central server. This is a low-cost Wi-Fi module that includes
a Wi-Fi chip with a full TCP/IP stack as well as a microcontroller chip and Tx and Rx
serial transceiver pins are used to send and receive data, change wireless module set-
tings, and adjust serial query instructions.

4 Results and Discussions

The microcontroller unit of the experimental set up having a sensor network is ca-
pable of capturing sample data from the water storage reservoir every 30 seconds. The
Arduino IDE serial display presents the sample parameter outputs. The Wi-fi module
is used for real time monitoring with different parameters. With the help of a pH sen-
sor, the voltage of the water is continuously being updated with corresponding values.
The pH level of the water is proportional to the measured voltage of the water accord-
ing to the Nernst equation,
𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑜 + (𝑅𝑇/𝑧𝐹) pH

In the above equation, cell potential is denoted by E while E^(o )is the potential of the
cell in the standard pressure and temperature condition, universal gas constant is de-
noted by R, z is the number of electric moles, F is the constant Faraday and T is the
temperature. The voltage measured by the sensor is linearly proportional to the pH
value of the relevant water type. Figure 5 and 6 show the output of the pH sensors as
 9

seen in the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE. In figure 5 & 6, we observed 30 sam-
ples from 30 different resources at different time periods and the result of the pH lev-
els quite depicts the actual scenario apart from some exceptional occasions.

Fig. 4. Experimental set up

The corresponding values of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as well as Turbidity are
calculated using Gravity: TDS sensor and Turbidity sensor respectively. Figure 7 & 8
respectively give us the idea of TDS values & turbidity values of 30 unique resources
at different time period. The turbidity is measured in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity
Units - the turbidity sensor outputs are also checked and updated in the Arduino IDE
serial monitor.
𝑦 = -1120.4𝑥 2 + 5742.3 𝑥 – 4352.9

Turbidity of the water is inversely proportional to the voltage of the water accord-
ing to the above equation where x is the value of the voltage and y represents turbidity
value.
10

Fig. 5. Various water resources Vs corresponding pH level

Fig. 6. pH level of different water resources at different time period

Fig. 7. Total Dissolved Solids in different resources at different time

 11

Fig. 8. Turbidity in NTU of different water resources at different time period

Waterproof DS18B20 digital temperature sensor is used for the measurement of

the temperature of the water surface as it plays a significant role in determining the
accuracy of the pH and turbidity values. Because the pH sensor and turbidity sensor
will produce correct values under a certain atmospheric state, the temperature of the
environment is calculated using the temperature sensor. Figure 9 represents the corre-
sponding temperature value of the same water resources at distinct time periods. The
overall experimental values are clearly the evident of our proposed method which can
be further ameliorated after some extension.

Fig. 9. Temperature Vs Time curve of several water resources

The cost analysis of the proposed WQM system is presented in Table 1. From the
table it can be noticed that the prototype model is cheaper comparing to other
available systems.
12

Table 1. Cost Analysis of WQM system

Component Name Model Number (Quantity) Price per unit in

Bangladesh taka
Arduino Nano V3 ARD-00089 (1) 398.03
pH sensor with module SEN-00239 (1) 2499.22
Water Turbidity sensor SEN-00205 (1) 780.18
Temperature Sensor SEN-00072 (1) 650.53
ESP8266 ESP-01 Wi-Fi Module WIR-00064 (1) 295.23
G1/2" Water Flow Sensor SEN-00043 (1) 479.61
Gravity: Analog TDS Sensor/Meter SEN-00222 (1) 1484.68
for Arduino
Total costing 6,587.48

5 Future Work and Conclusion

The proposed technique for monitoring water parameters has yielded promising
preliminary findings. The turbidity level in drinking water that is deemed to be more
desirable and acceptable for consumption must be less than 1 NTU. Our suggested
model demonstrates that 13 samples of water from 30 distinct sources had turbidity
levels below 1 NTU, making them safe to consume. TDS levels below 300 PPM are
considered more desirable and acceptable for drinking without filtration. Our suggest-
ed model indicates that eight samples of water from the same source have TDS levels
below 300 PPM, making them safe to consume without filtration. The temperature of
drinking water that is acceptable for ingestion around the world must be less than 25
degrees Celsius. Our suggested approach reveals that 5 samples of water from 30
different resources have a temperature of less than 25 degrees Celsius and are safe to
consume. The pH level of drinking water recognized for consumption globally must
be between 6.5 and 8.5, but our suggested model demonstrates 21 samples of water
from 30 different resources with pH levels between 6.5 and 8.5 and can be considered
safe to drink. Despite the fact that the water monitoring system was developed to
collect samples from multiple water sources in Chittagong as well as Cox’s Bazar,
Bangladesh, the conclusion can be drawn that the system can be used for personal
usage as well. This proposed cutting edge IOT technology can be used to monitor the
water quality of any water source in any part of the planet in the future. In future, the
system can be made more robust and compact by complex PCB design [20-23] where
we can add an additional security system as well as a live data visualization system.
The inclusion of an Android [5,21-22] app can be a huge change in the entire WQM
system. Finally, it can be concluded that with this proposed paradigm, the goal of
ensuring safe drinking water for all can be achieved.
 13

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