wxMaxima document 1 / 40

Aarush Arya

DSC-VI : Practical-01
Family of Solutions: First
Order Differential Equations
We'll plot the family of solutions of the following first order
differential equations:

1 y' = x² where y(0)=k

1.1 Using the pre-defined function 'ode2()'
(works for an O.D.E. of order upto 2)
ratprint: false$ /* suppresses error messages */
kill(all)$ /* clear all user-defined variables */
de: 'diff(y,x) = x^2; /* the eqn. is y' = x^2 */
sol: ode2(de, y, x); /* `sol` is assigned the General soln. of `de`*/
sol1: ic1(sol, x=0, y=k); /* `sol1` is a particular solution, w/ def. constt. %c being replac
v1: ev(sol1, k=−2); /* random values are given to `k` */
v2: ev(sol1, k=−1);
v3: ev(sol1, k=1);
v4: ev(sol1, k=2);

/* To plot the graphs */

wxplot2d([rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4)],
[x, −3, 3],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 2], [lines, 3], [lines, 4]])$
3 3
d 2 x x +3 k
y=x y= + %c y= y=
dx 3 3
3 3 3 3
x −6 x −3 x +3 x +6
y= y= y=
3 3 3 3
wxMaxima document 2 / 40

1.2 Using the pre-defined function 'desolve()'

(works for an O.D.E. of any order)
ratprint: false$
kill(all)$ /* clear all user-defined variables */
de: diff(y(x),x) = x^2; /* y is explicitly written as a function of x */
sol: desolve(de, y(x)); /* doesn't give constt.s explicitly but their values */
sol1: ev(sol, y(0)=k);
v1: ev(sol1, k=−2);
v2: ev(sol1, k=−1);
v3: ev(sol1, k=1);
v4: ev(sol1, k=2);

/* To plot the graphs */

wxplot2d([rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4)],
[x, −3, 3],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 2], [lines, 3], [lines, 4]])$
3 3
d 2 x x
y ( x )= x y ( x )= +y(0) y ( x )= +k
dx 3 3
wxMaxima document 3 / 40

3 3 3
x x x
y ( x )= −2 y ( x )= −1 y ( x )= +1
3 3 3
3
x
y ( x )= +2
3

2 y' = 9.8 - 0.196y

2.1 Using 'ode2()'
wxMaxima document 4 / 40

ratprint: false$
kill(all)$
de: 'diff(y,x) = 9.8 − 0.196·y;
gsol: ode2(de, y, x);
psol: ic1(gsol, x=0 ,y=k);
v0: ev(psol, k=0);
v1: ev(psol, k=1);
v2: ev(psol, k=2);
v3: ev(psol, k=−1);
v4: ev(psol, k=−2);
wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4)],
[x, −1, 1],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 2], [lines, 3], [lines, 4], [lines, 5]])$
49 x
−
250 49 x
d
y = 9.8 − 0.196 y y = %e 250
dx 50 %e + %c
49 x 49 x
− −
250 49 x 250
y = %e 250 y = %e
50 %e + k − 50
49 x
−
49 x 250 49 x
250 y = %e 250 y=
50 %e − 50 50 %e − 49
49 x 49 x
− −
250 49 x 250 49 x
%e 250 y = %e 250
50 %e − 48 50 %e − 51
49 x
−
250 49 x
y = %e 250
50 %e − 52
wxMaxima document 5 / 40

2.2 Using 'desolve()'

ratprint: false$
kill(all)$
de: diff(y(x),x) = 9.8 − 0.196·y(x);
gsol: desolve(de, y(x));
psol: ev(gsol, y(0)=k);
v0: ev(psol, k=0);
v1: ev(psol, k=−4);
v2: ev(psol, k=−2);
v3: ev(psol, k=2);
v4: ev(psol, k=4);
wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4)],
[x, −3, 3],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 2], [lines, 3], [lines, 4], [lines, 5]])$

d
y ( x ) = 9.8 − 0.196 y ( x ) y ( x )=
dx
49 x
−
250
( 250 y ( 0 ) − 12500 ) %e
+ 50 y ( x )=
250
49 x
− 49 x
250 −
( 250 k − 12500 ) %e 250
+ 50 y ( x ) = 50 − 50 %e
250
49 x 49 x
− −
250 250
y ( x ) = 50 − 54 %e y ( x ) = 50 − 52 %e
49 x 49 x
− −
250 250
y ( x ) = 50 − 48 %e y ( x ) = 50 − 46 %e
wxMaxima document 6 / 40

