PROJECT CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “HEART DISEASE DETECTION SYSTEM”
submitted to HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS(BCA), is original work
carried out by myself Miss. Divija Arya with enrolment no. G212120004 Under the Supervision of
Asst. Prof.Vishant Kumar.

The matter embodied in this project is genuine work done by myself and has not been submitted
whether to this University or to any other University for the fulfilment of the requirement of any
course of study.

Date:23-05-2024

Name and signature of the student:

Divija Arya
Contact Details:
[email protected]
+91 6398413404

Name and Signature of the supervisor:

Asst. Prof. Vishant Kumar
Date: 23-05-2024

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Certificate by Guide

Certified that Divija Arya of Bachelor of Computer Applications has worked under my Guidance.

Name and Signature

Asst. Prof. Vishant Kumar

Certificate by Supervisor

Certified that Divija Arya of Bachelor of Computer Applications has worked under my
Supervision.

Name and Signature

Asst. Prof. Saurabh Singh

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DECLARATION

I, the undersigned Divija Arya student of Bachelor of Computer Applications hereby declare that
the project work presented in this report is my own work and has been carried out under the
guidance of Asst.Prof. Vishant Kumar and Asst. Prof. Saurabh Sinngh Project Supervisor of the
Department of IT, Doon Business School, Dehradun.

This work has not been previously submitted to any other University/College for any examination.

Name and Signature

Divija Arya

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Major Project is the result of contribution of many minds. I would like to acknowledge and
thank my project guide Asst. Prof. Vishant Kumar, my Class coordinator Asst. Prof. Vishant Kumar
and my Program coordinator Asst. Prof. Saurabh Singh for his valuable support and guidance.

I would also like to thanks all faculties. I thank to lab staff members and other nonteaching
members.

I am very thankful for the open-handed support extended by many people. While no list would be
complete, it is my pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of my
friends who provided encouragement, knowledge and constructive suggestion.

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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Heart Disease Detection System ............................................................................................. 7
1.2 Objective and Scope of the Project ......................................................................................... 8
2. SYSTEM ANAYLSIS ............................................................................................................... 11
2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 11
2.3 ALGORITHM...................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 FEASIBILITY STUDY........................................................................................................ 14
2.4.1 Economic Feasibility ..................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Technical Feasibility ...................................................................................................... 14
2.4.3 Operational Feasibility ................................................................................................... 14
3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION ................................................................. 16
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION ................................................ 16
 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 16
3.2.1 Product Perspective........................................................................................................ 17
3.2.3 Domain Requirements ....................................................................................................... 17
3.2.4 Operational Requirements .............................................................................................. 17
3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Hardware Requirements ................................................................................................. 19
3.3.2 Software Requirements .................................................................................................. 20
3.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................. 20
3.4.1 Python ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.2 Pandas ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.3 NumPy .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.4 Sckit-Learn .................................................................................................................... 22
3.4.5 Google Colab ................................................................................................................ 22
3.5 STAKEHOLDERS: ............................................................................................................. 23
4. SYSTEM DESIGN .................................................................................................................... 24
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................................... 24

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 4.2 MODULES .......................................................................................................................... 25
4.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM ................................................................................................... 26
4.4 UML DIAGRAMS ............................................................................................................... 28
4.4.1 Use Case Diagram: ........................................................................................................ 28
 This diagram illustrates the interactions between actors (such as healthcare professionals
and patients) and the system. .................................................................................................. 28
4.4.2 Class Diagram: .............................................................................................................. 28
 Class diagrams depict the static structure of the system by showing classes, attributes,
methods, and relationships between them. .............................................................................. 28
4.4.3 Sequence Diagram: ........................................................................................................ 28
4.4.4 Activity Diagram: .......................................................................................................... 29
 Activity diagrams represent the workflow or business process within the system. ............ 29
4.4.5 Component Diagram: ..................................................................................................... 29
5. IMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................................ 31
5.1 STEPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION ...................................................................................... 31
5.2 CODING.............................................................................................................................. 31
5.3 SCREENSHOTS OF CODE IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................. 32
6. SYSTEM TESTING ................................................................................................................. 39
6.1 WHITE BOX TESTING ...................................................................................................... 39
6.2 BLACK BOX TESTING...................................................................................................... 41
7. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ........................................................................... 43
8. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 44
9. FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................................................................... 45
10. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 47

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Heart Disease Detection System

Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Early detection and
diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and prevention of further complications. With
advancements in machine learning and data analysis techniques, developing automated systems for
heart disease detection has become increasingly feasible.

Python, being a versatile programming language with rich libraries for data analysis and machine
learning, provides an ideal platform for building such systems. By leveraging Python's libraries like
NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn developers can efficiently preprocess data, build predictive models,
and deploy them into practical applications.

The heart disease detection system typically involves several stages:

Data Collection and Preprocessing: Relevant datasets containing features such as age, blood
pressure, cholesterol levels, etc., are collected from various sources like medical records or publicly
available repositories. Data preprocessing techniques such as normalization, handling missing
values, and feature scaling are applied to ensure data quality.

