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Lecture 2 MTH301

The document discusses functions of one, two, and three variables and provides examples of evaluating functions at different points. It also covers parabolas, discussing how to find the vertex and sketch graphs, and briefly introduces circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, and disks.

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27 views5 pages

Lecture 2 MTH301

The document discusses functions of one, two, and three variables and provides examples of evaluating functions at different points. It also covers parabolas, discussing how to find the vertex and sketch graphs, and briefly introduces circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, and disks.

Uploaded by

student
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture No-2 Values of functions:

Consider the function f(x) = 2x2 –1, then f(1) = 2(1)2 –1 = 1, f(4) = 2(4)2 –1 = 31,
f(-2) = 2(-2)2 –1 = 7
2 2
f(t-4) = 2(t-4) –1= 2t -16t + 31
These are the values of the function at some points.
Example
Now we will consider a function of two variables, so consider the function
f(x,y) =x2y+1 then f(2,1) =(22)1+1=5, f(1,2) =(12)2+1=3, f(0,0) =(02)0+1=1,
f(1,-3) =(12)(-3)+1=-2, f(3a,a) =(3a)2a+1=9a3+1, f(ab,a-b) =(ab)2(a-b)+1=a3b2-a2b3+1
These are values of the function at some points.
Example:
Now consider the function f ( x, y ) = x + 3 xy then
(a) f (2, 4) = 2 + 3
(2)(4) = 2 + 3
8 = 2+2 = 4
(b) f (t , t 2 ) = t + 3
(t )(t 2 ) = t + 3
t 3 = t + t = 2t
(c) f ( x, x 2 ) = x + 3
( x)( x 2 ) = x + 3
x3 = x + x = 2 x
(d) f (2 y 2 , 4 y ) = 2 y 2 + 3 (2 y 2 )(4 y ) = 2 y 2 + 3 8 y 3 = 2 y 2 + 2 y
Example:
Now again we take another function of three variables
f ( x, y, z ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 Then
1 1 1 1 1
f (0, , ) = 1 − 0 − ( )2 − ( ) 2 =
2 2 2 2 2
Example:
Consider the function f(x,y,z) =xy2z3+3 then at certain points we have

f(2,1,2) =(2)(1)2(2)3+3=19, f(0,0,0) =(0)(0)2(0)3+3=3, f(a,a,a) =(a)(a)2(a)3+3=a6+3


f(t,t2,-t) =(t)(t2)2(-t)3+3=-t8+3, f(-3,1,1) =(-3)(1)2(1)3+3=0
Example:
Consider the function f(x,y,z) =x2y2z4 where x(t) =t3 y(t)= t2and z(t)=t

(a) f(x(t),y(t),z(t)) =[x(t)]2[y(t)]2[z(t)]4=[ t3]2[t2]2[t]4= t14


(b) f(x(0),y(0),z(0)) =[x(0)]2[y(0)]2[z(0)]4=[ 03]2[02]2[0]4= 0
Example:
Let us consider the function f(x,y,z) = xyz + x then
f(xy,y/x,xz) = (xy)(y/x)(xz) + xy = xy2z+xy.
Example:
Let us consider g(x,y,z) =z Sin(xy), u(x,y,z) =x2z3 , v(x,y,z) =Pxyz,
xy
w( x, y, z ) = Then.
z
g(u(x,y,z), v(x,y,z), w(x,y,z)) = w(x,y,z) Sin(u(x,y,z) v(x,y,z))
Now by putting the values of these functions from the above equations we get
xy xy
g(u(x,y,z), v(x,y,z), w(x,y,z)) = Sin[(x2z3)( Pxyz)] = Sin[(Pyx3z4)].
z z

Example:
Consider the function g(x,y) =y Sin(x2y) and u(x,y) =x2y3 v(x,y) = π xy Then
g(u(x,y), v(x,y)) = v(x,y) Sin([u(x,y) ]2 v(x,y))
By putting the values of these functions we get
g(u(x,y), v(x,y)) = π xy Sin([x2y3]2 π xy) = π xy Sin(x5y7 ).

Function of One Variable


A function f of one real variable x is a rule that assigns a unique real number f( x ) to
each point x in some set D of the real line.

Function of two Variables


A function f in two real variables x and y, is a rule that assigns unique real number
f (x,y) to each point (x,y) in some set D of the xy-plane.

Function of three variables:


A function f in three real variables x, y and z, is a rule that assigns a unique real number
f (x,y,z) to each point (x,y,z) in some set D of three dimensional space.

Function of n variables:
A function f in n variable real variables x ,x , x ,……, x , is a rule that assigns a unique
1 2 3 n
real number w = f(x1, x2, x3,……, xn) to each point (x1, x2, x3,……, xn) I n some set D of
n dimensional space.

Circles and Disks:

PARABOLA
Parabola y = -x2

General equation of the Parabola opening upward or downward is of the form


y = f(x) = ax2+bx + c. Opening upward if a > 0. Opening downward if a < 0.
x co-ordinate of the vertex is given by x0 = -b/2a. So the y co-ordinate of the vertex
is y0= f(x0) axis of symmetry is x = x0. As you can see from the figure below

Sketching of the graph of parabola y = ax2+bx + c


Finding vertex: x – co-ordinate of the vertex is given by x0= - b/2a
So, y – co-ordinate of the vertex is y0= a x02+b x0 + c. Hence vertex is V(x0 , y0).

Example: Sketch the parabola y = - x2 + 4x


Solution: Since a = -1 < 0, parabola is opening downward. Vertex occurs at
x = - b/2a = (-4)/2(-1) =2. Axis of symmetry is the vertical line x = 2. The y-co-ordinate
of the vertex isy = -(2)2 + 4(2) = 4. Hence vertex is V(2 , 4 ). The zeros of the parabola
(i.e. the point where the parabola meets x-axis) are the solutions to -x2 +4x = 0 so x = 0
and x = 4. Therefore (0,0)and (4,0) lie on the parabola. Also (1,3) and (3,3) lie on the
parabola.
Graph of y = - x2 + 4x
Example y = x2 - 4x+3
Solution: Since a = 1 > 0, parabola is opening upward.Vertex occurs at
x = - b/2a = (4)/2 =2.Axis of symmetry is the vertical line x = 2. The y co-ordinate of
the vertex is y = (2)2 - 4(2) + 3 = -1.Hence vertex is V(2 , -1 )The zeros of the parabola
(i.e. the point where the parabola meets x-axis) are the solutions to x2 - 4x + 3 = 0, so
x = 1 and x = 3.Therefore (1,0)and (3,0) lie on the parabola. Also (0 ,3 ) and (4, 3 ) lie on
the parabola.

Graph of y = x2 - 4x+3

Ellipse

Hyperbola
Home Assignments:
In this lecture we recall some basic geometrical concepts which are prerequisite for this
course and you can find all these concepts in the chapter # 12 of your book Calculus By
Howard Anton.

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