3 y'cos(x) + ysin(x) = 2cos³(x)sin(x)-1

ratprint: false$
kill(all)$
de: 'diff(y,x)·cos(x) + y·sin(x) = 2·(cos(x))^3·sin(x) − 1;
gsol: ode2(de, y, x);
psol: ic1(gsol, x=0, y=k);
v0: ev(psol, k=0);
v1: ev(psol, k=−1);
v2: ev(psol, k=−2);
v3: ev(psol, k=1);
v4: ev(psol, k=2);
wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4)],
[x,−1,1],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 2], [lines, 3], [lines, 4], [lines, 5]])$

d 3
cos ( x ) y + sin ( x ) y = 2 cos ( x ) sin ( x ) − 1 y = cos ( x )
dx

1
− 2 − tan ( x ) + %c y=−(
tan ( x ) + 1
wxMaxima document 7 / 40

3 2
cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + ( − k − 1 ) cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x ) − k cos ( x )
) y
2
tan ( x ) + 1
3 2
cos ( x ) tan ( x ) − cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x )
=− y=−
2
tan ( x ) + 1
3
cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x )
y=−
2
tan ( x ) + 1
3 2
cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + 2 cos ( x )
y=−
2
tan ( x ) + 1
3 2
cos ( x ) tan ( x ) − 2 cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x ) − cos ( x )
y=−
2
tan ( x ) + 1
3 2
cos ( x ) tan ( x ) − 3 cos ( x ) tan ( x ) + cos ( x ) tan ( x ) − 2 cos ( x )
2
tan ( x ) + 1
wxMaxima document 8 / 40

DSC-VI : Practical-02

Family of Solutions: Second

Order Differential Equations

We'll now plot the family of solutions of the following second

order differential equations:

1 y'' + 3y' + 2y = 0 where y'(0)=b, y(0)=1,

varying between -3 and 3
/* We'll use 'ode2()' */
ratprint: false$

de: 'diff(y,x,2) + 3·'diff(y,x) + 2·y = 0;

gsol: ode2(de, y, x); /* general soln. */
psol: ic2(gsol, x=0, y=1, 'diff(y,x)=b); /* particular soln. */

/* Fixing values for 'b' */

v0: ev(psol, b=0)$ /* suppress o/p */
v1: ev(psol, b=1)$
v2: ev(psol, b=2)$
v3: ev(psol, b=3)$
v4: ev(psol, b=−1)$
v5: ev(psol, b=−2)$
v6: ev(psol, b=−3)$

/* Using 'wxplot2d()' to plot the family of solutions */

wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4), rhs(v5), rhs(v6)],
[x, −1, 4],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3], [lines, 3.5], [lines, 4]],
[legend, "Curve-0", "Curve-1", "Curve-2", "Curve-3", "Curve-4", "Curve-5", "Curve-
2
d d −x
y+3 y +2 y=0 y = %k1 %e + %k2
2 dx
dx
−(2 x) −x −(2 x)
%e y = ( b + 2 ) %e + ( − b − 1 ) %e
wxMaxima document 9 / 40

2 y'' + 3y' + 2y = 0 where y(0)=a, y'(0)=1

wxMaxima document 10 / 40

/* We'll use 'ode2()' */

kill(all)$

de: 'diff(y,x,2) + 3·'diff(y,x) + 2·y = 0;

gsol: ode2(de, y, x); /* general soln. */
psol: ic2(gsol, x=0, y=a, 'diff(y,x)=1); /* particular soln. */

/* Fixing values for 'a' */

v0: ev(psol, a=0)$ /* suppress o/p */
v1: ev(psol, a=3)$
v2: ev(psol, a=6)$
v3: ev(psol, a=9)$
v4: ev(psol, a=−3)$
v5: ev(psol, a=−6)$
v6: ev(psol, a=−9)$

/* Using 'wxplot2d()' to plot the family of solutions */

wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4), rhs(v5), rhs(v6)],
[x, −1, 4],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3], [lines, 3.5], [lines, 4]],
[legend, "Curve-0", "Curve-1", "Curve-2", "Curve-3", "Curve-4", "Curve-5", "Curve-

