MODULE 1

1.What is the need for avionics in civil and military aircraft?

Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft.

 The avionic systems are essential to enable the flight crew to carry out the aircraft
mission safely and efficiently
 A major driver in the development and introduction of avionic systems has been the
need to meet the mission requirements with the minimum flight crew.
 Avionics Systems reduces the crew workload by automating the tasks that used to be
carried out by the Navigator and Flight Engineer.
 There is a considerable economic benefit for the airline in a highly competitive market
with the consequent savings of crew salaries, expenses and training costs.
 The reduction in weight is also significant and can be translated into more passengers
or longer range on less fuel.
 In the military case, a single-seat fighter or strike (attack) aircraft is lighter and costs
less than an equivalent two-seat version.
 Increased safety,
 all-weather operation,
 improved aircraft performance control and handling
 Reduction in maintenance costs
 Military avionic systems are also being driven by a continuing increase in the threats
posted by the defensive and offensive capabilities of potential aggressors
 The avionics industry is a major multi-billion dollar industry worldwide and the
avionics equipment on a modern military or civil aircraft can account for around 30%
of the total cost of the aircraft.

2. Explain the concept of special purpose cables in aircraft electrical systems.

2. Tailored Design: Each type of special purpose cable is tailored to meet the requirements of its
intended application. For example, ignition cables are insulated and shielded to prevent interference,
while thermocouple cables are constructed with materials compatible with sensing elements.
3. Variety of Applications: Special purpose cables serve various critical functions in aircraft systems,
from igniting engines to measuring temperature and facilitating communication between components.

4. Unique Construction: These cables often have unique constructions, such as coaxial cables with
inner and outer conductors, designed to shield against electrostatic and magnetic fields, or
thermocouple cables with specific conductor materials to match sensing elements.

5. Installation Specificity: Installation methods may vary depending on the aircraft's requirements.
Cables may be routed openly or enclosed in conduits, and they are often made into harnesses tailored
for specific engine installations or system configurations.

6. Precision in Assembly: Specialized assembly processes ensure proper functioning and reliability.
This includes precise cutting, insulation, and connection of conductors, as well as secure attachment
of end fittings and connectors.

In essence, special purpose cables in aircraft electrical systems are purpose-built, precisely engineered
components designed to perform specific functions reliably and efficiently within the complex
network of aircraft systems.
3. Describe the operation and application of pressure switches,toggle switches,rotatory switches
in aircraft.
ANS:

Introduction-to-Switc
hes-in-Aircraft.pdf

Toggle Switches: A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually
actuated by a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism.
Rotary switch: A rotary switch is a switch operated by rotation. These are often chosen
when more than 2 positions are needed, such as a three-speed fan or a CB radio.
Pressure Switch: A pressure switch is a form of switch that closes an electrical
contact when a certain set pressure has been reached on its input. The switch may be
designed to make contact either on pressure rise or on pressure fall.
4. What is a split bus bar system in aircraft electrical power distribution?

Ans:
A split bus bar system in aircraft electrical power distribution divides the power network into sections.
This enhances safety and reliability by isolating electrical issues to specific areas, making
troubleshooting easier. It also allows for flexible management of power loads and ensures essential
systems remain operational even if there's a fault in non-essential ones.

1. Power Distribution Overview: Aircraft uses constant-frequency AC as primary power and DC via
transformer-rectifier units (T.R.U.'s).

2. AC Power Supply: Generators provide three-phase power to main busbars, which distribute power
to non-essential consumers and T.R.U.'s.

3. Essential AC Loads: Essential AC loads are supplied from a separate essential busbar, normally
connected to the No. 1 main busbar.

4. Automatic Interconnection: If a generator fails, busbars automatically connect to maintain power

5. DC Power Supply: DC power comes from independent T.R.U.s and batteries.

6. Essential DC Loads: No. 1 T.R.U. powers essential loads, while No. 2 T.R.U. powers non-essential
loads.

7. Battery Backup: Batteries supply power to the battery busbar, interconnected with the essential
busbar.

8. Emergency Scenario: If both generators fail, essential DC loads are supplied from batteries to
maintain operation.

9. External Power and APU: External and auxiliary power units can also be connected to the system
for additional power supply.

‫ق‬
‫بری آلہ ے جو ئ‬
T.R.U: TRU ‫کا مطلب ٹرانسفارمر‬-‫ہوای ایک ہوتا ہے۔ یہ یونٹ ریکٹیفائر‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫مں جہاز ک‬
‫(متناوب رو نظام ی‬AC)
‫ئ‬ ‫ق‬
‫(رو کو سییھ‬DC) ‫مں‬ ‫(رو کرتا ہے۔ اس سییھ تبییل ی‬DC) ‫جاتا کیا نظام اور اجزاء کو مہیا مختلف بری جہازک کو پھر ہوای‬
 ‫ق‬
‫ جن ی‬،‫غر ضروری ہے‬
‫مں‬ ‫شامل یہں۔ بار ضروری اور ی‬TRU ‫طاقت مختلف نظامات کو الئٹ ک دوران مستحکم اور موثر بری‬
‫مں اراہم ک‬‫اہم کردار اداکرتا ہے۔ ی‬
TRU stands for Transformer-Rectifier Unit. It's a device used in aircraft electrical systems to convert
alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). This DC power is then used to supply various
electrical systems and components onboard the aircraft, including essential and non-essential loads.
TRUs play a crucial role in ensuring a stable and reliable power supply for different systems during
flight.