Feature Selection and Engineering: Not all features may contribute equally to the predictive power
of the model. Feature selection techniques help identify the most relevant features, while feature
engineering may involve creating new features from existing ones to improve model performance.

Model Development: Various machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, decision
trees, random forests, support vector machines, or neural networks can be employed to build
predictive models. These models are trained on labeled data to learn patterns and relationships
between input features and the presence of heart disease.

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Model Evaluation and Validation: The performance of the trained models is evaluated using
metrics such as accuracy, precision. Cross-validation techniques help ensure the generalization of
the model across different datasets.

Deployment and Integration: Once a satisfactory model is developed and validated, it can be
deployed into a real-world application. This may involve creating a user-friendly interface for
inputting patient data.

1.2 Objective and Scope of the Project

Objective:

The objectives for a project on developing a heart disease detection system can be multifaceted,
aiming to address various aspects of the problem. Here's a comprehensive list of potential
objectives:

Improve Diagnosis Accuracy: Develop a system that accurately identifies the presence or absence
of heart disease based on patient data, surpassing the diagnostic accuracy of traditional methods.

Early Detection: Enable early detection of heart disease by identifying subtle patterns or risk
factors in patient data that may precede symptomatic manifestation, thereby facilitating timely
intervention and treatment.

Risk Stratification: Classify patients into different risk categories based on the severity and type
of heart disease, allowing healthcare providers to prioritize interventions and allocate resources
effectively.

Reduce Misdiagnosis and Overtreatment: Minimize the occurrence of misdiagnosis and

unnecessary treatments by providing accurate and reliable diagnostic information, thus improving
patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.
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Enhance Efficiency: Streamline the diagnostic process by automating the analysis of patient data,
reducing the time and effort required by healthcare professionals to reach a diagnosis, and enabling
faster decision-making.

Scalability and Generalizability: Design a system that can be easily scaled to accommodate a
large volume of patient data and can generalize well across diverse patient populations and
demographic groups.

Continuous Improvement: Establish mechanisms for continuous monitoring, evaluation, and

improvement of the system over time, incorporating feedback from users and advancements in
medical research and technology.

By setting clear and specific objectives, you can guide the development process and ensure that the
heart disease detection system effectively addresses the needs of patients and healthcare providers
while adhering to ethical and regulatory standards.

Scope:

Data Collection and Preprocessing:

Acquire relevant datasets containing a variety of patient demographics, clinical measurements, and
diagnostic tests related to heart health.
Implement data preprocessing techniques to handle missing values, normalize features, and ensure
data quality.

Feature Selection and Engineering:

Identify and select the most informative features that contribute significantly to the prediction of
heart disease.

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Explore feature engineering methods to derive new features or transform existing ones to enhance
model performance.

Model Development:

Utilize machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, decision trees, random forests,
support vector machines, or neural networks to build predictive models.
Experiment with different algorithms and hyperparameters to optimize model performance.
Evaluate the models using appropriate metrics and validation techniques to ensure robustness and
generalization.

Deployment and Integration:

Develop a user-friendly interface or application for inputting patient data and obtaining predictions.
Deploy the trained models into production environments, ensuring scalability, reliability, and real-
time responsiveness.
Integrate the heart disease detection system with existing healthcare infrastructure, electronic health
records (EHR) systems, or telemedicine platforms for seamless integration into clinical workflows.

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2. SYSTEM ANAYLSIS

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Clinical decisions are often made based on doctors intuition and experience rather
than on the knowledge rich data hidden in the database. This practice leads to
unwanted biases, errors andexcessive medical costs which affects the quality of service provided to
patients. There are many ways that a medical misdiagnosis can present itself. Whether a doctor is at
fault, or hospital staff, a misdiagnosis of a serious illness can have very extreme and harmful
effects.
The National Patient Safety Foundation cites that 42% of medical patients feel they have
had experienced a medical error or missed diagnosis. Patient safety is sometimes negligently given
the back seat for other concerns, such as the cost of medical tests, drugs, and operations. Medical
Misdiagnoses are a serious risk to our healthcare profession. If they continue, then people will fear
going to the hospital for treatment. We can put an end to medical misdiagnosis by informing the
public and filing claims and suits against the medical practitioners at fault.

Disadvantages:

 Prediction is not possible at early stages.

 In the Existing system, practical use of collected data is time consuming.
 Any faults occurred by the doctor or hospital staff n predicting would lead to fatal incidents.
 Highly expensive and laborious process needs to be performed before treating the patient to
find out if he/she has any chances to get heart disease in future.

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

This section depicts the overview of the proposed system and illustrates all of the components,
techniques and tools are used for developing the entire system. To develop an intelligent and user-
friendly heart disease prediction system, an efficient software tool is needed in order to train huge
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datasets and compare multiple machine learning algorithms. After choosing the robust algorithm
with best accuracy and performance measures, it will be implemented on the development of the
smart phone-based application for detecting and predicting heart disease risk level.