2
d d −x
y+3 y +2 y=0 y = %k1 %e + %k2
2 dx
dx
−(2 x) −x −(2 x)
%e y = ( 2 a + 1 ) %e + ( − a − 1 ) %e
wxMaxima document 11 / 40

3 Solving (1) using desolve()

y'' + 3y' +2y = 0 where y'(0)=b, y(0)=1,

varying between -3 and 3

kill(all)$

de: diff(y(x),x,2) + 3·diff(y(x),x) + 2·y(x) = 0;

gsol: desolve(de, y(x)); /* general soln. */
psol: ev(gsol, y(0)=1, diff(y(x),x)=b); /* particular soln. */

/* Fixing values for 'b' */

v0: ev(psol, b=0)$
v1: ev(psol, b=1)$
v2: ev(psol, b=2)$
v3: ev(psol, b=−1)$
v4: ev(psol, b=−2)$

/* Using 'wxplot2d()' to plot the family of solutions */

wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4)],
[x, −1, 3],
[style, [lines, 0.5], [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5]],
[legend, "Soln-1", "Soln-2", "Soln-3", "Soln-4", "Soln-5"])$
2
d d −x
y ( x )+ 3 y ( x ) + 2 y ( x )= 0 y ( x ) = %e
2 dx
dx
d −(2 x) d
y(x) + 2 y ( 0 ) + %e − y(x) −y(0)
dx dx
x=0 x=0

−x −(2 x)
y ( x ) = ( b + 2 ) %e + ( − b − 1 ) %e
wxMaxima document 12 / 40

4 y'' + y' - 6y = 0 (No initial conditions

given)
wxMaxima document 13 / 40

/* We'll use 'ode2()' */

kill(all)$

de: 'diff(y,x,2) + 'diff(y,x) − 6·y = 0;

gsol: ode2(de, y, x); /* general soln. */
psol: ic2(gsol, x=0, y=c, 'diff(y,x)=k); /* particular soln. */

/* Fixing values for 'c' and 'k' */

v0: ev(psol, c=0, k=0)$
v1: ev(psol, c=1, k=−1)$
v2: ev(psol, c=2, k=−2)$
v3: ev(psol, c=3, k=−3)$
v4: ev(psol, c=−1, k=1)$
v5: ev(psol, c=−2, k=2)$
v6: ev(psol, c=−3, k=3)$
/* Using wxplot2d() to plot the family of solutions */
wxplot2d([rhs(v0), rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4), rhs(v5), rhs(v6)],
[x, −1, 2],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3], [lines, 3.5], [lines, 4]],
[legend, "Curve-0", "Curve-1", "Curve-2", "Curve-3", "Curve-4", "Curve-5", "Curve-
2
d d 2x −(3 x)
y+ y−6 y=0 y = %k1 %e + %k2 %e
2 dx
dx
2x −(3 x)
( k + 3 c ) %e ( 2 c − k ) %e
y= +
5 5
wxMaxima document 14 / 40

DSC-VI : Practical-03

Family of Solutions: Third

Order Differential Equations

We'll now plot the family of solutions of the following third order
differential equations:

1 y''' - 5y'' + 8y' - 4y = 0

kill(all)$
de: diff(y(x),x,3) − 5·diff(y(x),x,2) + 8·diff(y(x),x) − 4·y(x) = 0$
gsol: desolve(de, y(x))$
psol: ev(gsol, y(0)=c1, diff(y(x),x)=c2, diff(y(x),x,2)=c3)$
s1: ev(psol, c1=1, c2=2, c3=3)$
s2: ev(psol, c1=2, c2=1, c3=3)$
s3: ev(psol, c1=3, c2=1, c3=2)$
s4: ev(psol, c1=1, c2=3, c3=2)$
s5: ev(psol, c1=2, c2=3, c3=1)$
s6: ev(psol, c1=3, c2=2, c3=1)$

wxplot2d([rhs(s1), rhs(s2), rhs(s3), rhs(s4), rhs(s5), rhs(s6)],

[x, 2, 4],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3], [lines, 3.5]],
[legend, "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"])$
wxMaxima document 15 / 40

2 y''' - 12y'' + 48y' - 64y = 12 - 32exp(-8x)

