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    Respiratory Failure

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    JoedhisT-reX
    The document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, components of the respiratory system, types, pathophysiology mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging, and management. Respiratory failure is caused by impaired gas exchange due to malfunction of the respiratory system components. It is classified into type 1 (oxygenation failure) and type 2 (ventilation failure). The pathophysiology involves shunting, abnormal diffusion, dead space ventilation, and hypoventilation. Diagnosis involves history, clinical exam, labs, imaging like CXR and echocardiogram. Management focuses on ABCs, treating the underlying cause, improving cardiac function, and mechanical ventilation if needed.

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    Respiratory Failure

    Uploaded by

    JoedhisT-reX
    13 views24 pages
    The document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, components of the respiratory system, types, pathophysiology mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging, and management. Respiratory failure is caused by impaired gas exchange due to malfunction of the respiratory system components. It is classified into type 1 (oxygenation failure) and type 2 (ventilation failure). The pathophysiology involves shunting, abnormal diffusion, dead space ventilation, and hypoventilation. Diagnosis involves history, clinical exam, labs, imaging like CXR and echocardiogram. Management focuses on ABCs, treating the underlying cause, improving cardiac function, and mechanical ventilation if needed.

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    Original Title

    RESPIRATORY FAILURE

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    The document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, components of the respiratory system, types, pathophysiology mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging, and management. Respiratory failure is caused by impaired gas exchange due to malfunction of the respiratory system components. It is classified into type 1 (oxygenation failure) and type 2 (ventilation failure). The pathophysiology involves shunting, abnormal diffusion, dead space ventilation, and hypoventilation. Diagnosis involves history, clinical exam, labs, imaging like CXR and echocardiogram. Management focuses on ABCs, treating the underlying cause, improving cardiac function, and mechanical ventilation if needed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views24 pages

    Respiratory Failure

    Uploaded by

    JoedhisT-reX
    The document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, components of the respiratory system, types, pathophysiology mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging, and management. Respiratory failure is caused by impaired gas exchange due to malfunction of the respiratory system components. It is classified into type 1 (oxygenation failure) and type 2 (ventilation failure). The pathophysiology involves shunting, abnormal diffusion, dead space ventilation, and hypoventilation. Diagnosis involves history, clinical exam, labs, imaging like CXR and echocardiogram. Management focuses on ABCs, treating the underlying cause, improving cardiac function, and mechanical ventilation if needed.

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    of 24

    RESPIRATORY FAILURE

    WAHYONO
    ICCU HARAPAN KITA JAKARTA
    Definisi
    Sindrom kegagalan pertukaran gas karena tidak
    berfungsinya komponen sistem pernafasan

    Komponen sistem pernafasan


    1. Dinding dada
    2. Airways (jalan nafas )
    3. Alveolar – capillary
    4. Sirkulasi pulmonal
    5. Neurologi ( CNS & nerves )
    GRAFIK VENTILATOR

    ASEP TETEN NUGRAHA


    CVCU 2014
    Mechanics of Spontaneous Ventilation
    Klasifikasi
    Tipe I ( gagal oksigenisasi ) Tipe II (gagal ventilasi )
    • Hipoxemia • Hipercapnic

    • PaO2 < 60 mmHg • PaCO2 > 45 mmHg

    1. ALO 1. COPD
    2. Pneumonia 2. Central hipoventilasi
    3. Atelektasis 3. Astma
    4. ARDS 4. Myastenia Grafis
    5. Penyakit jantung bawaan 5. Obecity hypoventilasi syndrome
    6. Emboli paru
    Mekanisme Patofisiologi

    1. Shunting ( Perfusi tanpa 3. Difusi Abnormal


    Ventilasi
    ALO, Pneumonia, Atelektasis ARDS

    2. Dead Space Ventilasi 4. Hipoventilasi Alveolar


    (Ventilasi tanpa Perfusi )
    Trauma batang otak,
    COPD,Myastenia Grafis
    CO rendah
    Sumbatan jalan nafas
    Diagnosis
    Riwayat penyakit :

    Acut lung oedema : nyeri dada, sesak,riwayat ACS

    Sepsis : Panas,infeksi

    Pneumonia : Batuk, sputum, panas

    Emboli paru : Sesak mendadak,DVT

    COPD : Perokok, TB Paru, Astma


    Manifestasi klinis

    ➢ Hipotensi ✓ Tachipnea

    ➢ Hipertensi ✓ Dispnea

    ✓ Wheezing
    ➢ Peningkatan JVP
    ✓ Stridor

    ➢ Aritmia ✓ Ronkhi
    Laboratorium

    • AGD
    • Complete blood Count
    • Enzym jantung, pro BNP
    • Kultur darah dan sputum
    Pemeriksaan penunjang
    • EKG
    • X- ray
    • Echokardiografi
    • Bronchoscopy dan spirometri
    Management respiratory failure

    ABC’ s

    • Ensure airway is adequate


    • Ensure adequate supplemental
    oxygen and assisted
    • ventilation, if indicated
    • Support circulation as needed
    Management respiratory failure
    Treatment of a specific cause when possible

    1. Infection
    • Antimicrobials, source control
    • Airway obstruction
    • Bronchodilators, glucocorticoids
    2. Improve cardiac function
    • Positive airway pressure, diuretics, vasodilators,
    morphine, inotropy, revascularization
    Management respiratory failure
    Mechanical ventilation

    1. Non-invasive (if patient can protect airway and is


    hemodynamically stable)
    Mask: usually orofacial to start
    2. Invasive
    • Endotracheal tube (ETT)
    • Tracheostomy – if upper airway is obstructed
    Goals of Mechanical Ventilation

    ❖ Correct hypoxemia

    ➢ High F IO 2
    ➢ Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)

    ❖ Improve cardiac function

    ➢ Decreases preload
    ➢ Decreases afterload
    ➢ Decreases metabolic demand
    PENATALAKSANAAN GAGAL NAFAS

    1. Mengatasi dan mencegah hipoksemia

    2. Mengatasi hiperkapnia

    3. Terapi terhadap penyebab dasar


    Peran perawat pada Respiratory
    Failure

    • Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan


    Indonesia ( SDKI )

    • Standar Luaran Keperawatan


    Indonesia( SLKI )

    • Standar Intervensi
    Keperawatan Indonesia ( SIKI )
    Diagnosa Kepererawatan

    1. Gangguan pertukaran gas


    2. Gangguan ventilasi spontan
    3. Gangguan Pola Nafas
    4. Bersihan Jalan Nafas Tidak
    Efektif
    Standar Luaran Keperawatan

    ❑Pertukaran gas meningkat


    ❑Bersihan jalan nafas meningkat
    ❑Pola nafas membaik
    ❑Ventilasi spontan meningkat
    TERIMA KASIH

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