2.3 ALGORITHM

Logistic Regression
A popular statistical technique to predict binomial outcomes (y = 0 or 1) is Logistic Regression.
Logistic regression predicts categorical outcomes (binomial / multinomial values of y). The
predictions of Logistic Regression (henceforth, LogR in this article) are in the form of probabilities
of an event occurring, i.e. the probability of y=1, given certain values of input variables x. Using
logistic regression in a heart disease detection system is a common approach due to its simplicity,
interpretability, and effectiveness in binary classification tasks. Here's a general outline of how you
can implement a logistic regression model for heart disease prediction:

Data Preparation:
 Gather a dataset containing relevant features and labels for heart disease prediction. Features
may include demographic information, medical history, symptoms, and diagnostic test results.
 Preprocess the data by handling missing values, encoding categorical variables, and scaling
numerical features if necessary.

Feature Selection:
 Conduct feature selection to identify the most relevant features for heart disease prediction. This
can be done using techniques such as univariate feature selection, feature importance ranking, or
domain knowledge.

Split Data into Training and Testing Sets:

 Split the dataset into training and testing sets to evaluate the performance of the logistic
regression model. Typically, around 70-80% of the data is used for training and the remaining
20-30% for testing.
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Train the Logistic Regression Model:
 Instantiate a logistic regression model using a library like scikit-learn in Python.
 Fit the model to the training data using the fit() method, where the features are the independent
variables and the labels are the dependent variable (presence or absence of heart disease).

Evaluate the Model:

 Use the trained logistic regression model to make predictions on the testing data.
 Evaluate the performance of the model using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recal.
Python

Interpretation:
 Analyze the coefficients of the logistic regression model to understand the impact of each
feature on the likelihood of heart disease.
 Interpret the odds ratios to determine the direction and strength of the relationships between
features and the presence of heart disease.

By following these steps, you can implement and evaluate a logistic regression model for heart
disease detection. Keep in mind that logistic regression is just one of many possible algorithms for
this task, and you may want to explore other machine learning techniques to compare their
performance.

Logistic Regression Assumptions:

 Logistic regression requires the dependent variable to be binary.

 For a binary regression, the factor level 1 of the dependent variable should represent the desired
outcome.
 Only the meaningful variables should be included.
 The independent variables should be independent of each other.
 Logistic regression requires quite large sample sizes.

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2.4 FEASIBILITY STUDY

A Feasibility Study is a preliminary study undertaken before the real work of a project starts to
ascertain the likely hood of the projects success. It is an analysis of possible alternative solutions to
a problem and a recommendation on the best alternative.

2.4.1 Economic Feasibility

It is defined as the process of assessing the benefits and costs associated with the development of
project. A proposed system, which is both operationally and technically feasible, must be a good
investment for the organization. With the proposed system the users are greatly benefited as the
users can be able to detect the fake news from the real news and are aware of most real and most
fake news published in the recent years. This proposed system does not need any additional
software and high system configuration. Hence the proposed system is economically feasible.

2.4.2 Technical Feasibility

The technical feasibility infers whether the proposed system can be developed considering the
technical issues like availability of the necessary technology, technical capacity, adequate response
and extensibility. The project is decided to build using Python. Google Colab is designed for use in
distributed environment of the internet and for
the professional programmer it is easy to learn and use effectively. As the developingorganization
has all the resources available to build the system therefore the proposed system is technically
feasible.

2.4.3 Operational Feasibility

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Operational feasibility is defined as the process of assessing the degree to which a proposed
system solves business problems or takes advantage of business opportunities. The system is self-
explanatory and doesn’t need any extra sophisticated training. The system has built-in methods and
classes which are required to produce the result. Therefore the proposed system is operationally
feasible.

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3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

 Purpose
The purpose of software requirements specification specifies the intentions andintended
audience of the SRS.
 Scope
The scope of the SRS identifies the software product to be produced, the capabilities,
application, relevant objects etc.
 Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations Software Requirements Specification
It’s a description of a particular software product, program or set of programs that
performs a set of function in target environment.
 Overall description
The main functions associated with the product are described in this section of SRS. The
characteristics of a user of this product are indicated. The assumptions in this section result from
interaction with the project stakeholders.

3.2 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

Software Requirement Specification (SRS) is the starting point of the software developing activity.
As system grew more complex it became evident that the goal of the entire system cannot be easily
comprehended. Hence the need for the requirement phase arose. The software project is initiated by
the client needs. The SRS is the means of translating the ideas of the minds of clients (the input)
into a formal document (the output of the requirement phase.) Under requirement specification, the
focus is on specifying what has
been found giving analysis such as representation, specification languages and tools, andchecking
the specifications are addressed during this activity. The Requirement phase terminates with the

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production of the validate SRS document.Producing the SRS document is the basic goal of this
phase. The purpose of the Software Requirement Specification is to reduce the communication gap
between the clients and the developers. Software Requirement Specification is the medium though
which the client and user needs are accurately specified. It forms the basis of software development.
A good SRS should satisfy all the parties involved in the system.