+ 2exp(4x)

kill(all)$
de: diff(y(x),x,3) − 12·diff(y(x),x,2) + 48·diff(y(x),x) − 64·y(x) = 12 − 32·exp(−8·x) + 2·ex
gsol: desolve(de, y(x))$
psol: ev(gsol, y(0)=k1, diff(y(x),x)=k2, diff(y(x),x,2)=k3)$
s1: ev(psol, k1=1, k2=2, k3=3)$
s2: ev(psol, k1=2, k2=1, k3=3)$
s3: ev(psol, k1=3, k2=2, k3=1)$
s4: ev(psol, k1=1, k2=3, k3=2)$
s5: ev(psol, k1=2, k2=3, k3=1)$
s6: ev(psol, k1=3, k2=1, k3=2)$

wxplot2d([rhs(s1), rhs(s2), rhs(s3), rhs(s4), rhs(s5), rhs(s6)],

[x, 3, 5],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3], [lines, 3.5]],
[legend, "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"])$
wxMaxima document 16 / 40

DSC-VI : Practical-04
Exponential Growth/Decay
Model
x(t): population at time t
a: per capita death rate
b: per capita birth rate
initial condition: x(0) = x_0

1 Exponential Growth
wxMaxima document 17 / 40

kill(all)$
eqn: 'diff(x,t) = b·x − a·x;
sol: ode2(eqn, x, t);
fsol: ic1(sol, x=x_0, t=0);
fsol1: ev(fsol, a=0.010, b=0.027, x_0=5.3); /* b > a */
wxplot2d(rhs(fsol1),
[t, 0, 20],
[xlabel, "Base Year 1990"],
[ylabel, "Human Population (in billions)"])$

d (b−a) t b t−a t
x=b x−a x x = %c %e x = %e x
dt 0
0.017 t
x = 5.3 %e

2 Exponential Decay
wxMaxima document 18 / 40

kill(all)$
eqn: 'diff(x,t) = b·x − a·x ;
sol: ode2(eqn, x, t);
fsol: ic1(sol, x=x_0, t=0);
fsol1: ev(fsol, a=0.027, b=0.020, x_0=5.3); /* b > a */
wxplot2d(rhs(fsol1),
[t, 0, 20],
[xlabel, "Base Year 1990"],
[ylabel, "Human Population (in billions)"])$

d (b−a) t b t−a t
x=b x−a x x = %c %e x = %e x
dt 0
− ( 0.006999999999999999 t )
x = 5.3 %e

DSC-VI : Practical-05
Method of Variation of
Parameters
1 Solve y'' - y = x
wxMaxima document 19 / 40

Sol: The general solution comprises of two parts: y = y_c + y_p

We have:

de: 'diff(y,x,2) − y = x; /* our d.e. */

hp: lhs(de) = 0$ /* homogeneous part */
r: rhs(de)$ /* `r` i.e. non-homogeneous part */
2
d
y−y=x
2
dx

1.1 Calculating y_c

y_c: rhs(ode2(hp, y, x));
y_1: exp(x)$
y_2: exp(−x)$
x −x
%k1 %e + %k2 %e

1.2 Calculating y_p

A: matrix(
[y_1, y_2],
[diff(y_1, x), diff(y_2, x)]
);
x −x
%e %e

x −x
%e − %e

W: determinant(A);
−2
u_1: integrate(−y_2·r/W, x);
u_2: integrate(y_1·r/W, x);
−x x
( − x − 1 ) %e ( x − 1 ) %e
−
2 2
Now, our y_p is:
y_p: ratsimp(u_1·y_1 + u_2·y_2); /* this will return a simplified expression */
−x

1.3 General Solution

The general solution (y=y_c+y_p):
wxMaxima document 20 / 40

'y = y_c + y_p;

x −x
y = %k1 %e + %k2 %e −x

DSC-VI : Practical-06
Lake Pollution Model
1 Constant flow and constant pollution
concentration inflow
c(t): concentration of pollutant in the lake at time t.
F: constant flow rate.
V: constant volume of the lake.
cin: constant concentration of pollutant in the flow entering the
lake.
initial condition: c(0)=c0.(5 different initial conditions taken)
kill(all)$
eqn1: 'diff(c,t) = (F/V)·cin − (F/V)·c;
sol1: ode2(eqn1, c, t);
fsol1: ic1(sol1, c=c0, t=0);
v: ev(fsol1, cin=3, V=28, F=4·12);
v1: ev(v, c0=8)$
v2: ev(v, c0=6)$
v3: ev(v, c0=3)$
v4: ev(v, c0=2)$
v5: ev(v, c0=1)$
wxplot2d([rhs(v1), rhs(v2), rhs(v3), rhs(v4), rhs(v5)],
[t,0,2.5],
[legend,"1","2","3","4","5"],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3]],
[ylabel, "c(t)"])$
Ft
−
V Ft
d F cin Fc
c= − c = %e V
dt V V cin %e + %c
Ft 12 t
− −
V Ft 7
c = %e V c = %e
cin %e − cin + c0
wxMaxima document 21 / 40

12 t
7
3 %e + c0 − 3

2 Seasonal flow and constant pollution

concentration inflow
c(t): concentration of pollutant in the lake at time t.
F: seasonal flow rate.
V: constant volume of the lake.
cin: constant concentration of pollutant in the flow entering the
lake.
initial condition: c(0)=c0.
wxMaxima document 22 / 40

kill(all)$
eqn1: 'diff(c,t) = (F/V)·cin − (F/V)·c;
sol1: ode2(eqn1, c, t);
fsol1: ic1(sol1, c=c0, t=0);
v: ev(fsol1, cin=3, V=28, F=1+0.5·sin(2·π·t));
v1: ev(v, c0=1)$
wxplot2d(rhs(v1),
[t,0,8],
[legend,""],
[ylabel, "c(t)"])$
Ft
−
V Ft
d F cin Fc
c= − c = %e V
dt V V cin %e + %c
Ft
−
V Ft
c = %e V c=
cin %e − cin + c0
t ( 0.5 sin ( 2 π t ) + 1 )
−
28 t ( 0.5 sin ( 2 π t ) + 1 )
%e 28
3 %e + c0 − 3
wxMaxima document 23 / 40

3 Constant flow and seasonal pollution

concentration inflow

c(t): concentration of pollutant in the lake at time t.

F: constant flow rate.
V: constant volume of the lake.
cin: seasonal concentration of pollutant in the flow entering the
lake.
initial condition: c(0)=c0.
kill(all)$
eqn1: 'diff(c,t) = (F/V)·cin − (F/V)·c;
sol1: ode2(eqn1, c, t);
fsol1: ic1(sol1, c=c0, t=0);
v: ev(fsol1, cin=1+0.5·cos(2·π·t), V=28, F=4·12);
v1: ev(v, c0=1)$
wxplot2d(rhs(v1),
[t,0,8],
[legend,""],
[ylabel, "c(t)"])$
Ft
−
V Ft
d F cin Fc
c= − c = %e V
dt V V cin %e + %c
Ft 12 t
− −
V Ft 7
c = %e V c = %e
cin %e − cin + c0
12 t
7
− ( 0.5 cos ( 2 π t ) ) + %e ( 0.5 cos ( 2 π t ) + 1 ) + c0 − 1
wxMaxima document 24 / 40

4 Seasonal flow and seasonal pollution

concentration inflow
c(t): concentration of pollutant in the lake at time t.
F: seasonal flow rate.
V: constant volume of the lake.
cin: seasonal concentration of pollutant in the flow entering the
lake.
initial condition: c(0)=c0.
kill(all)$
eqn1: 'diff(c,t) = (F/V)·cin − (F/V)·c;
sol1: ode2(eqn1, c, t);
fsol1: ic1(sol1, c=c0, t=0);
v: ev(fsol1, cin=1+0.5·cos(2·π·t), V=28, F=1+0.5·sin(2·π·t));
v1: ev(v, c0=1)$
wxplot2d(rhs(v1),
[t,0,8],
[legend,""],
[ylabel, "c(t)"])$
wxMaxima document 25 / 40

Ft
−
V Ft
d F cin Fc
c= − c = %e V
dt V V cin %e + %c
Ft
−
V Ft
c = %e V c=
cin %e − cin + c0
t ( 0.5 sin ( 2 π t ) + 1 ) t ( 0.5 sin ( 2 π t ) + 1 )
−
28 28
%e ( − ( 0.5 cos ( 2 π t ) ) + %e
( 0.5 cos ( 2 π t ) + 1 ) + c0 − 1 )

DSC-VI : Practical-07
Logistic Growth Model
wxMaxima document 26 / 40

x(t): population at time t.

a: per capita death rate.
b: per capita birth rate.
r: b-a is the reproduction rate.
K: carrying capacity.
initial condition: x(0)=x0.