3.2.1 Product Perspective

The application is developed in such a way that any future enhancement can be easily
implementable. The project is developed in such a way that it requires minimal maintenance. The
software used are open source and easy to install. The application developed should be easy to
install and use. This is an independent application which can be easily run on to any system which
has Python installed.

3.2.3 Domain Requirements

This document is the only one that describes the requirements of the system. It is meant for the use
by the developers, and will also be the bases for validating the final Heart disease system. Any
changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through a formal change approval
process. User Requirements User can decide on the prediction accuracy to decide on which
algorithm can be used in real-time predictions. Training set and test set are stored as CSV files .
Error rates can be calculated for prediction algorithms product.

3.2.4 Operational Requirements

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Operational requirements for a heart disease detection system outline the specific functionalities,
performance characteristics, and operational procedures needed for the system to function
effectively. Here are some key operational requirements for a heart disease detection system:

Data Input and Processing:

 Ability to input patient data, including demographic information, medical history, symptoms,
and diagnostic test results.
 Data preprocessing capabilities to clean, normalize, and standardize input data for analysis.
 Support for various data formats and sources, such as electronic health records (EHR), medical
imaging, and wearable devices.

Machine Learning Models:

 Implementation of machine learning algorithms for heart disease prediction, classification, and
risk assessment.
 Integration of predictive models trained on labeled datasets to analyze patient data and generate
predictions.
 Support for interpretable models to provide explanations for predictions and recommendations.

Real-time Prediction and Feedback:

 Real-time or near-real-time prediction of heart disease risk based on input data.

 Provision of feedback to healthcare providers and patients, including risk scores, diagnostic
recommendations, and suggested interventions.

Scalability and Performance:

 Scalable architecture to handle varying volumes of patient data and concurrent user requests.
 High-performance computing capabilities to train machine learning models, process large
datasets, and generate predictions efficiently.

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Integration with Healthcare Systems:

 Compatibility with existing healthcare IT systems, such as electronic medical record (EMR)
systems, hospital information systems (HIS), and clinical decision support systems.
 Interoperability standards compliance to facilitate data exchange and integration with external
systems and devices.

User Interface and Experience:

 Intuitive and user-friendly interface for healthcare providers to input patient data, view
predictions, and interpret results.
 Customizable dashboards and visualization tools for displaying patient information, risk scores,
and diagnostic insights.
 Support for role-based access control to ensure data security and privacy.

Economic:

 The developed product is economic as it is not required any hardware interface etc.
Environmental Statements of fact and assumptions that define the expectations of the system in
terms of mission objectives, environment, constraints, and measures of effectiveness and
suitability (MOE/MOS). The customers are those that perform the eight primary functions of
systems engineering, with special emphasis on the operator as the key customer.

3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.3.1 Hardware Requirements

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Processor : above 500 MHz
Ram : 4 GB
Hard Disk : 4 GB
Input device : Standard Keyboard and Mouse.
Output device : VGA and High Resolution Monitor.

3.3.2 Software Requirements

Operating System : Windows 7 or higherProgramming Python 3.6 and related libraries

Software : Anaconda Navigator and Jupyter Notebook.
Or Google Colab

3.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.4.1 Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace. It provide
s constructs that enable clear programming on both small and large scales. Python features a
dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and
comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for many operating systems.
CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is open source software and has a community-
based development model, as do nearly all of its variant implementations.
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3.4.2 Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. The name Pandas is derived from the word Panel
Data an Econometrics from Multidimensional data. In 2008, developer Wes McKinney started
developing pandas when in need of high performance, flexible tool for analysis of data. Prior to
Pandas, Python was majorly used for data mining and preparation. It had very little contribution
towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical
steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare,
manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including
academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Key Features of Pandas:

 Fast and efficient Data Frame object with default and customized indexing.
 Tools for loading data into in-memory data objects from different file formats.
 Data alignment and integrated handling of missing data.
 Reshaping and pivoting of date sets.
 Label-based slicing, indexing and sub setting of large data sets.
 Columns from a data structure can be deleted or inserted.
 Group by data for aggregation and transformations.
 High performance merging and joining of data.

3.4.3 NumPy

NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high- performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays. It is the fundamental
package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features including these important
ones:
A powerful N-dimensional array object

21
Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows NumPy to
seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

3.4.4 Sckit-Learn

Simple and efficient tools for data mining and data analysis\
Accessible to everybody, and reusable in various contexts
Built on NumPy, SciPy, and matplotlib
Open source, commercially usable - BSD license

3.4.5 Google Colab

Google Colab(short for Colaboratory) offers several advantages for users, especially for those
interested in machine learning and data science tasks:

1. Cloud-based Environment: Colab runs entirely in the cloud, eliminating the need for users to
install and configure software on their local machines. This makes it easy to access and
collaborate on projects from anywhere with an internet connection.
2. Integration with Google Drive: Colab integrates seamlessly with Google Drive, allowing users
to save and share notebooks directly from their Google Drive accounts. This makes it
convenient for storing and accessing notebooks and datasets.
3. Pre-installed Libraries: Colab comes with many popular Python libraries pre-installed,
including TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, pandas, and matplotlib. Users can quickly start
working on their projects without worrying about installing dependencies.
4. Interactive Environment: Colab provides an interactive environment similar to Jupyter
Notebooks, allowing users to write and execute code in a step-by-step manner. This makes it
easy to experiment with code, visualize results, and iterate on ideas.

22
5. Support for Markdown: Colab supports Markdown, allowing users to create rich-text
documents with formatted text, images, links, and equations. This makes it easy to document
code, explain concepts, and present findings in a structured manner.
6. Collaboration Features: Colab allows multiple users to collaborate on the same notebook in
real-time. Users can share notebooks with others, comment on specific cells, and work together
on projects seamlessly.
7. Version Control with Git: Colab allows users to integrate their notebooks with Git
repositories, enabling version control and collaboration workflows similar to traditional
software development.
8. Additional Resources: Colab provides additional resources such as tutorials, sample notebooks,
and documentation to help users get started with machine learning, data analysis, and other
tasks.
Overall, Google Colab offers a powerful and convenient platform for users to work on machine
learning and data science projects, with access to free GPU and TPU resources, seamless integration
with Google Drive, and collaboration features.

3.5 STAKEHOLDERS:

Stakeholders
The primary stakeholders of the heart disease detection system include:

 Patients: Individuals seeking accurate diagnosis and treatment for cardiovascular conditions.
 Healthcare Providers: Physicians, cardiologists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals
responsible for diagnosing and managing heart disease.
 Healthcare Organizations: Hospitals, clinics, medical centers, and healthcare facilities seeking
innovative solutions for improving patient care and outcomes.
 Regulatory Authorities: Government agencies, healthcare regulators, and accreditation bodies
responsible for overseeing healthcare quality, safety, and compliance with regulatory standards.
 Technology Partners: Software developers, data scientists, and technology vendors
collaborating on the design, development, and implementation of the heart disease detection
system.
23
4. SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The system architecture of a heart disease detection system outlines the high-level design and
components of the system, including its data flow, processing modules, and interactions between
different elements. Here's an example of a system architecture for a heart disease detection system:

System Architecture: Heart Disease Detection System

Components:

1. Data Input Module:

 Collects patient data from various sources, such as electronic health records (EHR),
medical devices, wearable sensors, and diagnostic tests.
 Preprocesses and cleans the data to ensure consistency, completeness, and accuracy.

2. Feature Extraction Module:

 Extracts relevant features from the input data, including demographic information,
medical history, symptoms, and diagnostic test results.
 Performs feature engineering and transformation to prepare the data for analysis.

3. Machine Learning Model Module:

 Houses the machine learning models responsible for heart disease prediction and risk
assessment.
 Includes multiple algorithms such as logistic regression.
 Trains and fine-tunes the models using labeled datasets to optimize performance.

4. Prediction Engine:
 Receives input data and feature vectors from the feature extraction module.

24
  Utilizes the trained machine learning models to generate predictions and risk scores for
heart disease.
 Provides diagnostic recommendations and personalized treatment plans based on the
predicted outcomes.

5. User Interface (UI):

 Provides an intuitive and user-friendly interface for healthcare providers to interact with
the system.
 Allows users to input patient data, visualize predictions, and interpret results.
 Supports role-based access control and authentication mechanisms to ensure data
security and privacy.

6. Integration Layer:
 Integrates with existing healthcare IT systems, including electronic health record (EHR)
systems, hospital information systems (HIS), and clinical decision support systems.
 Facilitates data exchange and interoperability between the heart disease detection system
and external systems.

7. Data Storage and Management:

 Stores patient data, feature vectors, and prediction results in a secure and scalable
database.
 Ensures data integrity, confidentiality, and compliance with regulatory requirements.
 Supports efficient querying, retrieval, and analysis of historical data for research and
quality improvement purposes.

4.2 MODULES

The entire work of this project is divided into 4 modules. They are:

a. Data Pre-processing:
25
This file contains all the pre-processing functions needed to process all input documents and texts.
First we read the train, test and validation data files then performed some pre processing like
tokenizing, stemming etc. There are some exploratory data analysis is performed like response
variable distribution and data quality checks like null or missing values etc.

b. Feature:
Extraction In this file we have performed feature extraction and selection methods from sci-kit learn
python libraries.

c. Classification:
Here we have built all the classifiers for the breast cancer diseases detection. The extracted features
are fed into different classifiers. We have used Logistic Regression from sklearn. Each of the
extracted features was used in all of the classifiers.

d. Prediction:
Our best performing classifier was algorithm which was then saved on disk. Once you close
this repository, this model will be copied to user's machine and will be used by prediction.py file to
classify the Heart diseases. It takes a news article as input from user then model is used for final
classification output that is shown to user along with probability of truth.