r: 1$ K: 1000$
eqn: 'diff(x,t)=r·x·(1−x/K);
gs: ode2(eqn,x,t);
gs1: logcontract(gs);
gs2: solve(gs1,x)[1];
ps: ic1(gs2, t=0, x=x0);
ps1: ev(ps, x0=10)$
ps2: ev(ps, x0=200)$
ps3: ev(ps, x0=500)$
ps4: ev(ps, x0=800)$
ps5: ev(ps, x0=1400)$
wxplot2d([rhs(ps1), rhs(ps2), rhs(ps3), rhs(ps4), rhs(ps5), K],
[t, 0, 10],
[legend, "x0=10", "x0=200", "x0=500", "x0=800", "x0=1400", "K (=1000)"],
[style, [lines, 1.5], [lines, 2], [lines, 2.5], [lines, 3], [lines, 3.5], [lines, 1]],
[xlabel, "t (in years)"], [ylabel, "Population"])$

d x
x= 1− x log ( x ) − log ( x − 1000 ) = t + %c
dt 1000
t + %c
x 1000 %e
log = t + %c x= x=
x − 1000 t + %c
%e −1
t
1000 %e x0
t
( %e − 1 ) x0 + 1000
wxMaxima document 27 / 40

DSC-VI : Practical-08
Demonstration of the
Runge-Kutta Method
1 Solve dy/dx = x, where at x=0, y=0
1.1 We solve the above differential equation
using ode2():
eqn: 'diff(y,x) = x;
gs: ode2(eqn, y, x);
ps: ic1(gs, y=0, x=0);
wxplot2d(rhs(ps), [x,0,2])$
2 2
d x x
y=x y= + %c y=
dx 2 2
wxMaxima document 28 / 40

1.2 Now, we use desolve() to solve the same

equation
kill(all)$
eqn: diff(y(x),x) = x;
gs: desolve(eqn, y(x));
ps: ev(gs, y(0)=0);
wxplot2d([rhs(ps)], [x,0,2])$
2 2
d x x
y ( x )= x y ( x )= +y(0) y ( x )=
dx 2 2
wxMaxima document 29 / 40

1.3 Finally, using the Runge-Kutta Method

Syntax:
rk([rhs(ODE_1),...,rhs(ODE_n)], [v1,...,vn], [init_1,...,init_n], domain)
kill(all)$
eqn: 'diff(y,x) = x;
fsol: rk(rhs(eqn), [y], [0], [x,0,2,0.1]);
wxplot2d([discrete, fsol])$
d
y=x [ [ 0.0 , 0.0 ] , [ 0.1 , 0.005000000000000001 ] ,
dx
[ 0.2 , 0.02 ] , [ 0.30000000000000004 , 0.045 ] , [ 0.4 , 0.07999999999999999 ] ,
[ 0.5 , 0.125 ] , [ 0.6000000000000001 , 0.18 ] , [ 0.7000000000000001 , 0.245 ] ,
[ 0.8 , 0.32 ] , [ 0.9 , 0.405 ] , [ 1.0 , 0.5 ] , [ 1.1 , 0.605 ] ,
[ 1.2000000000000002 , 0.72 ] , [ 1.3 , 0.845 ] , [ 1.4000000000000001 , 0.98 ] ,
[ 1.5 , 1.125 ] , [ 1.6 , 1.28 ] , [ 1.7000000000000002 , 1.445 ] , [ 1.8 , 1.62 ] ,
[ 1.9000000000000001 , 1.8050000000000002 ] , [ 2.0 , 2.0 ] ]
wxMaxima document 30 / 40

2 We now have a coupled system of

differential equations

dx/dt = 4 - x^2 - 4*y^2

dy/dt = y^2 - x^2 + 1

x(0) = -1.25, y(0) = 0.75

kill(all)$
eqn1: 'diff(x,t) = 4 − x^2 − 4·y^2;
eqn2: 'diff(y,t) = y^2 − x^2 + 1;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2)], [x,y], [−1.25,0.75], [t,0,2,0.01])$
d 2 2 d 2 2
x=−(4 y )−x +4 y=y −x +1
dt dt
wxMaxima document 31 / 40

curve_x: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$

/*wxplot2d([discrete, curve_x])$*/
curve_y: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
wxplot2d([[discrete, curve_x], [discrete, curve_y]],
[legend, "x(t)", "y(t)"],
[style, [lines, 1], [lines, 3]],
[xlabel, "t"],
[ylabel, "x(t) and y(t)"])$

DSC-VI : Practical-09
Predator-Prey Model
1 Basic Lotka-Volterra Model
x(t): Number of prey per unit area.
y(t): Number of predators per unit area.
Initial condition: x(0)=200, y(0)=80.
The constant b1,c1,c2,a2 are all positive.
wxMaxima document 32 / 40

b1:1.0$ a2:0.5$ c1:0.01$ c2:0.005$

eqn1: 'diff(x,t) = b1·x − c1·x·y;
eqn2: 'diff(y,t) = c2·x·y − a2·y;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2)], [x,y], [200,80], [t,0,20,.1])$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
x_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
y_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
wxplot2d([[discrete, x_pts], [discrete, y_pts]],
[t,0,20], [y,0,250],
[style, [lines, 2], [lines, 4]],
[xlabel, "t (in years)"],
[ylabel, "Population density"],
[legend, "x(t): Preys", "y(t): Predators"])$
d d
x = 1.0 x − 0.01 x y y = 0.005 x y − 0.5 y [
dt dt
[ 0.0 , 200.0 , 80.0 ] , [ 20.0 , 154.59213309914438 , 157.6845208218405 ] , 201 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 200.0 ] , [ 20.0 , 154.59213309914438 ] , 201 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 80.0 ] , [ 20.0 , 157.6845208218405 ] , 201 ]
wxMaxima document 33 / 40

2 Density-Dependent Growth

x(t): Number of preys per unit area.

y(t): Number of predators per unit area.
Initial consitions: x(0)=120, y(0)=40.
The constants b1,c1,c2,a2,K are all positive.
kill(all)$
b1:1.0$ a2:0.5$ c1:0.01$ c2:0.005$ K: 1000$
eqn1: 'diff(x,t) = b1·x·(1−x/K) − c1·x·y;
eqn2: 'diff(y,t) = c2·x·y − a2·y;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2)], [x,y], [120,40], [t,0,40,.1])$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
x_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
y_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
wxplot2d([[discrete, x_pts], [discrete, y_pts]],
[t,0,40], [y,0,250],
[style, [lines, 2], [lines, 4]],
[xlabel, "t (in years)"],
[ylabel, "Population density"],
[legend, "x(t): Preys", "y(t): Predators"])$

d x d
x = 1.0 1 − x − 0.01 x y y = 0.005 x y −
dt 1000 dt
0.5 y [ [ 0.0 , 120.0 , 40.0 ] ,
[ 40.0 , 112.8076936975965 , 90.67006550194145 ] , 401 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 120.0 ] , [ 40.0 , 112.8076936975965 ] , 401 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 40.0 ] , [ 40.0 , 90.67006550194145 ] , 401 ]
wxMaxima document 34 / 40

3 Effect of DDT
x(t): Number of preys per unit area.
y(t): Number of predators per unit area.
Initial consitions: x(0)=200, y(0)=80.
The constants b1,c1,c2,a2,p1,p2 are all positive.
wxMaxima document 35 / 40

kill(all)$
b1:1.0$ a2:0.5$ c1:0.01$ c2:0.005$ p1: 0.1$ p2: 0.1$
eqn1: 'diff(x,t) = b1·x − c1·x·y − p1·x;
eqn2: 'diff(y,t) = c2·x·y − a2·y − p2·y;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2)], [x,y], [200,80], [t,0,20,.1])$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
x_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
y_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
wxplot2d([[discrete, x_pts], [discrete, y_pts]],
[t,0,20], [y,0,250],
[style, [lines, 2], [lines, 4]],
[xlabel, "t (in years)"],
[ylabel, "Population density"],
[legend, "x(t): Preys", "y(t): Predators"])$
d d
x = 0.9 x − 0.01 x y y = 0.005 x y − 0.6 y [
dt dt
[ 0.0 , 200.0 , 80.0 ] , [ 20.0 , 94.9961084048835 , 134.7757919917374 ] , 201 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 200.0 ] , [ 20.0 , 94.9961084048835 ] , 201 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 80.0 ] , [ 20.0 , 134.7757919917374 ] , 201 ]
wxMaxima document 36 / 40

4 Two Prey and One Predator

x1(t): Number of prey1 per unit area.