4.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important tools used by system analysis. Data flow
diagrams are made up of number of symbols, which represents system components. Most data flow
modeling methods use four kinds of symbols: Processes, Data stores, Dataflows and external
entities. These symbols are used to represent four kinds of system components. Circles in DFD
represent processes. Data Flow represented by a thin line in the DFD and each data store has a
unique name and square or rectangle represents external entities.

Data Flow diagram Level 0

26
Level 1 DFD

27
4.4 UML DIAGRAMS

Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams are a standardized way of visually

representing the structure and behavior of a system. Here are some UML diagrams that
can be useful for modeling a heart disease detection system:

4.4.1 Use Case Diagram:

 This diagram illustrates the interactions between actors (such as healthcare professionals and
patients) and the system.

 Actors represent users or external systems interacting with the system.

 Use cases represent the functionality provided by the system from the user's perspective, such as
"Input Patient Data" or "View Diagnosis Result".

4.4.2 Class Diagram:

 Class diagrams depict the static structure of the system by showing classes, attributes, methods,
and relationships between them.

 Classes may include entities like "Patient", "MedicalRecord", "DiagnosticTest", and

"HeartDiseasePredictionModel".
 Associations between classes represent relationships such as aggregation, composition, or
inheritance.

4.4.3 Sequence Diagram:

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 Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects or components in a specific scenario
or use case.
 They depict the sequence of messages exchanged between objects over time.
 Sequence diagrams can illustrate the flow of data and control between components during heart
disease detection, such as data input, preprocessing, model prediction, and result output.

4.4.4 Activity Diagram:

 Activity diagrams represent the workflow or business process within the system.

 They depict the sequence of activities, decisions, and transitions from one activity to another.
 Activity diagrams can illustrate the steps involved in heart disease detection, including data
collection, preprocessing, model training, validation, and deployment.

4.4.5 Component Diagram:

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A component diagram illustrates the organization and dependencies between components in a
system. Here's a simplified component diagram for a heart disease detection system:

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5. IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 STEPS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

 1. Install the required packages for building the System

 2. Load the libraries into the workspace from the packages.
 3. Read the input data set.
 4. Normalize the given input dataset.
 5. Divide this normalized data into two parts :
a. Train data
b. Test data (Note: 80% of Normalized data is used as Train data, 20%
of the Normalized data is used as Test data.)

5.2 CODING

Sample code:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
heart_data = pd.read_csv('/content/heart.csv')
X =heart_data.drop(columns='target',axis=1)
Y = heart_data['target']
X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X,Y, test_size=0.2,stratify=Y, random_state=2)
model = LogisticRegression()
model.fit(X_train, Y_train)
X_train_prediction =model.predict(X_train)
training_data_accuracy= accuracy_score(X_train_prediction, Y_train)
print('Accuracy on Training data :',training_data_accuracy)
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X_test_prediction =model.predict(X_test)
test_data_accuracy= accuracy_score(X_test_prediction, Y_test)
print('Accuracy on Test data :',test_data_accuracy)
input_data =(55,1,0,160,289,0,0,145,1,0.8,1,1,3)

#change the input data to a numpy array

input_data_as_numpy_array= np.asarray(input_data)

#reshape the numpy array as we are predicting for only on instance

input_data_reshaped = input_data_as_numpy_array.reshape(1,-1)

prediction= model.predict(input_data_reshaped)
print(prediction)

if(prediction[0] ==0):
print('Person does not have a heart disease')
else:
print('Person has a heart disease')

5.3 SCREENSHOTS OF CODE IMPLEMENTATION

Importing the Dependencies:

To import the necessary dependencies for building a heart disease detection system in Python, you
typically need libraries for data manipulation, visualization, machine learning.

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Data Collection and Processing
Data collection and processing are crucial steps in building a heart disease detection system. Let's
walk through the process:

1. Data Collection:
Identify Relevant Data Sources
Obtain Ethical Approvals
Collect Data
2. Data Processing:
Load Data: Use pandas to load the dataset into a DataFrame.
Explore the Data
Handle Missing Values
Data Cleaning

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Information about data

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Splitting Features and Target
two variables:
 X: This contains all the features (independent variables) of your dataset.
 y: This contains the target variable (dependent variable) you want to predict, which in this
case is whether a patient has heart disease or not.
You can then use these variables for further data preprocessing, model training, and evaluation
steps.

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Splitting data into training data

To split your data into training and testing datasets for model training and evaluation, you can use
the train_test_split function from scikit-learn. Here's how you can split your features (X) and target
variable (y) into training and testing sets
four variables:
 X_train: Features of the training set.
 y_train: Target variable of the training set.
 X_test: Features of the testing set.
 y_test: Target variable of the testing set

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Accuracy Score
 y_test contains the actual target values (true labels) from the testing set.
 y_pred contains the predicted target values (predicted labels) generated by your machine
learning model.
 The accuracy_score function computes the accuracy of the model by comparing the true labels
(y_test) with the predicted labels (y_pred).
After running this code, you'll get the accuracy score, which represents the proportion of correctly
predicted labels in the testing dataset.
Make sure to replace y_pred with the predictions generated by your model on the testing set. You
should have already trained your model before making predictions.
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Building the System

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6. SYSTEM TESTING

6.1 WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing can be quite complex. The complexity involved has a lot to do with the
application being tested. A small application that performs a single simple operation could be white
box tested in few minutes, while larger programming applications take days, weeks and even longer
to fully test. White box testing should be done on a software application as it is being developed
after it is written and again after each modification
White-box testing in a heart disease prediction system involves examining the internal structure,
logic, and code paths of the software to ensure its correctness, robustness, and reliability. Here's
how white-box testing can be applied to such a system:

1. Code Coverage Analysis:

 Measure code coverage metrics such as statement coverage, branch coverage, and path
coverage to ensure that all parts of the code are exercised by test cases.
 Use tools like coverage.py for Python to identify areas of the code that are not
adequately covered by existing tests.
2. Unit Testing:
 Write unit tests to validate the behavior of individual components or functions within the
heart disease prediction system.
 Test different scenarios and edge cases to ensure that each component behaves as
expected under various conditions.
 Use mocking frameworks like unittest.mock to simulate external dependencies and
isolate units for testing.
3. Integration Testing:
 Perform integration testing to verify the interactions and communication between
different modules or components of the system.

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  Test data flow, input/output interfaces, and error handling mechanisms to ensure
seamless integration between system components.
4. Boundary Value Analysis:
 Test boundary conditions for input parameters such as age, blood pressure, cholesterol
levels, etc., to verify the system's behavior at the extremes of input ranges.
 Check how the system handles boundary values, including edge cases and corner cases,
to prevent potential errors or vulnerabilities.
5. Path Coverage Testing:
 Analyze control flow paths through the code and design test cases to cover different
execution paths, including loops, conditional statements, and error-handling branches.
 Use techniques like control flow testing and data flow testing to ensure that all possible
paths through the code are exercised.
6. Error Handling Testing:
 Test error handling and exception handling mechanisms within the system to ensure that
errors are detected, reported, and handled gracefully.
 Validate error messages, error codes, and recovery procedures to ensure that users
receive meaningful feedback in case of failures.
7. Performance Testing:
 Evaluate the performance of critical algorithms or computations within the heart disease
prediction system to ensure that they meet performance requirements.
 Measure execution times, memory usage, and resource utilization under different loads
and input conditions to identify performance bottlenecks.
8. Code Review and Static Analysis:
 Conduct code reviews to identify potential defects, code smells, and design flaws in the
source code.
 Use static code analysis tools like pylint or flake8 to enforce coding standards, identify
code inconsistencies, and detect potential vulnerabilities.
By applying white-box testing techniques rigorously, developers can uncover defects,
vulnerabilities, and performance issues within the heart disease prediction system's codebase,
leading to improved quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software.

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6.2 BLACK BOX TESTING

In a heart disease prediction system, black-box testing focuses on validating the system's
functionality and behavior without considering its internal workings or implementation details.
Here's how black-box testing can be applied to a heart disease prediction system:

1. Functional Testing:
 Test the system's ability to accurately predict the presence or absence of heart disease
based on various input parameters such as patient demographics, medical history, and
diagnostic test results.
 Verify that the system provides correct and meaningful output classifications (e.g., heart
disease positive/negative) for different input scenarios.
 Ensure that the system handles edge cases and boundary conditions appropriately, such
as extreme values or missing data.
2. Input Validation:
 Test the system's input validation mechanisms to ensure that it can handle different types
of input data formats, data ranges, and data types.
 Validate the system's response to invalid or unexpected input values, such as non-
numeric data, out-of-range values, or null values.
 Verify that appropriate error messages or warnings are displayed to users when input
validation failures occur.
3. Boundary Testing:
 Test the system's behavior at the boundaries of input parameter ranges to verify its
robustness and correctness.
 Validate how the system responds to input values near the lower and upper bounds of
acceptable ranges, including boundary conditions for age, blood pressure, cholesterol
levels, etc.
4. Regression Testing:
 Perform regression testing to ensure that changes or updates to the system do not
introduce new defects or regressions in existing functionality.
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  Re-run previously executed test cases to verify that the system's behavior remains
consistent across different versions or releases.
5. Usability Testing:
 Evaluate the system's user interface and user experience (UI/UX) to assess its ease of
use, clarity, and effectiveness in aiding healthcare professionals in making diagnostic
decisions.
 Gather feedback from users through surveys, interviews, or usability testing sessions to
identify areas for improvement in the user interface design.
6. Performance Testing:
 Assess the system's performance under different load conditions to ensure that it can
handle concurrent user requests and process data efficiently.
 Measure response times, throughput, and resource utilization to identify performance
bottlenecks and scalability issues.
7. Security Testing:
 Verify that the system follows best practices for data security, privacy, and
confidentiality, especially when handling sensitive patient information.
 Test for vulnerabilities such as injection attacks, cross-site scripting (XSS), or data
leakage risks that could compromise the integrity or security of the system.