x2(t): Number of prey2 per unit area.
y(t): Number of predators per unit area.
Initial condition: x1(0)=150, x2(0)=130, y(0)=80.
The constant b1,b2,c1,c2,c3,c4,a are all positive.
kill(all)$
b1:1.32$ b2:1.3$ a:0.5$ c1:0.01$ c2:0.01$ c3: 0.003$ c4: 0.004$
eqn1: 'diff(x1,t) = b1·x1 − c1·x1·y;
eqn2: 'diff(x2,t) = b2·x2 − c2·x2·y;
eqn3: 'diff(y,t) = c3·x1·y + c4·x2·y − a·y;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2), rhs(eqn3)], [x1,x2,y], [150,130,80], [t,0,40,.1])$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
x1_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
x2_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
y_pts: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][4]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
wxplot2d([[discrete, x1_pts], [discrete, x2_pts], [discrete, y_pts]],
[t,0,40], [y,0,300],
[style, [lines, 2], [lines, 3], [lines, 4]],
[xlabel, "t (in years)"],
[ylabel, "Population density"],
[legend, "x1(t): Prey1", "x2(t): Prey2", "y(t): Predator"])$
d d
x1 = 1.32 x1 − 0.01 x1 y x2 = 1.3 x2 − 0.01 x2 y
dt dt
d
y = 0.004 x2 y + 0.003 x1 y − 0.5 y [
dt
[ 0.0 , 150.0 , 130.0 , 80.0 ] , [ 40.0 , 94.32633644255458 , 36.73244132377353 ,
64.13219452304699 ] , 401 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 150.0 ] , [ 40.0 , 94.32633644255458 ] , 401 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 130.0 ] , [ 40.0 , 36.73244132377353 ] , 401 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 80.0 ] , [ 40.0 , 64.13219452304699 ] , 401 ]
wxMaxima document 37 / 40

DSC-VI : Practical-10
Epidemic Model for Influenza
1 Basic Epidemic Model
S(t): susceptibles at time t
I(t): infectives at time t
Initial condition: S(0)=762, I(0)=1.
The constants b,c are all positive
wxMaxima document 38 / 40

b:2.18·10^−3$ c:0.44$
eqn1: 'diff(S,t) = −b·S·I;
eqn2: 'diff(I,t) = b·S·I − c·I;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2)], [S,I], [762,1], [t,0,16,0.1])$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
susc: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
infec: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
wxplot2d([[discrete, susc], [discrete, infec]],
[t,0,16], [y,0,800],
[style, [lines,2], [lines,4]],
[xlabel, "t (in days)"],
[ylabel, "Susceptibles and Infectives Population"],
[legend, "S(t): Susceptibles", "I(t): Infectives"])$
d d
S = − ( 0.00218 I S ) I = 0.00218 I S − 0.44 I
dt dt
[ [ 0.0 , 762.0 , 1.0 ] , [ 16.0 , 20.37747256075321 , 11.67419228363819 ] , 161 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 762.0 ] , [ 16.0 , 20.37747256075321 ] , 161 ]
[ [ 0.0 , 1.0 ] , [ 16.0 , 11.67419228363819 ] , 161 ]
wxMaxima document 39 / 40

2 Contagious for Life

S(t): susceptibles at time t

I(t): infectives at time t
Initial condition: S(0)=762, I(t)=1.
The constant b is positive.
b:2.18·10^−3$
eqn1: 'diff(S,t) = −b·S·I;
eqn2: 'diff(I,t) = b·S·I;
pts: rk([rhs(eqn1), rhs(eqn2)], [S,I], [762,1], [t,0,16,0.1])$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
susc: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][2]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
infec: makelist([pts[i][1], pts[i][3]], i,1,length(pts))$
[%[1], last(%), length(%)];
wxplot2d([[discrete, susc], [discrete, infec]],
[t,0,16], [y,0,800],
[style, [lines,2], [lines,4]],
[xlabel, "t (in days)"], [ylabel, "Susceptibles and Infectives Population"],
[legend, "S(t): Susceptibles", "I(t): Infectives"])$
d d
S = − ( 0.00218 I S ) I = 0.00218 I S [
dt dt
−6
[ 0.0 , 762.0 , 1.0 ] , 16.0 , 1.6087082536698787 10 , 762.9999983912916 ,
−6
161 ] [ 0.0 , 762.0 ] , 16.0 , 1.6087082536698787 10 , 161

[ [ 0.0 , 1.0 ] , [ 16.0 , 762.9999983912916 ] , 161 ]

wxMaxima document 40 / 40