By applying black-box testing techniques systematically, developers and testers can validate the
heart disease prediction system's functionality, reliability, and usability from an end-user
perspective, ensuring its effectiveness in aiding diagnostic decision-making in healthcare settings.

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7. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Creating a heart disease detection system aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
directly or indirectly. Here are some SDGs that are relevant to a heart disease detection system:

 Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3): This is the most direct connection, as developing a
heart disease detection system contributes directly to improving health and well-being by
enabling early detection and intervention, which can reduce the burden of heart disease and
improve patient outcomes.
 Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10): Access to early detection and treatment of heart disease is not
equitable worldwide. Developing a heart disease detection system that is affordable, accessible,
and effective can contribute to reducing inequalities in healthcare access and outcomes.

By addressing these SDGs, a heart disease detection system can contribute to improving health
outcomes, promoting equity in healthcare access, fostering innovation, and strengthening healthcare
systems globally.

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8. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, developing a heart disease prediction system using machine learning and Python
presents a significant opportunity to improve healthcare outcomes through early detection and
personalized risk assessment. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and Python's rich
ecosystem of libraries and tools, such as scikit-learn, and pandas, developers can create accurate,
reliable, and scalable systems that assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing heart disease and
providing timely interventions.

Through systematic data collection, preprocessing, model development, and evaluation, along with
rigorous testing and validation, developers can ensure the effectiveness, robustness, and usability of
the heart disease prediction system. Moreover, by incorporating ethical considerations, security
measures, and regulatory compliance into the system's design and deployment, developers can
mitigate risks and build trust among users and stakeholders.

Ultimately, a well-designed heart disease prediction system has the potential to revolutionize
preventive care, reduce healthcare costs, and save lives by identifying at-risk individuals early and
facilitating targeted interventions. With continued research, innovation, and collaboration between
data scientists, healthcare professionals, and policymakers, we can harness the power of machine
learning and Python to address one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and improve the
quality of life for millions of people affected by heart disease.

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9. FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of heart disease detection systems using Python is promising, with numerous
opportunities for innovation and advancement. Here are some potential future directions for the
development of such systems:

Integration of Advanced Machine Learning Techniques: Explore advanced machine learning

techniques such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, and transfer learning to improve the
accuracy and efficiency of heart disease prediction models. These techniques have the potential to
uncover complex patterns and relationships in medical data that may not be captured by traditional
machine learning algorithms.

Real-Time Monitoring and Decision Support: Develop real-time monitoring systems that
continuously analyze patient data streams and provide timely alerts and recommendations to
healthcare professionals. These systems can assist in early detection of cardiac events, personalized
treatment planning, and proactive interventions to prevent adverse outcomes.

Personalized Medicine and Risk Stratification: Focus on developing personalized risk

assessment models that consider individual patient characteristics, including genetic predispositions,
lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. By tailoring risk predictions to the unique profile of each
patient, healthcare providers can optimize treatment strategies and allocate resources more
effectively.

Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHR) Systems: Integrate heart disease detection
systems with electronic health record (EHR) systems to streamline data exchange, facilitate
seamless access to patient information, and support decision-making at the point of care. By
leveraging interoperability standards and APIs, developers can create interoperable solutions that
complement existing healthcare workflows.

Population-Level Health Analytics: Extend the scope of heart disease detection systems to include
population-level health analytics and epidemiological studies. Analyze aggregated patient data to

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identify trends, risk factors, and disparities in heart disease prevalence and outcomes across
different demographic groups and geographic regions.

Mobile and Telehealth Applications: Develop mobile and telehealth applications that empower
individuals to monitor their cardiovascular health, receive personalized recommendations, and
connect with healthcare providers remotely. By leveraging smartphone sensors and
telecommunication technologies, these applications can improve access to care and promote
proactive health management.

By embracing these future directions and leveraging the capabilities of Python and machine
learning, developers can continue to advance the field of heart disease detection and prevention,
ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and public health outcomes.

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10. REFERENCES

Research Papers:

"Heart Disease Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Review" by Ayodele Olubodun,
Ademola S. Adeboye, and Olufade F. W. Onifade.
"Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms" by S. K. Jain and A. K. Choubey.
"Predicting Heart Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques" by S. Senthilkumar and P. Devaki.

Online Tutorials and Guides:

Kaggle Kernels: Kaggle hosts a variety of datasets and competitions related to healthcare, including
heart disease prediction.
Medium: Search for articles related to "heart disease prediction" or "machine learning in
healthcare."
Geeks for Geeks

Books:

"Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow" by Aurélien Géron: This
book covers various machine learning techniques and provides hands-on examples using Python
libraries like scikit-learn and TensorFlow.
"Python Machine Learning" by Sebastian Raschka and Vahid Mirjalili: This book covers machine
learning concepts and algorithms implemented in Python, which you can apply to build a heart
disease detection system.

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